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{{short description|Indian political activist and poet}} | {{short description|Indian political activist and poet (1879–1949)}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} | {{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Sarojini Naidu | |||
| image = File:Sarojini Naidu.png | |||
| caption = | |||
| order = 1st | | order = 1st | ||
| office = Governor of United Provinces | | office = Governor of United Provinces | ||
| term_start = 15 August 1947 | | term_start = 15 August 1947 | ||
| term_end = 2 March 1949 | | term_end = 2 March 1949 | ||
| predecessor = Position established | | predecessor = ''Position established'' | ||
| successor = [[Homi Mody|Hormasji Peroshaw Mody]] | | successor = [[Homi Mody|Hormasji Peroshaw Mody]] | ||
| office2 = President of Indian National Congress | | order2 = 44th | ||
| office2 = President of the Indian National Congress | |||
| term2 = 1925–1926 | | term2 = 1925–1926 | ||
| predecessor2 = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | | predecessor2 = [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | ||
| successor2 = [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] | | successor2 = [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] | ||
| | | birth_name = Sarojini Naidu Chattopadhyay | ||
| | | nickname = {{ublist|"Nightingale of India"|"Bharat Kokila"}} | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| birth_date = {{birth date|1879|2|13|df=y}} | | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|2|13|df=y}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[ | | birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[Indian Empire|India]] | ||
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|3|2|1879|2|13|df=yes}} | | death_date = {{death date and age|1949|3|2|1879|2|13|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India | | death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India|India]] | ||
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[Cambridge University]]|[[Girton College, Cambridge]]}} | |||
| alma_mater = {{ | |||
| occupation = Political activist, poet | | occupation = Political activist, poet | ||
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] | | party = [[Indian National Congress]] | ||
| spouse = Govindarajulu | | spouse = {{marriage|Govindarajulu Naidu|1898}} | ||
Naidu | | children = 5, including [[Padmaja Naidu|Padmaja]] | ||
| children = 5 | |||
| relatives = {{hlist|[[Virendranath Chattopadhyay|Virendranath]] (brother)|[[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]] (brother)|[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay|Suhasini]] (sister)}} | | relatives = {{hlist|[[Virendranath Chattopadhyay|Virendranath]] (brother)|[[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]] (brother)|[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay|Suhasini]] (sister)}} | ||
| module = {{Infobox writer | | module = {{Infobox writer | ||
| embed = yes | | embed = yes | ||
| language = | | language = English | ||
| genre = [[ | | genre = [[Lyric poetry]] | ||
| notableworks = {{ | | notableworks = {{cslist|''The Golden Threshold''|"[[In the Bazaars of Hyderabad]]"}} | ||
| subject = [[Indian nationalism]] | | subject = [[Indian nationalism]] | ||
| signature = Sarojini Naidu signature.png | | signature = Sarojini Naidu signature.png | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Sarojini Naidu''' ( | '''Sarojini Naidu''' ({{née|'''Chattopadhyay'''}}; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was an Indian political activist and poet. She was the former Governor of Uttar Pradesh. A proponent of [[civil rights]], [[women's emancipation]], and [[anti-imperialism]], she played an important role in the [[Indian independence movement]] against the [[British Raj]]. She was the first Indian woman to be president of the [[Indian National Congress]] and to be appointed governor of a state. | ||
Born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Hyderabad]], | Born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Hyderabad]], Naidu was educated in [[Madras]], London and [[Cambridge]]. Following her time in Britain, where she worked as a [[suffragist]], she was drawn to the Congress party's struggle for India's independence. She became a part of the national movement and became a follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and his idea of [[swaraj]] (self rule). She was appointed Congress president in 1925 and, when India achieved its independence, became Governor of the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] in 1947. | ||
Naidu's poetry includes both children's poems and others written on more serious themes including patriotism | Naidu's literary work as a poet earned her the nickname the "Nightingale of India" by Gandhi because of the colour, imagery and lyrical quality of her poetry. Her oeuvre includes both children's poems and others written on more serious themes including patriotism and tragedy. Published in 1912, "[[In the Bazaars of Hyderabad]]" remains one of her most popular poems. | ||
== Personal life == | == Personal life == | ||
Sarojini | Sarojini Naidu was born in [[Hyderabad]] on 13 February 1879 to [[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]] and Varada Sundari Devi.<ref name="Raman2006">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Naidu, Sarojini |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |last=Raman |first=Sita Anantha |editor-last=Wolpert |editor-first=Stanley |volume=3 |pages=212–213}}</ref> Born at [[Brahmangaon]] Bikrampur, [[Dhaka]], Bengal province (present-day [[Munshiganj]], [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Ahmed2015">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Lilyma |title=Naidu, Sarojini |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Naidu,_Sarojini |access-date=5 August 2015 |publisher=[[Banglapedia]]: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh}}</ref> Her father was a [[Bengali Brahmin]] and the principal of [[Nizam College]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> He held a doctorate of Science from [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]]. Her mother wrote poetry in Bengali.<ref name="Raman2006" /> | ||
[[File:Sarojini Naidu by JB Yeats.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Drawing of Naidu by [[John Butler Yeats]], 1896, from the frontispiece of ''The Golden Threshold'' (1905)]] | [[File:Sarojini Naidu by JB Yeats.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Drawing of Naidu by [[John Butler Yeats]], 1896, from the [[book frontispiece|frontispiece]] of ''The Golden Threshold'' (1905)]] | ||
She was the eldest of the eight siblings. Her brother [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] was a revolutionary, and another brother [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]] was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor. Their family was well-regarded in Hyderabad | She was the eldest of the eight siblings. Her brother [[Virendranath Chattopadhyay]] was a revolutionary, and another brother [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay|Harindranath]] was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor. Their family was well-regarded in Hyderabad. | ||
=== Education === | === Education === | ||
