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{{Short description|Writing system for the Odia language of India}} | |||
{{Infobox Writing system | {{Infobox Writing system | ||
|name=Karani script | |name=Karani script | ||
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| characters = Odia script | | characters = Odia script | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Karani | '''Karani''' or '''Chhata''' was a [[handwriting|handwritten]] [[cursive]] [[writing system]] historically used to write the [[Odia language]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kunjabihari |title=The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script |publisher=Utkal University |page=33 |year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8MKAQAAIAAJ |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Shodhganga">{{cite web|url=http://14.139.116.20:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/282609/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|date=2012|title=ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସାହିତ୍ୟଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସଂପାଦନା-୧ |publisher=Utkal University |author=Chitararijan Behera |website=Shodhganga |page=56 |access-date=25 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="diringer">{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |date=1948 |pages=366}}</ref> primarily for court, land, temple and accounting records, and other administrative purposes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pattanayak |first=D. P. |date=1991 |title=Linguistic and Religious Identity in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23002249 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=101–106 |jstor=23002249 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref> Karani was quite different from<ref name="k435">{{cite book | last=Young | first=A.H. | title=First Lessons in Oriya | publisher=Orissa Mission Press | year=1912 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oxc3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1 | language=fr | access-date=2024-11-19 | page=1}}</ref> the [[Letterpress printing|printed]] form, the [[Odia script]], which replaced it.<ref name=":0" /> Karani gradually became unintelligible to the readers of the latter.<ref name="Jnanamandal">{{cite book |title=Jnanamandal |date=1 December 1960 |publisher=Jnanamandal Publications |location=Cuttack |pages=17, 18 |access-date=}}</ref> The [[Writer|writers]] historically belonged to the [[Karan (caste)|Karan caste]] group who were designated to use Karani.<ref name=":0" /> The script was used in the Odia-speaking regions during [[British Raj]] including the [[Orissa Tributary States]]. Both the names "karani" and "karana" are derived from "karani", a metal [[stylus]] used for writing on palm leaf.<ref name="academia.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rath |first1=Saraju |title=The Oriya Script: Origin, Development and Sources |journal=International Institute for Asian Studies |date=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9999923}}</ref><ref name="archive">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha.Complete/Purnachandra.Odia.Bhashakosha-Volume.3-Consonants-Cha.to.Tha#page/n1161/mode/2up|website=archive.org|title=Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha by Gopal Chandra Praharaj (Preface + All 7 Volumes)|access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref> Karani script was considered popular in Odisha predating the reign of [[Prataparudra Deva]] of [[Gajapati Empire]], it got its modern form in 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rout |first=Savitri |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&pg=PA30&dq=karani+script&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHxueE34KTAxUmRmwGHWjhEAMQ6AF6BAgPEAM#v=onepage&q=karani%20script&f=false |title=Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature |date=1972-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8 |language=en}}</ref> Historical records from mid-eighteenth century were also written in this script primarily of the [[Bhoi dynasty|Khurda Bhoi Kingdom]].<ref name="Tanabe">{{cite journal |last1=Tanabe |first1=Akio |title=The system of entitlements in eighteenth-century khurda, Orissa: Reconsidering 'caste' and 'community' in late pre-colonial India |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=December 2005 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=345–385 |doi=10.1080/00856400500337768 |access-date=}}</ref> Karani was written both on palm leaves and paper. Bhoimuls (Accountants) of [[Khordha|Khurda]] Kingdom primarily used Karani script for writing and preparing documents for administrative purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanabe |first=Akio |date=2021 |title=Local society and kingship |url=https://www.academia.edu/77798552/Local_society_and_kingship_Reconsidering_caste_community_and_state_ |journal=Caste and Equality in India |pages=44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Karashima |first=Noboru |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ&q=karani+script+mula&dq=karani+script+mula&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjww97F5oKTAxX8UGcHHbyULZ4Q6AF6BAgIEAM#karani%20script%20mula |title=Kingship in Indian History |date=1999 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-326-0 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== | == History == | ||
