COVID-19: Difference between revisions

Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
Coronavirus disease 2019; (COVID-19)
Other names	COVID, (the) coronavirus
	COVID-19 symptoms
Pronunciation	/kəˈroʊnəˌvaɪrəs dɪˈziːz/ ;
Specialty	Infectious disease
Symptoms	Fever, cough, tiredness (fatigue), shortness of breath, vomiting, loss of taste or smell; sometimes without any symptoms
Complications	Pneumonia, viral sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, kidney failure, cytokine release syndrome, respiratory failure, pulmonary fibrosis, pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, chronic COVID syndrome
Usual onset	2-14 days (typically 5) from infection
Duration	5 days to 10+ months known
Causes	SARS-CoV-2
Diagnostic method	rRT-PCR testing, CT scan, Rapid antigen test
Prevention	Face coverings, quarantine, physical/social distancing, ventilation, hand washing, vaccination
Treatment	Symptomatic and supportive
Frequency	148,815,508 confirmed cases
Deaths	3,138,173

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 13:46, 21 October 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),^[6] a virus closely related to the SARS virus.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The disease is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[10]^[11] People who get the disease might get fever, dry cough, fatigue (tiredness), loss of taste or smell, and shortness of breath. A sore throat, runny nose, or sneezing is less common. In some cases, people might wheeze, have difficulty breathing, have fewer white blood cells, or not be hungry. In severe cases, COVID-19 can kill people. COVID-19 has killed more than four million people around the world.^[10]^[11] Some infected people are asymptomatic carriers, which means that they spread the virus without anybody knowing they're sick.

The countries with the most infected people are the USA, India, and Brazil. The COVID-19 virus travels from one person to another through air droplets.

Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

Symptoms of COVID-19^[12]
Symptom	Range
Fever	83–99%
Cough	59–82%
Loss of appetite	40–84%
Tiredness/fatigue	44–70%
Shortness of breath	31–40%
Coughing up sputum	28–33%
Muscle aches and pains	11–35%

According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. People usually cough and have difficulty breathing. They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things.^[13]

According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea but this is rare. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea, and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.^[14]

Name[edit | edit source]

In February 2020, the World Health Organization announced they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19, replacing the temporary name "2019-nCoV."^[15] "Co" is for "corona," "Vi" for "virus," and "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," because then people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.^[16]

How the virus causes disease[edit | edit source]

The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, have two main types of cells. One cell, type I, absorbs from the air, i.e. gas exchange. The other, type II, produces surfactants, which help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc. COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell, and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it. Each type II cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs. Fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.^[17]

Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19. They compared them to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs. They saw the cells that made up the skins of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting. The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.^[18]^[19] Smoking marijuana and tobacco and vaping can further damage your lungs.^[20]

Other organs[edit | edit source]

According to doctors and scientists from Columbia University, the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting. The blood clots travel through the body and can damage the heart, kidneys and other systems. The virus can also damage organs by itself. In New York City hospitals, 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way. The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to sneak into cells.^[21]^[22]

Long-term effects[edit | edit source]

Some scientists, for example Robert Stevens of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, are starting studies to watch people who have recovered from COVID-19 to see what long-term effects they have. Scientists think that people who have COVID-19 and do not die might still have lung or brain damage for the rest of their lives.^[23]

Other scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 made the body make less of the male hormone testosterone and considered that SARS-CoV-2 could cause sterility the way the mumps and other viruses do. A sterile man cannot father children naturally.^[24]^[25]

COVID-19 and pollution[edit | edit source]

Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.^[26]^[27]

Transmission and prevention[edit | edit source]

There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Washing hands for 20 seconds or more will help kill the viruses.^[28]^[29]^[30] Try not to touch your own face - eyes, nose, or mouth - with unwashed hands.^[28]^[29]^[30]

People should stay away from crowded places if they can, because being close to big groups of people can easily spread the virus.^[28]^[29]^[30] In fact, many health organizations say that people should stay at least two metres or 6 feet from another person.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

Many people wear face masks in public to stop getting the virus, and it is recommended by countries such as China,^[33] Hong Kong^[34] and Thailand.^[35] Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in Cell showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists found that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Because of this, the scientists said, breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, so people should wear masks that cover their noses.^[36]

One study in China found the virus in semen from men with COVID-19. The scientists wondered if men could give COVID-19 to partners in sexual intercourse.^[25]

Tests and testing[edit | edit source]

Experts recommend testing people for COVID-19. Some people may have SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies but not feel sick right away. These people can spread the virus to others.