Sarojini Naidu passed her [[matriculation examination]] to qualify for university study, earning the highest rank, in 1891, when she was twelve.<ref name="Raman2006" /> From 1895 to 1898 she studied in England, at [[King's College London|King's College, London]] and then [[Girton College, Cambridge]], with a scholarship from the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name="TimesIndia">{{Cite news |title=Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' showing last ruler's generosity |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nizams-kin-pulls-out-firmans-showing-last-rulers-generosity/articleshow/67416257.cms}}</ref> In England, she met artists from the [[Aestheticism|Aesthetic]] and [[Decadent movement|Decadent]] movements.<ref name="Reddy2010">{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Sheshalatha |date=2010 |title=The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25733492 |journal=Victorian Literature and Culture |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=571–589 |doi=10.1017/S1060150310000173 |jstor=25733492 |s2cid=162597244 |issn=1060-1503}}</ref> She travelled all around the Europe for some experience or want to see how is it happening in Europe in [[British Raj]] and also for some knowledge. | |||
=== Marriage === | === Marriage === | ||
Chattopadhyay returned to Hyderabad in 1898.<ref name="EGS">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Naidu, Sarojini (1879-1949) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |last=O'Brien |first= | Chattopadhyay returned to Hyderabad in 1898.<ref name="EGS">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Naidu, Sarojini (1879-1949) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society |publisher=SAGE Publications Inc |last=O'Brien |first=Jo9167 }}</ref> That same year, she married Govindaraju Naidu, a physician,-whom she met during her stay in England,<ref name="Raman2006" /> in a [[marriage]] which has been called "groundbreaking and scandalous".<ref name="EGS"/> Both their families approved their marriage, which was long and harmonious. They had five children.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Their daughter [[Padmaja Naidu|Padmaja]] also joined the [[Quit India Movement]], and she held several governmental positions in independent India. | ||
==Political career== | ==Political career== | ||
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===Early oratory=== | ===Early oratory=== | ||
Beginning in 1904, Naidu became an increasingly popular orator, promoting [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and [[women's rights]], especially [[women's education]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> Her oratory often framed arguments following the five-part rhetorical structures of [[Nyaya]] reasoning.<ref name="Shekhani2017" /> She addressed the [[Indian National Congress]] and the Indian Social Conference in Calcutta in 1906.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Her social work for flood relief earned her the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in 1911<ref name="Raman2006" /><!-- The reason for the medal being awarded seems unclear. Two sources says she was awarded it for her flood relief [1][4] work in Hyderabad. Another says it was for her work during plague epidemic [2]. A third source simply says that it was awarded 'in recognition of her accomplishments' [3]. Needs verification/citation. | Beginning in 1904, Naidu became an increasingly popular orator, promoting [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and [[women's rights]], especially [[women's education]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> Her oratory often framed arguments following the five-part rhetorical structures of [[Nyaya]] reasoning.<ref name="Shekhani2017" /> She addressed the [[Indian National Congress]] and the Indian Social Conference in Calcutta in 1906.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Her social work for flood relief earned her the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] in 1911<ref name="Raman2006" /><!-- The reason for the medal being awarded seems unclear. Two sources says she was awarded it for her flood relief [1] [4] work in Hyderabad. Another says it was for her work during plague epidemic [2]. A third source simply says that it was awarded 'in recognition of her accomplishments' [3]. Needs verification/citation. | ||
Sources: | Sources: | ||
| Line 69: | Line 68: | ||
2. http://www.streeshakti.com/bookS.aspx?author=10 | 2. http://www.streeshakti.com/bookS.aspx?author=10 | ||
3. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/naidu-sarojini-1879-1949 | 3. https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/naidu-sarojini-1879-1949 | ||
4. cited Encyclopedia of India entry-->, which she later returned in protest over the April 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} She met [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]] in 1909, and in 1914 she met [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom she credited with inspiring a new commitment to political action.<ref name="Iyer">{{cite book|last=Iyer|first=N Sharada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D9b4QSeoMIC|title=Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1964|isbn=9788176255745|pages=135|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> | 4. cited Encyclopedia of India entry-->, which she later returned in protest over the April 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} She met [[Muthulakshmi Reddy]] in 1909, and in 1914 she met [[Mahatma Gandhi]], whom she credited with inspiring a new commitment to political action.<ref name="Iyer">{{cite book|last=Iyer|first=N Sharada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D9b4QSeoMIC|title=Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=1964|isbn=9788176255745|pages=135|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref> She was the second woman President of the Indian National Congress and first Indian woman to preside over the INC conference . | ||
With Reddy, she helped established the [[Women's suffrage#India|Women's Indian Association]] in 1917.<ref name="Raman2006" /><ref name="Pasricha">{{Cite book |last=Pasricha |first=Ashu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-j4fWQxpGIC&q=naidu+Women%27s+Indian+Association+%28WIA%29&pg=PA24 |title=The political thought of Annie Besant |publisher=Concept Pub. Co. |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8069-585-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=24}}</ref> Later that year, Naidu accompanied her colleague [[Annie Besant]], who was the president of [[Home Rule League]] and Women's Indian Association, to advocate [[universal suffrage]] in front of the Joint Select Committee in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. | With Reddy, she helped established the [[Women's suffrage#India|Women's Indian Association]] in 1917.<ref name="Raman2006" /><ref name="Pasricha">{{Cite book |last=Pasricha |first=Ashu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-j4fWQxpGIC&q=naidu+Women%27s+Indian+Association+%28WIA%29&pg=PA24 |title=The political thought of Annie Besant |publisher=Concept Pub. Co. |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8069-585-8 |location=New Delhi |pages=24}}</ref> Later that year, Naidu accompanied her colleague [[Annie Besant]], who was the president of [[Home Rule League]] and Women's Indian Association, to advocate [[universal suffrage]] in front of the Joint Select Committee in [[London]], [[United Kingdom]].She also supported the [[Lucknow Pact]], a joint [[Hindu–Muslim unity|Hindu–Muslim]] demand for British political reform, at the Madras Special Provincial Council.<ref name="Raman2006" /> As a public speaker, Naidu's oratory was known for its personality and its incorporation of her poetry. | ||
=== Nonviolent resistance === | === Nonviolent resistance === | ||