Karani is often explained as "karaninabaja" or "chhata", a "running" script introduced by the [[Karan (caste)|Karanas]], most of the old Odia palm leaf manuscripts were written in Karani, the script is less standard by modern terms or it could be described as a form of Odia script before it was standardised. The script did not use spaces between words with less punctuation marks which made it hard to decipher.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shankar, B.)), ((Mishra, P.)), ((Sagnika, S.)), ((Pattanaik, A.)) | journal=International Journal of Computer Applications | title=Engaging with an Indian Epic: A Digital Approach | volume=975 | pages=8887|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Santwana-Sagnika/publication/335879330_Engaging_with_an_Indian_Epic_A_Digital_Approach/links/5d8787c4299bf1996f930615/Engaging-with-an-Indian-Epic-A-Digital-Approach.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Odisha (India) |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9ScLAQAAIAAJ&q=karani+script&dq=karani+script&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRnrTu44KTAxVzSGwGHcUkHbUQ6AF6BAgJEAM#karani |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri |last2=Orissa (India) |date=1966 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Influence on modern Odia script== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | {|class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Karani diacritic remnant in Odia script | |+ Karani diacritic remnant in Odia script | ||
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File:Karani script sample pt 1 - Jnanamandala.jpg|Karani script sample from Jnanamandala | File:Karani script sample pt 1 - Jnanamandala.jpg|Karani script sample from Jnanamandala | ||
File:Karani script sample pt 2 - Jnanamandala.png|Karani script sample from Jnanamandala | File:Karani script sample pt 2 - Jnanamandala.png|Karani script sample from Jnanamandala | ||
File:Karani script letters 1 | File:Karani script letters 1.jpg|Karani script letters | ||
File:Karani script letters 2.png.jpg|Karani script letters | File:Karani script letters 2.png.jpg|Karani script letters | ||
File:Karani writing.png|Karani writing | File:Karani writing.png|Karani writing | ||
Latest revision as of 09:08, 3 March 2026
Template:Infobox Writing system
Karani or Chhata was a handwritten cursive writing system historically used to write the Odia language[1][2][3] primarily for court, land, temple and accounting records, and other administrative purposes.[4] Karani was quite different from[5] the printed form, the Odia script, which replaced it.[4] Karani gradually became unintelligible to the readers of the latter.[6] The writers historically belonged to the Karan caste group who were designated to use Karani.[4] The script was used in the Odia-speaking regions during British Raj including the Orissa Tributary States. Both the names "karani" and "karana" are derived from "karani", a metal stylus used for writing on palm leaf.[7][8] Karani script was considered popular in Odisha predating the reign of Prataparudra Deva of Gajapati Empire, it got its modern form in 16th century.[9] Historical records from mid-eighteenth century were also written in this script primarily of the Khurda Bhoi Kingdom.[10] Karani was written both on palm leaves and paper. Bhoimuls (Accountants) of Khurda Kingdom primarily used Karani script for writing and preparing documents for administrative purposes.[11][12]
History[edit | edit source]
Karani is often explained as "karaninabaja" or "chhata", a "running" script introduced by the Karanas, most of the old Odia palm leaf manuscripts were written in Karani, the script is less standard by modern terms or it could be described as a form of Odia script before it was standardised. The script did not use spaces between words with less punctuation marks which made it hard to decipher.[13][14]
Influence on modern Odia script[edit | edit source]
| Vowel Letter | Diacritic forms |
|---|---|
| For the vowel ଇ (short i), the standard Odia diacritic form is ି. Eg- For consonant କ (ka) - କି (ki) But for these consonants - ଖ (kha), ଥ (tha), ଧ (dha), the equivalent ଇ diacritic from Karani script is also used. |
ଖି (khi) ଥି (thi) ଧି (dhi) |
Gallery[edit | edit source]
-
Karani script sample from Jnanamandala -
Karani script sample from Jnanamandala -
Karani script letters -
Karani script letters -
Karani writing
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Tripāṭhī, Kunjabihari (1962). The Evolution of Oriya Language and Script. Utkal University. p. 33. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ↑ Chitararijan Behera (2012). "ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ସାହିତ୍ୟଗ୍ରନ୍ଥ ସଂପାଦନା-୧" (PDF). Shodhganga. Utkal University. p. 56. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ↑ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 366.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pattanayak, D. P. (1991). "Linguistic and Religious Identity in India". India International Centre Quarterly. 18 (4): 101–106. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 23002249.
- ↑ Young, A.H. (1912). First Lessons in Oriya (in français). Orissa Mission Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-11-19.
- ↑ Jnanamandal. Cuttack: Jnanamandal Publications. 1 December 1960. pp. 17, 18.
- ↑ Rath, Saraju (2012). "The Oriya Script: Origin, Development and Sources". International Institute for Asian Studies.
- ↑ "Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha by Gopal Chandra Praharaj (Preface + All 7 Volumes)". archive.org. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
- ↑ Rout, Savitri (1972-01-01). Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. ISBN 978-81-208-2546-8.
- ↑ Tanabe, Akio (December 2005). "The system of entitlements in eighteenth-century khurda, Orissa: Reconsidering 'caste' and 'community' in late pre-colonial India". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 28 (3): 345–385. doi:10.1080/00856400500337768.
- ↑ Tanabe, Akio (2021). "Local society and kingship". Caste and Equality in India: 44.
- ↑ Karashima, Noboru (1999). Kingship in Indian History. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-326-0.
- ↑ Shankar, B., Mishra, P., Sagnika, S., Pattanaik, A. "Engaging with an Indian Epic: A Digital Approach" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Applications. 975: 8887.
- ↑ Odisha (India); Orissa (India) (1966). Orissa District Gazetteers: Puri. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press.