There are two types of tests. Viral tests show whether a person has the virus right then. Antibody tests show whether the person had the virus and has since recovered.^[37]

A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect avian flu antibodies in only 20 minutes. They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.^[38]^[39]

Medicines[edit | edit source]

The virus that causes COVID-19 is new to humans. This means that there are no medicines that can stop people from getting COVID-19 or that can treat them if they do get it. Scientists are working hard to invent and test new medicines. Some scientists are trying to invent a new vaccine which would stop people from getting sick with COVID-19. Other scientists are testing medicines used for other diseases to see if those medicines make people get less sick if they do get COVID-19.

Vaccines[edit | edit source]

In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine.^[40] Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.^[41]

In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called PittCoVacc, and tested it in mice.^[42]^[43]

Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells. They named their hrsACE2 APN01.^[44]^[45]

This picture shows why its good to wash hands, and more so during this pandemic. If everyone washed their hands, they can help give doctors and other people who work in health and medicine more time to help people.^[46]^[47]^[48]

These experts talk about COVID-19.

In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine. The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked. Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.^[49]^[50]

In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing. Both were over 90% effective. Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people.^[51] Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are messenger RNA vaccines they teach the body to recognize the virus. They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.^[52]^[53]

A 90 year old woman from Northern Ireland was the first to receive the Pfizer vaccine on December 8, 2020.

Interferon beta[edit | edit source]

A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took interferon beta were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster. The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray.^[54]^[55] The study was performed on 101 patients,^[55] which is not many.^[54] The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a placebo, a harmless but empty spray. The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case.^[55] As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.^[54]

Unlike hydroxychloroquine, interferon beta is a common drug.^[54] Giving interferon beta to COVID-19 patients would not mean taking medicine away from people with malaria or lupus.

Hydroxychloroquine[edit | edit source]

Some people thought hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, might work against COVID-19. One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed. Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.^[56] United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, part of the White House official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.^[57]^[58] In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients,^[57] but in June, they told doctors to stop. By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.^[56]^[59]

Remdesivir[edit | edit source]

Some scientists also think the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir works against other viruses and it has already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better. Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.^[60]^[61]

Doctors gave remdesivir to some COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there was no other treatment available. 68% of the patients got better, 13% died, and 25% had serious side effects. But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.^[60]^[61]

The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies. ^[60]^[61] On July 3, the European Commission approved remdesivir for use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients.^[62]

Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about US$2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States. In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of India approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies. The cheapest of them costs 4800 rupees per vial, or US$64.31.^[62]

Antibodies[edit | edit source]

Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to llamas so the llamas' immune systems would make antibodies, or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked. In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.^[63]^[64]

Prevention and treatment[edit | edit source]

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Surgical face mask

Staying home when sick will reduce your chances of spreading COVID-19. Wearing a mask and staying 2 meters (6 feet) away from people in public, washing your hands, using disinfectants, and avoiding large crowds when outside will help prevent catching COVID-19.^[65]

The effectiveness of the mask depends on what type of mask it is. While masks like surgical masks are effective, others like a neck gator are not.^[66]

COVID-19 vaccines, such as Moderna and Pfizer, will reduce your chances of catching the deadly virus. Getting vaccinated is 90%+ effective. People who are vaccinated have a far lower chance of being hospitalized. The single-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine was found to be 66% effective at preventing COVID-19 2 weeks after vaccination.^[67] The Pfizer vaccine can help prevent deadlier variants of the virus, such as the Delta Variant.^[68]

Notes[edit | edit source]

↑ Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO^[31] and two metres (six feet) by the CDC.^[32]

References[edit | edit source]