Naidu formed close ties with Gandhi, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> After 1917, she joined Gandhi's ''[[satyagraha]]'' movement of nonviolent resistance against British rule.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Naidu went to London in 1919 as a part of the [[All India Home Rule League]] as a part of her continued efforts to advocate for freedom from the British rule.<ref name="EGS" /> The next year, she participated in the [[non-cooperation movement]] in India.<ref name="Raman2006" /> | Naidu formed close ties with Gandhi, [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> After 1917, she joined Gandhi's ''[[satyagraha]]'' movement of nonviolent resistance against British rule.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Naidu went to London in 1919 as a part of the [[All India Home Rule League]] as a part of her continued efforts to advocate for freedom from the British rule.<ref name="EGS" /> The next year, she participated in the [[non-cooperation movement]] in India.<ref name="Raman2006" /> | ||
[[File:Mahatma & Sarojini Naidu 1930.JPG|thumb|left|Naidu | [[File:Mahatma & Sarojini Naidu 1930.JPG|thumb|left|Naidu with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] during [[Salt Satyagraha]], 1930]] | ||
In 1924, Naidu represented the Indian National Congress at the [[East African Indian National Congress]].<ref name="EGS" /> In 1925, Naidu was the first female president of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Raman2006" /> In 1927, Naidu was a founding member of the [[All India Women's Conference]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> In 1928, she travelled in the United States to promote nonviolent resistance.<ref name="EGS" /> Naidu also presided over East African and Indian Congress' 1929 session in South Africa.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} | In 1924, Naidu represented the Indian National Congress at the [[East African Indian National Congress]].<ref name="EGS" /> In 1925, Naidu was the first Indian female president of the Indian National Congress.<ref name="Raman2006" /> In 1927, Naidu was a founding member of the [[All India Women's Conference]].<ref name="Raman2006" /> In 1928, she travelled in the United States to promote nonviolent resistance.<ref name="EGS" /> Naidu also presided over East African and Indian Congress' 1929 session in South Africa.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} | ||
In 1930, Gandhi initially did not want to permit women to join the [[Salt March]], because it would be physically demanding with a high risk of arrest.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Naidu and other female activists, including [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] and [[Khurshed Naoroji]], persuaded him otherwise, and joined the march.<ref name="Raman2006" /> When Gandhi was arrested on April | In 1930, Gandhi initially did not want to permit women to join the [[Salt March]], because it would be physically demanding with a high risk of arrest.<ref name="Raman2006" /> Naidu and other female activists, including [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]] and [[Khurshed Naoroji]], persuaded him otherwise, and joined the march.<ref name="Raman2006" /> When Gandhi was arrested on 6 April 1930, he appointed Naidu as the new leader of the campaign.<ref name="Shekhani2017" /> | ||
The Indian National Congress decided to stay away from the [[First Round Table Conference]] that took place in London owing to the arrests.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} In 1931, however, Naidu and other leaders of the Congress Party participated in the [[Second Round Table Conference]] headed by [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Irwin]] in the wake of the [[Gandhi-Irwin pact]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Naidu was jailed by the British in 1932.<ref name="Raman2006" /> | The Indian National Congress decided to stay away from the [[First Round Table Conference]] that took place in London owing to the arrests.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} In 1931, however, Naidu and other leaders of the Congress Party participated in the [[Second Round Table Conference]] headed by [[Viceroy of India|Viceroy]] [[Lord Irwin]] in the wake of the [[Gandhi-Irwin pact]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Naidu was jailed by the British in 1932.<ref name="Raman2006" /> | ||
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===Governor of United Provinces=== | ===Governor of United Provinces=== | ||
Following India's independence from the British rule in 1947, Naidu was appointed | Following India's independence from the British rule in 1947, Naidu was appointed the governor of the [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), making her India's first woman governor. She remained in office until her death in March 1949 (aged 70).<ref name="Raman2006" /> | ||
==Writing career== | ==Writing career== | ||
Naidu began writing at the age of 12. Her play, ''Maher Muneer'', written in [[Persian language|Persian]], impressed the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom of Hyderabad]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} | Naidu began writing at the age of 12. Her play, ''Maher Muneer'', written in [[Persian language|Persian]], impressed the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Kingdom of Hyderabad]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} | ||
Naidu's poetry | Naidu's poetry was written in English and usually took the form of [[lyric poetry]] in the tradition of British [[Romanticism]], which she was sometimes challenged to reconcile with her Indian nationalist politics.<ref name="Reddy2010" /> She was known for her vivid use of rich sensory images in her writing, and for her lush depictions of India.<ref name="Iyer" /><ref name="Jagadisan">{{cite book|author=Jagadisan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_NShyA_s7YC|title=A thing of beauty|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2001|isbn=9788125016250|page=55|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> She was well-regarded as a poet, considered the "Indian [[W.B. Yeats|Yeats]]".<ref name="Shekhani2017">{{Cite journal |last=Shekhani |first=Ummekulsoom |date=3 April 2017 |title=Sarojini Naidu—The Forgotten Orator of India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07350198.2017.1282223 |journal=Rhetoric Review |language=en |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=139–150 |doi=10.1080/07350198.2017.1282223 |s2cid=151326415 |issn=0735-0198}}</ref> | ||
