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[[File:Shasta god.JPG|thumb|Shasta from Kudumiyanmalai, Tamil Nadu.]]
[[File:Shasta god.JPG|thumb|Shasta from Kudumiyanmalai, Tamil Nadu.]]


'''Shasta''' ([[IAST]] Śāstā) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity, venerated with [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. Shasta is a generic [[Sanskrit]] term for a ruler, i.e. the one who rules/preaches. The word ''Shasta'' was first used in the sense of a Hindu deity in South India during the 3rd century.{{cn|date=August 2021}} He is identified with many deities like [[Aiyanar]], [[Ayyappa]] and [[Revantha]]. He is also called as Brahma Shastha, preacher of Pranav am. According to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature, Shasta has eight important forms.
'''Shasta''' ([[IAST]] Śāstā) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity of [[Dravidian folk religion|Dravidian]] origin,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Balaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rf0vAQAAIAAJ&q=shasta+Dravidian |title=The Indians and the Amerindians |date=1997 |publisher=Self-Employment Bureau Publication |language=en}}</ref> usually associated with [[Shiva]] and [[Vishnu]]. In [[Hindu mythology]], Shasta is considered to be another name of [[Ayyappan]], described as the offspring of [[Shiva]] and [[Mohini]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&dq=shasta+ayyappa&pg=PA198 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |language=en}}</ref> His principal function is to act as a [[kuladevata]] of a given clan, as well as act as a guardian of a village's boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_9ZDwAAQBAJ&dq=shasta+god&pg=PA53 |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India - Revised and Expanded Edition |date=2018-06-05 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18641-2 |language=en}}</ref> In [[South India]], he is identified with the [[Aiyanar|Ayyanar]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Ayyappan]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leviton |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6duRdH6qZAC&dq=shasta+Tamil&pg=PT493 |title=Walking in Albion: Adventures in the Christed Initiation in the Buddha Body |date=2010-04-22 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1-4502-2343-0 |language=en}}</ref>


==Significance==
==Significance==
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===Tamil Nadu===
===Tamil Nadu===
In Tamil Nadu, [[Aiyanar]] is used as another name of the deity ''Shasta''. The earliest reference to ''Aiynar-Shasta'' is from the [[Arcot|Arcot district]] in Tamil Nadu. The stones are dated to the 3rd century C.E. They read "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in [[Uraiyur]] near [[Tiruchirapalli]] which is dated to the 4th century C.E.<ref name=Kala67>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.67</ref>
In Tamil Nadu, [[Aiyanar]] is used as the regional name of the deity ''Shasta''. The earliest reference to ''Aiynar-Shasta'' is from the [[Arcot|Arcot district]] in Tamil Nadu. The stones are dated to the 3rd century C.E. They read "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in [[Uraiyur]] near [[Tiruchirapalli]] which is dated to the 4th century C.E.<ref name=Kala67>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.67</ref>