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↑ ^60.0 ^60.1 ^60.2 "Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (24): 2327–2336. April 10, 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2007016. PMC 7169476. PMID 32275812. S2CID 215733307.
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 ^61.2 "Two-Thirds of Severe Covid-19 Cases Improved on Gilead Drug". Bloomberg News. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 "Mylan to launch generic version of Covid-19 treatment drug remdesivir in India this month". Hindustan Times. Reuters. July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
↑ Jillian Kramer (May 6, 2020). "Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes". New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
↑ Daniel Wrapp; Dorien De Vlieger; Kizzmekia S. Corbett; Gretel M. Torres; Nianshuang Wang; Wander Van Breedam; Kenny Roose; Loes van Schie; Markus Hoffmann; Stefan Pohlmann; Barney S. Graham; Nico Callewaert; Bert Schepens; Xavier Saelens; Jason S. McLellan (May 5, 2020). "ArticleStructural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies" (PDF). Cell. Retrieved May 6, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "COVID-19 and Your Health". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Feb 25, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
↑ SeattlePI, by Callie Craighead (2020-08-13). "Here are the most and least effective face coverings to use during COVID-19". seattlepi.com. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
↑ "COVID-19 Vaccines Are 90% Effective". Healthline. Apr 30, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
↑ Callaway, Ewen (May 6, 2021). "Pfizer COVID vaccine protects against worrying coronavirus variants". Nature. 593 (7859): 325–326. Bibcode:2021Natur.593..325C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01222-5. PMID 33963317. S2CID 233997313. Retrieved May 13, 2022 – via www.nature.com.

External links[edit | edit source]

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. (2020-02-07). "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China". JAMA. 323 (11): 1061–1069. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMC 7042881. PMID 32031570.

Related pages[edit | edit source]

Abenomask (One of the Japanese governmental response against the outbreak)
COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China
COVID-19 in Canada
COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

External links[edit | edit source]