Her first book of poems was published in London in 1905, titled ''The Golden Threshold''.<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NcHdrqUJpYC&q=%22The+Broken+Wings%22+was+published+1905+naidu&pg=PA11 |title=Critical response to Indian poetry in English |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7625-825-8 |editor-last=Sarkar, Amar Nath |location=New Delhi |pages=11 |editor-last2=Prasad, Bithika}}</ref> The publication was suggested by [[Edmund Gosse]], and bore an introduction by [[Arthur Symons]].<!--<ref name="Reddy2010" />--> It also included a sketch of Naidu as a teenager, in a ruffled white dress, drawn by [[John Butler Yeats]].<!--<ref name="Reddy2010" />--> Her second and most strongly nationalist book of poems, ''The Bird of Time'', was published in 1912.<ref name="Reddy2010" /> It was published in both London and New York, and includes "[[In the Bazaars of Hyderabad]]. | Her first book of poems was published in London in 1905, titled "''The Golden Threshold"''.<ref name="Sarkar">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NcHdrqUJpYC&q=%22The+Broken+Wings%22+was+published+1905+naidu&pg=PA11 |title=Critical response to Indian poetry in English |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7625-825-8 |editor-last=Sarkar, Amar Nath |location=New Delhi |pages=11 |editor-last2=Prasad, Bithika}}</ref> The publication was suggested by [[Edmund Gosse]], and bore an introduction by [[Arthur Symons]].<!--<ref name="Reddy2010" />--> It also included a sketch of Naidu as a teenager, in a ruffled white dress, drawn by [[John Butler Yeats]].<!--<ref name="Reddy2010" />--> Her second and most strongly nationalist book of poems, ''[[The Bird of Time (poetry)|The Bird of Time]]'', was published in 1912.<ref name="Reddy2010" /> It was published in both London and New York, and includes "[[In the Bazaars of Hyderabad]]".<ref name="BirdTime">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000634356 |title=The bird of time; songs of life, death & the spring |date=1912 |publisher=John Lane company; W. Heinemann |editor-last=Gosse |editor-first=Edmund |location=New York, London}}</ref> The last book of new poems published in her lifetime, ''The Broken Wing'' (1917).It includes the poem "The Gift of India", critiquing the British empire's exploitation of Indian mothers and soldiers, which she had previously recited to the Hyderabad Ladies' War Relief Association in 1915.<!--<ref name="Reddy2010" />--> It also includes "Awake!", which was dedicated to MA Jinnah and with which she concluded a 1915 speech to the Indian National Congress to urge unified Indian action.<ref name="Reddy2010" /> A collection of all her published poems was printed in New York in 1928.<ref name="FirstEdition">{{Cite web |title=The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India |url=https://thefirstedition.com/product/the-sceptred-flute-songs-of-india/ |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=The First Edition Rare Books |language=en-US}}</ref> After her death, Naidu's complete poems, including unpublished works, were collected in ''The Feather of the Dawn'' (1961), edited by her daughter [[Padmaja Naidu]]''.<ref name="Nasta2012">{{Cite book |last=Nasta |first=Susheila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgYGlJI9vrUC&q=The%20Feather%20of%20The%20Dawn%20Padmaja&pg=PR4 |title=India in Britain: South Asian Networks and Connections, 1858–1950 |date=16 November 2012 |isbn=978-0-230-39271-7 |page=213 |author-link=Susheila Nasta |access-date=13 February 2016}}</ref>'' | ||
Naidu's speeches were first collected and published in January 1918 as ''The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu'', a popular publication which led to an expanded reprint in 1919<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1919-9">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500199 |title=Speeches and writings. |date=1919 |publisher=G.A. Nateson & Co. |edition=2nd |location=Madras |page=9}}</ref> and again in 1925.<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1925">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001868048 |title=Speeches and writings of Sarojini Naidu. |date=1925 |publisher=G.A. Natesan & co. |edition=3rd |location=Madras}}</ref> | Naidu's speeches were first collected and published in January 1918 as ''The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu'', a popular publication which led to an expanded reprint in 1919<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1919-9">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500199 |title=Speeches and writings. |date=1919 |publisher=G.A. Nateson & Co. |edition=2nd |location=Madras |page=9}}</ref> and again in 1925.<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1925">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001868048 |title=Speeches and writings of Sarojini Naidu. |date=1925 |publisher=G.A. Natesan & co. |edition=3rd |location=Madras}}</ref> | ||
===Works=== | ===Works=== | ||
*1905: ''The Golden Threshold'', London: William Heineman<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naidu|first=Sarojini|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001725616|title=The golden | * 1905: ''The Golden Threshold'', London: William Heineman<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naidu|first=Sarojini|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001725616|title=The golden threstold|date=1905|publisher=Heineman|location=London}}</ref> | ||
* | * 1915: ''[[Thth & the Spring]]'', London: William Heineman and New York: John Lane Company<ref name="BirdTime" /> | ||
* | * 1919: ''The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and the Spring''<ref name="vkg313">Vinayak Krishna Gokak, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WLE8GVsAfEMC ''The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Poetry (1828–1965)'', p 313, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025172652/https://books.google.com/books?id=WLE8GVsAfEMC&printsec=frontcover |date=25 October 2022 }}, {{ISBN|81-260-1196-3}}, retrieved 6 August 2010</ref><ref name="Das2010">Sisir Kumar Das, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC "A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025172644/https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&printsec=frontcover |date=25 October 2022 }}, p 523, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1995), {{ISBN|81-7201-798-7}}; retrieved 10 August 2010</ref> | ||
* | * 1919: "The Song of the Palanquin Bearers", lyrics by Naidu and music by [[Martin Shaw (composer)|Martin Shaw]], London: Curwen<ref name="Shaw1917">{{Cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c034141508 |title=The Song of the Palanquin Bearers |last2=Naidu |first2=Sarojini |publisher=Curwen |year=1917 |location=London|hdl=2027/uc1.c034141508 }}</ref> | ||
* | * 1920: ''The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu'', Madras: G.A. Natesan & Co.<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1919">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500199 |title=Speeches and writings. |date=1919 |publisher=G.A. Nateson & Co. |location=Madras}}</ref> | ||
* | * 1922: Editor, ''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], An Ambassador of Unity: His Speeches & Writings 1912–1917'', with a biographical "Pen Portrait" of Jinnah by Naidu, Madras: Ganesh & Co.<ref name="JinnahSpeeches">{{Cite book |last=Jinnah |first=Mahomed Ali |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001866917 |title=Mahomed Ali Jinnah, an ambassador of unity; his speeches & writings 1912–1917. |publisher=Ganesh & Co. |year=1919 |editor-last=Naidu |editor-first=Sarojini |location=Madras}}</ref> | ||
* | * 1948: ''The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India'', New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co.<ref name="SceptredFlute">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001058638 |title=The sceptred flute: songs of India |date=1928 |publisher=Dodd, Mead & company |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="FirstEdition" /> | ||
*1961: ''The Feather of the Dawn'', edited by [[Padmaja Naidu]] | * 1961: ''The Feather of the Dawn'', edited by [[Padmaja Naidu]]>'' | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| Line 114: | Line 113: | ||