Literary references to ''Aiyanar-Cattan'' are found in [[Silappatikaram]], a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]  work dated to the 4th to 5th centuries C.E. The Tamil sangam classics Purananuru, Akananuru etc. refer to ayyanar and "cattan" in many poems. There are several numerous references to sasta in sangam works. Some Tamil inscriptions of sangam times and also of the later pallava and chola period coming in from various parts of the empire refer to him as sevugan and mahasasta. The hymns of some alwars like tirumangai alwar and nammalwar in temples like tirumogur near madurai refer to sasta.<ref name=Kala66>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.66</ref> A Sanskrit work dated prior to the 7th century known as [[Brahmanda Purana]] mentions ''Shasta'' as harihara suta or son of Siva and Narayana (Vishnu). There are references in puranas that narrate as to how sasta during his tenure on earth long ago conducted discourses on vedas and {{transl|hi|italic=no|vedantas}} to a galaxy of gods and sages. Later on the [[Saivite]] revivalist [[Appar]] sang about ''Shasta'' as the progeny of [[Shiva]] and tirumaal (Vishnu) in one of his [[Tevaram]]s in the 7th century.  The child saint tirugnanasambandar in one of his songs praises ayyanar as celibate god, invincible and terrible in warfare, taking his abode alongside bhootaganas of Lord Siva. The place sanctity and history document or sthalapuranam of tiruvanaikkaval, a saivite temple near trichy, which was first documented by sage kasyapa informs us that sasta once served lord sivan at that site and after being blessed with a vision was instructed by lord to take abode in the outer sanctorum. It says that sasta continues to worship lord during the day of tiruvadirai. Adi sankara also has referred to ayyanar in sivanandalahari in one verse . Some ancient hagiographies have accounted that sri sankara was a ''deivamsam'' (divine soul portion) of sree sasta (''sevugan''), the same way as tirugnana sambandar was a divine portion of skanda and sundarar a divine portion of alalasundarar. He is also known to have composed verses praising the deity but the same are not available to us as of today. From the [[Chola]] period (9th century C.E) onwards the popularity of ''Aiyanar-Shasta'' became even more pronounced as is attested by epigraphy and imagery.<ref name=Kala62>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.62</ref>
Literary references to ''Aiyanar-Cattan'' are found in [[Silappatikaram]], a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]  work dated to the 4th to 5th centuries C.E. The Tamil [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] classics [[Purananuru]], Akananuru etc. refer to Ayyanar and "Cattan" in many poems. There are several numerous references to Shasta in Sangam works. Some Tamil inscriptions of the Sangam period and a few of the later Pallava and Chola period coming in from various parts of the kingdoms refer to him as Sevugan and Mahasasta. The hymns of some [[Alvars]] like [[Thirumangai Alvar|Tirumangai Alvar]] and [[Nammalvar]] in temples like Tirumogur near Madurai refer to Shasta.<ref name=Kala66>Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.66</ref> A Sanskrit work dated prior to the 7th century known as the [[Brahmanda Purana]] mentions ''Shasta'' as Harihara suta, or the son of Shiva and Narayana (Vishnu), the oppressor of the [[Asura|asuras]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=shasta+purana&pg=PT115 |title=Brahmanda Purana: 4 Lalithopakhayana : English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-07-12 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref> There are references in the [[Puranas]] that narrate as to how Shasta during his tenure on earth long ago conducted discourses on Vedas and {{transl|hi|italic=no|Vedantas}} to a galaxy of gods and sages.
 
Later on, the [[Saivite]] revivalist [[Appar]] sang about ''Shasta'' as the progeny of [[Shiva]] and [[Perumal (deity)|Tirumal]] (Vishnu) in one of his [[Tevaram]]s in the 7th century.  The saint [[Sambandar]], in one of his songs, praises Ayyanar as a celibate god, invincible and terrible in warfare, taking his abode alongside the bhootaganas of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f4cAQAAMAAJ&q=Ayyanar+sambandar+appar |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1966 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref> The place sanctity and history document, or [[sthala purana]] of Tiruvanaikkaval, a Shaivite temple near Tiruchi, which was first documented by the sage Kashyapa, informs us that Shasta once served Shiva at that site and after being blessed with a vision was instructed by God to take his abode in the outer sanctorum. It says that Shasta continues to worship him during the day of tiruvadirai. Adi Sankara also has referred to Ayyanar in sivanandalahari in one verse . Some ancient hagiographies have accounted that Sankara was a ''deivamsam'' (divine soul portion) of Shasta (''sevugan''), the same way that Sambandar was a divine portion of Skanda and Sundarar a divine portion of Alagasundarar. He is also known to have composed verses praising the deity but the same are not available to us as of today. From the [[Chola]] period (9th century C.E) onwards the popularity of ''Aiyanar-Shasta'' became even more pronounced as is attested by epigraphy and imagery.<ref name="Kala62">Williams, J., ''Kaladarsana'', p.62</ref>


===Kerala===
===Kerala===

Latest revision as of 09:04, 29 July 2022


For other uses, see Shasta.

Statue of Shasta, Chola Dynasty, Government Museum, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Shasta from Kudumiyanmalai, Tamil Nadu.

Shasta (IAST Śāstā) is a Hindu deity of Dravidian origin,[1] usually associated with Shiva and Vishnu. In Hindu mythology, Shasta is considered to be another name of Ayyappan, described as the offspring of Shiva and Mohini.[2] His principal function is to act as a kuladevata of a given clan, as well as act as a guardian of a village's boundaries.[3] In South India, he is identified with the Ayyanar in Tamil Nadu and the Ayyappan in Kerala.[4]

Significance[edit]

Shasta is a generic term that means "Teacher, Guide, Lord, Ruler" in Sanskrit.[5] In South India, a number of deities are associated with Shasta. The Tamil song Shasta Varavu states that there are eight important incarnations and forms of Shasta. This is also present in the agamic work Dyana Ratnavali. The Ashta-Shasta (eight Shastas) are Aadhi Maha Shasta, Dharma Shasta (Ayyappan), Gnana Shasta, Kalyana Varadha Shasta, Sammohana Shasta, Santhana Prapti Shasta, Veda Shasta and Veera Shasta.[6] Brahma Shasta is another term associated with Kartikeya.[7]