[33] Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO^[31] and two metres (six feet) by the CDC.^[32]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{About|the disease|the virus|Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|the pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic}}
-{{Current related|COVID-19 pandemic}}
 {{Infobox medical condition
 | name = Coronavirus disease 2019<br />(COVID-19)
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | diagnosis = [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|rRT-PCR testing]], [[CT scan]], [[Rapid antigen test]]
 | differential =
-| prevention = Face coverings, [[quarantine]], physical/[[social distancing]], ventilation, hand washing,<ref name="Quar2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, Wagner G, Siebert U, Christof C, Zachariah C, Gartlehner G | display-authors = 6 | title = Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | pages = CD013574 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32267544 | pmc = 7141753 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013574 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Updated version https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33959956|date = June 2021}} [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=3 March 2021 }}</ref>
+| prevention = Face coverings, [[quarantine]], physical/[[social distancing]], ventilation, hand washing,<ref name="Quar2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, Wagner G, Siebert U, Christof C, Zachariah C, Gartlehner G | display-authors = 6 | title = Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 4 | pages = CD013574 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 32267544 | pmc = 7141753 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013574 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccination]]<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |access-date=3 March 2021 }}</ref>
 | treatment = [[Symptomatic treatment|Symptomatic]] and [[supportive treatment|supportive]]
 | medication =
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 <!-- Definition and symptoms -->
-'''Coronavirus disease 2019''' ('''COVID-19''') is an [[infectious disease]] caused by [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it |title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it |archive-date=2020-02-28 |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> a virus closely related to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS virus]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22 |date=February 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|vauthors=((World Health Organization))}}</ref><ref name="Gorbalenya-bioRxiv">{{cite journal |last=Gorbalenya |first=Alexander E. |date=2020-02-11 |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1 |url-status=live |journal=bioRxiv |language=en |pages=2020.02.07.937862 |doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175138/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=11 February 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|title=Coronavirus disease named Covid-19|date=2020-02-11|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211162411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''Coronavirus disease 2019''' ('''COVID-19''') is an [[infectious disease]] caused by [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it |title=Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it |website=www.who.int |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228035651/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it |archive-date=2020-02-28 |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> a virus closely related to the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS virus]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf|title=Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): situation report, 22 |date=February 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|vauthors=((World Health Organization))}}</ref><ref name="Gorbalenya-bioRxiv">{{cite journal |last=Gorbalenya |first=Alexander E. |date=2020-02-11 |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1 |url-status=live |journal=bioRxiv |language=en |pages=2020.02.07.937862 |doi=10.1101/2020.02.07.937862 |s2cid=214317727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211175138/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=11 February 2020 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|title=Coronavirus disease named Covid-19|date=2020-02-11|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=2020-02-11|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211162411/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-51466362|archive-date=11 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The disease is the cause of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020" /><ref name="WHO-q-a">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |title=Q&A on coronaviruses |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> People who get the disease might get [[fever]], dry [[cough]], [[fatigue]] (tiredness), loss of taste or smell, and shortness of breath. A sore throat, [[runny nose]], or sneezing is less common. In some cases, people might wheeze, have difficulty breathing, have fewer [[white blood cell]]s, or not be hungry. In severe cases, COVID-19 can kill people. COVID-19 has killed more than one million people around the world.<ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{cite journal |author-last1=Hui |author-first1=D. S. |author2=I. Azhar E. |author-last3=Madani |author-first3=T. A. |author-last4=Ntoumi |author-first4=F. |author-last5=Kock |author-first5=R. |author-last6=Dar |author-first6=O. |author-last7=Ippolito |author-first7=G. |author-last8=Mchugh |author-first8=T. D. |author-last9=Memish |author-first9=Z. A. |author-last10=Drosten |author-first10=Christian |author-link10=Christian Drosten |author-last11=Zumla |author-first11=A. |author-last12=Petersen |author-first12=E. | title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China | journal=Int J Infect Dis | date=February 2020 | volume=91 | pages=264–66 | pmid=31953166 | doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO-q-a" /> Some infected people are ''asymptomatic carriers'', which means that they spread the virus without anybody knowing they're sick.
+The disease is the cause of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="Hui14Jan2020" /><ref name="WHO-q-a">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |title=Q&A on coronaviruses |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses |archive-date=20 January 2020 |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref> People who get the disease might get [[fever]], dry [[cough]], [[fatigue]] (tiredness), loss of taste or smell, and shortness of breath. A sore throat, [[runny nose]], or sneezing is less common. In some cases, people might wheeze, have difficulty breathing, have fewer [[white blood cell]]s, or not be hungry. In severe cases, COVID-19 can kill people. COVID-19 has killed more than four million people around the world.<ref name="Hui14Jan2020">{{cite journal |author-last1=Hui |author-first1=D. S. |author2=I. Azhar E. |author-last3=Madani |author-first3=T. A. |author-last4=Ntoumi |author-first4=F. |author-last5=Kock |author-first5=R. |author-last6=Dar |author-first6=O. |author-last7=Ippolito |author-first7=G. |author-last8=Mchugh |author-first8=T. D. |author-last9=Memish |author-first9=Z. A. |author-last10=Drosten |author-first10=Christian |author-link10=Christian Drosten |author-last11=Zumla |author-first11=A. |author-last12=Petersen |author-first12=E. | title=The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China | journal=Int J Infect Dis | date=February 2020 | volume=91 | pages=264–66 | pmid=31953166 | doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 |pmc=7128332 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="WHO-q-a" /> Some infected people are ''asymptomatic carriers'', which means that they spread the virus without anybody knowing they're sick.