Naidu died of [[cardiac arrest]] at 3:30 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 2 March 1949 at the [[Raj Bhavan (Uttar Pradesh)|Government House]] in [[Lucknow]]. Upon her return from [[New Delhi]] on 15 February, she was advised to rest by her doctors, and all official engagements were canceled. Her health deteriorated substantially and [[bloodletting]] was performed on the night of 1 March after she complained of severe [[headache]]. She collapsed following a fit of cough. Naidu was said to have asked the nurse attending to her to sing to her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.<ref name="IndianExpressObit">{{Cite news |date=3 March 1949 |title=Mrs. Sarojini Naidu Passes Away |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dQBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C5941395 |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> She subsequently died, and her last rites were performed at the [[Gomati River]].<ref name="IndianExpressRites">{{Cite news |date=4 March 1949 |title=Last Rites of Sarojini Naidu at Lucknow |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dgBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1910%2C6038939 |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> | Naidu died of [[cardiac arrest]] at 3:30 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 2 March 1949 at the [[Raj Bhavan (Uttar Pradesh)|Government House]] in [[Lucknow]]. Upon her return from [[New Delhi]] on 15 February, she was advised to rest by her doctors, and all official engagements were canceled. Her health deteriorated substantially and [[bloodletting]] was performed on the night of 1 March after she complained of severe [[headache]]. She collapsed following a fit of cough. Naidu was said to have asked the nurse attending to her to sing to her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.<ref name="IndianExpressObit">{{Cite news |date=3 March 1949 |title=Mrs. Sarojini Naidu Passes Away |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dQBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C5941395 |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> She subsequently died, and her last rites were performed at the [[Gomati River]].<ref name="IndianExpressRites">{{Cite news |date=4 March 1949 |title=Last Rites of Sarojini Naidu at Lucknow |page=1 |work=The Indian Express |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dgBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1910%2C6038939 |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref> | ||
== | == Conclusion == | ||
Naidu is known as "one of India's feminist luminaries. | Naidu is known as "one of India's feminist luminaries".<ref name="Raman2006" /> Naidu's birthday, 13 February, is celebrated as Women's Day to recognise powerful voices of women in India's history.<ref name="ISCE">{{Cite book |title=Treasure Trove: A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories |publisher=Evergreen Publications (INDIA) Ltd. |year=2020 |isbn=9789350637005 |location=New Delhi |pages=13}}</ref> | ||
Composer [[Helen Searles Westbrook]] (1889–1967) set Naidu's text to music in her song "Invincible."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Office |first=Library of Congress Copyright |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0chAQAAIAAJ&dq=helen+searles+composer&pg=PA2328 |title=Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series |date=1970 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
As a poet, Naidu was known as the "Nightingale of India".<ref name="Augestine2017">{{Cite news |last=Augestine |first=Seline |date=17 June 2017 |title=Nightingale of India |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/children/nightingale-of-india/article19093162.ece |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> [[Edmund Gosse]] called her "the most accomplished living poet in India" in 1919.<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1919-11">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500199 |title=Speeches and writings. |date=1919 |publisher=G.A. Nateson & Co. |location=Madras |page=11}}</ref> | As a poet, Naidu was known as the "Nightingale of India".<ref name="Augestine2017">{{Cite news |last=Augestine |first=Seline |date=17 June 2017 |title=Nightingale of India |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/children/nightingale-of-india/article19093162.ece |access-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> [[Edmund Gosse]] called her "the most accomplished living poet in India" in 1919.<ref name="NaiduSpeeches1919-11">{{Cite book |last=Naidu |first=Sarojini |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100500199 |title=Speeches and writings. |date=1919 |publisher=G.A. Nateson & Co. |location=Madras |page=11}}</ref> | ||
| Line 127: | Line 128: | ||
=== Works about Naidu === | === Works about Naidu === | ||
The first biography of Naidu, ''Sarojini Naidu: a Biography'' by Padmini Sengupta, was published in 1966.<ref name="Jungalwalla1966">{{Cite journal |last=Jungalwalla |first=P.N. |date=1966 |title=Review of ''Sarojini Naidu, a Biography'' by Padmini Sengupta |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329487 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> A biography for children, Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter, was published by [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2014/mar/16/Sarojini-Naidu-The-Nightingale-and-The-Freedom-Fighter-586690.html|access-date=2021 | The first biography of Naidu, ''Sarojini Naidu: a Biography'' by Padmini Sengupta, was published in 1966.<ref name="Jungalwalla1966">{{Cite journal |last=Jungalwalla |first=P.N. |date=1966 |title=Review of ''Sarojini Naidu, a Biography'' by Padmini Sengupta |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329487 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |jstor=23329487 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> A biography for children, Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter, was published by [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2014/mar/16/Sarojini-Naidu-The-Nightingale-and-The-Freedom-Fighter-586690.html|access-date=16 October 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> | ||
In 1975, the [[Government of India]] [[Films Division]] produced a twenty-minute documentary about Naidu's life, "Sarojini Naidu – The Nightingale of India, | In 1975, the [[Government of India]] [[Films Division]] produced a twenty-minute documentary about Naidu's life, "Sarojini Naidu – The Nightingale of India", directed by [[Bhagwan Das Garga]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 February 2021|title=Films Division pays tribute to Sarojini Naidu|url=https://www.thereportingtoday.com/films-division-pays-tribute-to-sarojini-naidu/|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|website=THE REPORTING TODAY|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu {{!}} Films Division|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/sarojini-naidu|access-date=16 October 2021|website=filmsdivision.org}}</ref> | ||
In 2020, a [[biopic]] was announced, titled ''Sarojini'', to be directed by Akash Nayak and Dhiraj Mishra, and starring [[Dipika Chikhlia]] as Naidu.<ref name="IndianExpress2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 | In 2020, a [[biopic]] was announced, titled ''Sarojini'', to be directed by Akash Nayak and Dhiraj Mishra, and starring [[Dipika Chikhlia]] as Naidu.<ref name="IndianExpress2020">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2020 |title=Ramayan actor Dipika Chikhlia to play Sarojini Naidu in biographical film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ramayan-actor-dipika-chikhlia-to-play-sarojini-naidu-in-biopic-6399601/ |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 168: | Line 169: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2016/11/01/nightingale-of-india-a-sarojini-naidu-biopic/ Nightingale of India: a Sarojini Naidu biopic] | * [https://talkinghumanities.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2016/11/01/nightingale-of-india-a-sarojini-naidu-biopic/ Nightingale of India: a Sarojini Naidu biopic] | ||