Tamil Nadu[edit]

In Tamil Nadu, Aiyanar is used as the regional name of the deity Shasta. The earliest reference to Aiynar-Shasta is from the Arcot district in Tamil Nadu. The stones are dated to the 3rd century C.E. They read "Ayanappa; a shrine to Cattan." This is followed by another inscription in Uraiyur near Tiruchirapalli which is dated to the 4th century C.E.[8]

Literary references to Aiyanar-Cattan are found in Silappatikaram, a Tamil work dated to the 4th to 5th centuries C.E. The Tamil Sangam classics Purananuru, Akananuru etc. refer to Ayyanar and "Cattan" in many poems. There are several numerous references to Shasta in Sangam works. Some Tamil inscriptions of the Sangam period and a few of the later Pallava and Chola period coming in from various parts of the kingdoms refer to him as Sevugan and Mahasasta. The hymns of some Alvars like Tirumangai Alvar and Nammalvar in temples like Tirumogur near Madurai refer to Shasta.[9] A Sanskrit work dated prior to the 7th century known as the Brahmanda Purana mentions Shasta as Harihara suta, or the son of Shiva and Narayana (Vishnu), the oppressor of the asuras.[10] There are references in the Puranas that narrate as to how Shasta during his tenure on earth long ago conducted discourses on Vedas and Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 9: bad argument #1 to 'format' (string expected, got table). to a galaxy of gods and sages.

Later on, the Saivite revivalist Appar sang about Shasta as the progeny of Shiva and Tirumal (Vishnu) in one of his Tevarams in the 7th century. The saint Sambandar, in one of his songs, praises Ayyanar as a celibate god, invincible and terrible in warfare, taking his abode alongside the bhootaganas of Shiva.[11] The place sanctity and history document, or sthala purana of Tiruvanaikkaval, a Shaivite temple near Tiruchi, which was first documented by the sage Kashyapa, informs us that Shasta once served Shiva at that site and after being blessed with a vision was instructed by God to take his abode in the outer sanctorum. It says that Shasta continues to worship him during the day of tiruvadirai. Adi Sankara also has referred to Ayyanar in sivanandalahari in one verse . Some ancient hagiographies have accounted that Sankara was a deivamsam (divine soul portion) of Shasta (sevugan), the same way that Sambandar was a divine portion of Skanda and Sundarar a divine portion of Alagasundarar. He is also known to have composed verses praising the deity but the same are not available to us as of today. From the Chola period (9th century C.E) onwards the popularity of Aiyanar-Shasta became even more pronounced as is attested by epigraphy and imagery.[12]

Kerala[edit]

The Shasta religious tradition is particularly well developed in the state of Kerala. The earliest inscription to Shasta was made in 855 C.E. by an Ay King at the Padmanabhapuram Sivan temple. Independent temples to Shasta are known from the 11th century C.E. Prior to that, Shasta veneration took place in the temples of Shiva and Vishnu, the premier gods of the Hindu pantheon. Since late medieval times, the warrior deity Ayyappa's following has become very popular in the 20th century.[<span title="Lua error in Module:Unicode_data at line 9: bad argument #1 to 'format' (string expected, got table).">citation needed]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Chakravarti, Balaram (1997). The Indians and the Amerindians. Self-Employment Bureau Publication.
  2. ↑ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.
  3. ↑ Fuller, C. J. (5 June 2018). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India - Revised and Expanded Edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18641-2.
  4. ↑ Leviton, Richard (22 April 2010). Walking in Albion: Adventures in the Christed Initiation in the Buddha Body. iUniverse. ISBN 978-1-4502-2343-0.
  5. ↑ Johannes Bronkhorst; Madhav Deshpande (1999). Aryan and non-Aryan in South Asia: evidence, interpretation, and ideology; proceedings of the International Seminar on Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Harvard University, Dept. of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-888789-04-1.
  6. ↑ "Shrines for Sastha, in eight forms". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Fred W. Clothey (1978). The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. p. 244. ISBN 9027976325.
  8. ↑ Williams, J., Kaladarsana, p.67
  9. ↑ Williams, J., Kaladarsana, p.66
  10. ↑ Books, Kausiki (12 July 2021). Brahmanda Purana: 4 Lalithopakhayana : English Translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books.
  11. ↑ General, India Office of the Registrar (1966). Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications.
  12. ↑ Williams, J., Kaladarsana, p.62

See also[edit]

Nurani, a village in Palakkad, Kerala, noted for its Sastha devotion.

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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