* [https://www.academia.edu/4132256/International_Journal_of_English_and_Literature_IJEL_ The poetry of Sarojini Naidu: A fusion of English language and Indian culture] | * [https://www.academia.edu/4132256/International_Journal_of_English_and_Literature_IJEL_ The poetry of Sarojini Naidu: A fusion of English language and Indian culture] | ||
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Naidu,+Sarojini | name=Sarojini Naidu}} | * {{Gutenberg author |id=Naidu,+Sarojini | name=Sarojini Naidu}} | ||
| Line 179: | Line 180: | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518090448/http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/in/sarojini_naidu/ Biography and Poems of Sarojini Naidu ] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518090448/http://www.poetseers.org/the_great_poets/in/sarojini_naidu/ Biography and Poems of Sarojini Naidu ] | ||
* [http://www.rediff.com/freedom/19let1.htm Letter written by Sarojini Naidu ] | * [http://www.rediff.com/freedom/19let1.htm Letter written by Sarojini Naidu ] | ||
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=h6v8HsRUBucC | * [https://books.google.com/books?id=h6v8HsRUBucC&q=nizam+college&pg=PA85 Sarojini Naidu: An introduction to her life, work, and poetry By Vishwanath S. Naravane] | ||
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/sarojini-naidu Sarojini Naidu materials at the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] | * [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/sarojini-naidu Sarojini Naidu materials at the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] | ||
* {{PM20|FID=pe/022371}} | * {{PM20|FID=pe/022371}} | ||
{{Indian National Congress Presidents}} | {{Indian National Congress Presidents}} | ||
| Line 204: | Line 204: | ||
[[Category:Alumni of King's College London]] | [[Category:Alumni of King's College London]] | ||
[[Category:Bengali female poets]] | [[Category:Bengali female poets]] | ||
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]] | [[Category:Bengali Hindus]] | ||
[[Category:Brahmos]] | [[Category:Brahmos]] | ||
| Line 223: | Line 222: | ||
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Telangana]] | [[Category:Indian independence activists from Telangana]] | ||
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] | [[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] | ||
[[Category:Sarojini Naidu]] | |||
Latest revision as of 04:26, 22 July 2023
Sarojini Naidu | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1st Governor of United Provinces | |
| In office 15 August 1947 – 2 March 1949 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Hormasji Peroshaw Mody |
| 44th President of the Indian National Congress | |
| In office 1925–1926 | |
| Preceded by | Mahatma Gandhi |
| Succeeded by | S. Srinivasa Iyengar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Sarojini Naidu Chattopadhyay 13 February 1879 Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, India |
| Died | 2 March 1949 (aged 70) Lucknow, United Provinces, India |
| Political party | Indian National Congress |
| Spouse(s) | Govindarajulu Naidu ( m. 1898) |
| Children | 5, including Padmaja |
| Relatives |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | Political activist, poet |
| Nickname(s) |
|
| Writing career | |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Lyric poetry |
| Subject | Indian nationalism |
| Notable works |
|
| Signature |  |
Sarojini Naidu (née Chattopadhyay; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was an Indian political activist and poet. She was the former Governor of Uttar Pradesh. A proponent of civil rights, women's emancipation, and anti-imperialism, she played an important role in the Indian independence movement against the British Raj. She was the first Indian woman to be president of the Indian National Congress and to be appointed governor of a state.
Born in a Bengali family in Hyderabad, Naidu was educated in Madras, London and Cambridge. Following her time in Britain, where she worked as a suffragist, she was drawn to the Congress party's struggle for India's independence. She became a part of the national movement and became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and his idea of swaraj (self rule). She was appointed Congress president in 1925 and, when India achieved its independence, became Governor of the United Provinces in 1947.
Naidu's literary work as a poet earned her the nickname the "Nightingale of India" by Gandhi because of the colour, imagery and lyrical quality of her poetry. Her oeuvre includes both children's poems and others written on more serious themes including patriotism and tragedy. Published in 1912, "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" remains one of her most popular poems.
Personal life[edit | edit source]
Sarojini Naidu was born in Hyderabad on 13 February 1879 to Aghorenath Chattopadhyay and Varada Sundari Devi.[1] Born at Brahmangaon Bikrampur, Dhaka, Bengal province (present-day Munshiganj, Bangladesh).[2] Her father was a Bengali Brahmin and the principal of Nizam College.[1] He held a doctorate of Science from Edinburgh University. Her mother wrote poetry in Bengali.[1]
She was the eldest of the eight siblings. Her brother Virendranath Chattopadhyay was a revolutionary, and another brother Harindranath was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor. Their family was well-regarded in Hyderabad.
Education[edit | edit source]
Sarojini Naidu passed her matriculation examination to qualify for university study, earning the highest rank, in 1891, when she was twelve.[1] From 1895 to 1898 she studied in England, at King's College, London and then Girton College, Cambridge, with a scholarship from the Nizam of Hyderabad.[3] In England, she met artists from the Aesthetic and Decadent movements.[4] She travelled all around the Europe for some experience or want to see how is it happening in Europe in British Raj and also for some knowledge.
Marriage[edit | edit source]
Chattopadhyay returned to Hyderabad in 1898.[5] That same year, she married Govindaraju Naidu, a physician,-whom she met during her stay in England,[1] in a marriage which has been called "groundbreaking and scandalous".[5] Both their families approved their marriage, which was long and harmonious. They had five children.[1] Their daughter Padmaja also joined the Quit India Movement, and she held several governmental positions in independent India.
Political career[edit | edit source]
Early oratory[edit | edit source]
Beginning in 1904, Naidu became an increasingly popular orator, promoting Indian independence and women's rights, especially women's education.[1] Her oratory often framed arguments following the five-part rhetorical structures of Nyaya reasoning.[6] She addressed the Indian National Congress and the Indian Social Conference in Calcutta in 1906.[1] Her social work for flood relief earned her the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in 1911[1], which she later returned in protest over the April 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.[citation needed] She met Muthulakshmi Reddy in 1909, and in 1914 she met Mahatma Gandhi, whom she credited with inspiring a new commitment to political action.[7] She was the second woman President of the Indian National Congress and first Indian woman to preside over the INC conference .
With Reddy, she helped established the Women's Indian Association in 1917.[1][8] Later that year, Naidu accompanied her colleague Annie Besant, who was the president of Home Rule League and Women's Indian Association, to advocate universal suffrage in front of the Joint Select Committee in London, United Kingdom.She also supported the Lucknow Pact, a joint Hindu–Muslim demand for British political reform, at the Madras Special Provincial Council.[1] As a public speaker, Naidu's oratory was known for its personality and its incorporation of her poetry.
Nonviolent resistance[edit | edit source]
Naidu formed close ties with Gandhi, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore and Sarala Devi Chaudhurani.[1] After 1917, she joined Gandhi's satyagraha movement of nonviolent resistance against British rule.[1] Naidu went to London in 1919 as a part of the All India Home Rule League as a part of her continued efforts to advocate for freedom from the British rule.[5] The next year, she participated in the non-cooperation movement in India.[1]
In 1924, Naidu represented the Indian National Congress at the East African Indian National Congress.[5] In 1925, Naidu was the first Indian female president of the Indian National Congress.[1] In 1927, Naidu was a founding member of the All India Women's Conference.[1] In 1928, she travelled in the United States to promote nonviolent resistance.[5] Naidu also presided over East African and Indian Congress' 1929 session in South Africa.[citation needed]
In 1930, Gandhi initially did not want to permit women to join the Salt March, because it would be physically demanding with a high risk of arrest.[1] Naidu and other female activists, including Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and Khurshed Naoroji, persuaded him otherwise, and joined the march.[1] When Gandhi was arrested on 6 April 1930, he appointed Naidu as the new leader of the campaign.[6]
The Indian National Congress decided to stay away from the First Round Table Conference that took place in London owing to the arrests.[citation needed] In 1931, however, Naidu and other leaders of the Congress Party participated in the Second Round Table Conference headed by Viceroy Lord Irwin in the wake of the Gandhi-Irwin pact.[citation needed] Naidu was jailed by the British in 1932.[1]
The British jailed Naidu again in 1942 for her participation in the Quit India Movement.[1] She was imprisoned for 21 months.[5]
Governor of United Provinces[edit | edit source]
Following India's independence from the British rule in 1947, Naidu was appointed the governor of the United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh), making her India's first woman governor. She remained in office until her death in March 1949 (aged 70).[1]
Writing career[edit | edit source]
Naidu began writing at the age of 12. Her play, Maher Muneer, written in Persian, impressed the Nizam of Kingdom of Hyderabad.[citation needed]
Naidu's poetry was written in English and usually took the form of lyric poetry in the tradition of British Romanticism, which she was sometimes challenged to reconcile with her Indian nationalist politics.[4] She was known for her vivid use of rich sensory images in her writing, and for her lush depictions of India.[7][9] She was well-regarded as a poet, considered the "Indian Yeats".[6]
Her first book of poems was published in London in 1905, titled "The Golden Threshold".[10] The publication was suggested by Edmund Gosse, and bore an introduction by Arthur Symons. It also included a sketch of Naidu as a teenager, in a ruffled white dress, drawn by John Butler Yeats. Her second and most strongly nationalist book of poems, The Bird of Time, was published in 1912.[4] It was published in both London and New York, and includes "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad".[11] The last book of new poems published in her lifetime, The Broken Wing (1917).It includes the poem "The Gift of India", critiquing the British empire's exploitation of Indian mothers and soldiers, which she had previously recited to the Hyderabad Ladies' War Relief Association in 1915. It also includes "Awake!", which was dedicated to MA Jinnah and with which she concluded a 1915 speech to the Indian National Congress to urge unified Indian action.[4] A collection of all her published poems was printed in New York in 1928.[12] After her death, Naidu's complete poems, including unpublished works, were collected in The Feather of the Dawn (1961), edited by her daughter Padmaja Naidu.[13]
Naidu's speeches were first collected and published in January 1918 as The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu, a popular publication which led to an expanded reprint in 1919[14] and again in 1925.[15]
Works[edit | edit source]
- 1905: The Golden Threshold, London: William Heineman[16]
- 1915: Thth & the Spring, London: William Heineman and New York: John Lane Company[11]
- 1919: The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death and the Spring[17][18]
- 1919: "The Song of the Palanquin Bearers", lyrics by Naidu and music by Martin Shaw, London: Curwen[19]
- 1920: The Speeches and Writings of Sarojini Naidu, Madras: G.A. Natesan & Co.[20]
- 1922: Editor, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, An Ambassador of Unity: His Speeches & Writings 1912–1917, with a biographical "Pen Portrait" of Jinnah by Naidu, Madras: Ganesh & Co.[21]
- 1948: The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India, New York: Dodd, Mead, & Co.[22][12]
- 1961: The Feather of the Dawn, edited by Padmaja Naidu>
Death[edit | edit source]
Naidu died of cardiac arrest at 3:30 p.m. (IST) on 2 March 1949 at the Government House in Lucknow. Upon her return from New Delhi on 15 February, she was advised to rest by her doctors, and all official engagements were canceled. Her health deteriorated substantially and bloodletting was performed on the night of 1 March after she complained of severe headache. She collapsed following a fit of cough. Naidu was said to have asked the nurse attending to her to sing to her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.[23] She subsequently died, and her last rites were performed at the Gomati River.[24]
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
Naidu is known as "one of India's feminist luminaries".[1] Naidu's birthday, 13 February, is celebrated as Women's Day to recognise powerful voices of women in India's history.[25]
Composer Helen Searles Westbrook (1889–1967) set Naidu's text to music in her song "Invincible."[26]
As a poet, Naidu was known as the "Nightingale of India".[27] Edmund Gosse called her "the most accomplished living poet in India" in 1919.[28]
Naidu is memorialized in the Golden Threshold, an off-campus annex of University of Hyderabad named for her first collection of poetry. Golden Threshold now houses the Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication in the University of Hyderabad.[29]
Asteroid 5647 Sarojininaidu, discovered by Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory in 1990, was named in her memory.[30] The official Template:MoMP was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 August 2019 (M.P.C. 115893).[31]
In 2014, Google India commemorated Naidu's 135th birth anniversary with a Google Doodle.[32]
Works about Naidu[edit | edit source]
The first biography of Naidu, Sarojini Naidu: a Biography by Padmini Sengupta, was published in 1966.[33] A biography for children, Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter, was published by Hachette in 2014.[34]
In 1975, the Government of India Films Division produced a twenty-minute documentary about Naidu's life, "Sarojini Naidu – The Nightingale of India", directed by Bhagwan Das Garga.[35][36]
In 2020, a biopic was announced, titled Sarojini, to be directed by Akash Nayak and Dhiraj Mishra, and starring Dipika Chikhlia as Naidu.[37]
See also[edit | edit source]
- Indian English literature
- Indian literature
- Indian poetry
- Indian poetry in English
- List of Indian poets
- List of Indian writers
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Raman, Sita Anantha (2006). "Naidu, Sarojini". In Wolpert, Stanley (ed.). Encyclopedia of India. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 212–213.
- ↑ Ahmed, Lilyma. "Naidu, Sarojini". Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ↑ "Nizam's kin pulls out 'firmans' showing last ruler's generosity". The Times of India.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Reddy, Sheshalatha (2010). "The Cosmopolitan Nationalism of Sarojini Naidu, Nightingale of India". Victorian Literature and Culture. 38 (2): 571–589. doi:10.1017/S1060150310000173. ISSN 1060-1503. JSTOR 25733492. S2CID 162597244.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 O'Brien, Jo9167 (2009). "Naidu, Sarojini (1879-1949)". Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE Publications Inc.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shekhani, Ummekulsoom (3 April 2017). "Sarojini Naidu—The Forgotten Orator of India". Rhetoric Review. 36 (2): 139–150. doi:10.1080/07350198.2017.1282223. ISSN 0735-0198. S2CID 151326415.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Iyer, N Sharada (1964). Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry. Sarup & Sons. p. 135. ISBN 9788176255745. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- ↑ Pasricha, Ashu (2009). The political thought of Annie Besant. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 24. ISBN 978-81-8069-585-8.
- ↑ Jagadisan (2001). A thing of beauty. Orient Blackswan. p. 55. ISBN 9788125016250. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
- ↑ Sarkar, Amar Nath; Prasad, Bithika, eds. (2008). Critical response to Indian poetry in English. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 978-81-7625-825-8.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Naidu, Sarojini (1912). Gosse, Edmund (ed.). The bird of time; songs of life, death & the spring. New York, London: John Lane company; W. Heinemann.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The Sceptred Flute: Songs of India". The First Edition Rare Books. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
- ↑ Nasta, Susheila (16 November 2012). India in Britain: South Asian Networks and Connections, 1858–1950. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-230-39271-7. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1919). Speeches and writings (2nd ed.). Madras: G.A. Nateson & Co. p. 9.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1925). Speeches and writings of Sarojini Naidu (3rd ed.). Madras: G.A. Natesan & co.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1905). The golden threstold. London: Heineman.
- ↑ Vinayak Krishna Gokak, The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Poetry (1828–1965), p 313, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint) Archived 25 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, ISBN 81-260-1196-3, retrieved 6 August 2010
- ↑ Sisir Kumar Das, "A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy" Archived 25 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, p 523, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1995), ISBN 81-7201-798-7; retrieved 10 August 2010
- ↑ Shaw, Martin; Naidu, Sarojini (1917). The Song of the Palanquin Bearers. London: Curwen. hdl:2027/uc1.c034141508.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1919). Speeches and writings. Madras: G.A. Nateson & Co.
- ↑ Jinnah, Mahomed Ali (1919). Naidu, Sarojini (ed.). Mahomed Ali Jinnah, an ambassador of unity; his speeches & writings 1912–1917. Madras: Ganesh & Co.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1928). The sceptred flute: songs of India. New York: Dodd, Mead & company.
- ↑ "Mrs. Sarojini Naidu Passes Away". The Indian Express. 3 March 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ↑ "Last Rites of Sarojini Naidu at Lucknow". The Indian Express. 4 March 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
- ↑ Treasure Trove: A Collection of ICSE Poems and Short Stories. New Delhi: Evergreen Publications (INDIA) Ltd. 2020. p. 13. ISBN 9789350637005.
- ↑ Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1970). Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series.
- ↑ Augestine, Seline (17 June 2017). "Nightingale of India". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ↑ Naidu, Sarojini (1919). Speeches and writings. Madras: G.A. Nateson & Co. p. 11.
- ↑ "Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication". Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5647 Sarojininaidu (1990 TZ)" (11 May 2019 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
- ↑ "Google Doodle celebrates Sarojini Naidu's 135th Birthday". news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ↑ Jungalwalla, P.N. (1966). "Review of Sarojini Naidu, a Biography by Padmini Sengupta". Indian Literature. 9 (2): 101–103. JSTOR 23329487 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ "Sarojini Naidu: The Nightingale and The Freedom Fighter". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ↑ "Films Division pays tribute to Sarojini Naidu". THE REPORTING TODAY. 13 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Sarojini Naidu | Films Division". filmsdivision.org. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- ↑ "Ramayan actor Dipika Chikhlia to play Sarojini Naidu in biographical film". The Indian Express. 15 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
| Library resources about Sarojini Naidu |
| By Sarojini Naidu |
|---|
- Gupta, Indra (2004). India's 50 most illustrious women (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Icon Publications.
- Baig, Tara Ali (1985). Sarojini Naidu: portrait of a patriot. New Delhi: Congress Centenary (1985) Celebrations Committee, AICC (I).
- Ramachandran Nair, K. R. (1987). Three Indo-Anglian poets: Henry Derozio, Toru Dutt, and Sarojini Naidu. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.
- Padmini Sengupta (1997). Sarojini Naidu. ISBN 9788178624495.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Nightingale of India: a Sarojini Naidu biopic
- The poetry of Sarojini Naidu: A fusion of English language and Indian culture
- Works by Sarojini Naidu at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Sarojini Naidu at Internet Archive
- The Golden Threshold in The Internet Archive
- Works by Sarojini Naidu at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Biography and Poems of Sarojini Naidu
- Letter written by Sarojini Naidu
- Sarojini Naidu: An introduction to her life, work, and poetry By Vishwanath S. Naravane
- Sarojini Naidu materials at the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
- Template:PM20