 The countries with the most infected people are the USA, India, and Brazil. The COVID-19 virus travels from one person to another through air droplets.
@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary [[Alveolus|alveoli]], have two main types of cells.  One cell, type I, absorbs from the air, i.e. [[gas exchange]].  The other, type II, produces [[surfactant]]s, which help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc.  COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell, and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it.  Each type II cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs.  Fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.<ref name="DrVuong">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4J0d59dd-qM |author=Doctor Duc C Vuong, general surgeon in Albuquerque, New Mexico |title=HOW COVID-19 KILLS--I'm a Surgeon--And Why We Can't Save You |publisher=YouTube |date=23 March 2020 |access-date=5 April 2020 }}</ref>
-Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19.  They compared them to lungs from people who died of [[influenza A]] and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs.  They saw the cells that made up the [[epithelial cells|skins of the blood vessels]] in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting.  The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to [[angiogenesis|grow new blood vessels]].<ref name="EurekaLung">{{cite press release|title=Lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients show distinctive features|date=May 21, 2020|publisher=Eurekalert.org|access-date=May 23, 2020|https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/bawh-lod052120.php|author=Brigham and Women's Hospital}}</ref><ref name="NEJMLung">{{cite journal|access-date=May 23, 2020|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2015432 |title=Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2015432|author1=Maximilian Ackermann|author2=Stijn E. Verleden|author3=Mark Kuehnel|author4=Axel Haverich|author5=Tobias Welte|author6=Florian Laenger|author7=Arno Vanstapel|author8=Christopher Werlein|author9=Helge Stark|author10=Alexandar Tzankov|author11=William W. Li|author12=Vincent W. Li|author13=Steven J. Mentzer|author14=Danny Jonigk|date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>  Smoking [[marijuana]] and [[tobacco]] and vaping can further damage your lungs.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/health/smoking-weed-coronavirus-wellness/index.html Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications - CNN]</ref>
+Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19.  They compared them to lungs from people who died of [[influenza A]] and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs.  They saw the cells that made up the [[epithelial cells|skins of the blood vessels]] in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting.  The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to [[angiogenesis|grow new blood vessels]].<ref name="EurekaLung">{{cite press release|title=Lungs of deceased COVID-19 patients show distinctive features|date=May 21, 2020|publisher=Eurekalert.org|https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/bawh-lod052120.php|author=Brigham and Women's Hospital}}</ref><ref name="NEJMLung">{{cite journal|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2015432 |title=Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19|author1=Maximilian Ackermann|author2=Stijn E. Verleden|author3=Mark Kuehnel|author4=Axel Haverich|author5=Tobias Welte|author6=Florian Laenger|author7=Arno Vanstapel|author8=Christopher Werlein|author9=Helge Stark|author10=Alexandar Tzankov|author11=William W. Li|author12=Vincent W. Li|author13=Steven J. Mentzer|author14=Danny Jonigk|date=May 21, 2020|volume=383|issue=2|pages=120–128|pmid=32437596|pmc=7412750}}</ref>  Smoking [[marijuana]] and [[tobacco]] and vaping can further damage your lungs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/health/smoking-weed-coronavirus-wellness/index.html|title=Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications|first=Sandee LaMotte|last=CNN|website=CNN|accessdate=May 13, 2022}}</ref>
 ===Other organs===
-According to doctors and scientists from [[Columbia University]], the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting.  The blood clots travel through the body and can damage the heart, kidneys and other systems.  The virus can also damage organs by itself.  In New York City hospitals, 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way.  The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to sneak into cells.<ref name="ColumbiaPR">{{cite press release|title=Columbia physicians give first comprehensive review of COVID-19's effects outside the lung |date=July 10, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-07/cuim-cpg071020.php|author=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref><ref name="ColNature">{{cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19|date=July 10, 2020|journal=Nature Medicine|access-date=July 10, 2020|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0968-3|author1=Aakriti Gupta|author2=Mahesh V. Madhavan|author3=Kartik Sehgal|author4=Nandini Nair|author5=Shiwani Mahajan|author6=Tejasav S. Sehrawat|author7=Behnood Bikdeli|author8=Neha Ahluwalia|author9=John C. Ausiello|author10=Elaine Y. Wan|author11=Daniel E. Freedberg|author12=Ajay J. Kirtane|author13=Sahil A. Parikh|author14=Mathew S. Maurer|author15=Anna S. Nordvig|author16=Domenico Accili|author17=Joan M. Bathon|author18=Sumit Mohan|author19=Kenneth A. Bauer|author20=Martin B. Leon|author21=Harlan M. Krumholz|author22=Nir Uriel|author23=Mandeep R. Mehra|author24=Mitchell S. V. Elkind|author25=Gregg W. Stone|author26=Allan Schwartz|author27=David D. Ho|author28=John P. Bilezikian |author29=Donald W. Landry}}</ref>
+According to doctors and scientists from [[Columbia University]], the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting.  The blood clots travel through the body and can damage the heart, kidneys and other systems.  The virus can also damage organs by itself.  In New York City hospitals, 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way.  The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to sneak into cells.<ref name="ColumbiaPR">{{cite press release|title=Columbia physicians give first comprehensive review of COVID-19's effects outside the lung |date=July 10, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-07/cuim-cpg071020.php|author=Columbia University Irving Medical Center|publisher=Eurekalert}}</ref><ref name="ColNature">{{cite journal|title=Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19|date=July 10, 2020|journal=Nature Medicine|access-date=July 10, 2020|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0968-3|author1=Aakriti Gupta|author2=Mahesh V. Madhavan|author3=Kartik Sehgal|author4=Nandini Nair|author5=Shiwani Mahajan|author6=Tejasav S. Sehrawat|author7=Behnood Bikdeli|author8=Neha Ahluwalia|author9=John C. Ausiello|author10=Elaine Y. Wan|author11=Daniel E. Freedberg|author12=Ajay J. Kirtane|author13=Sahil A. Parikh|author14=Mathew S. Maurer|author15=Anna S. Nordvig|author16=Domenico Accili|author17=Joan M. Bathon|author18=Sumit Mohan|author19=Kenneth A. Bauer|author20=Martin B. Leon|author21=Harlan M. Krumholz|author22=Nir Uriel|author23=Mandeep R. Mehra|author24=Mitchell S. V. Elkind|author25=Gregg W. Stone|author26=Allan Schwartz|author27=David D. Ho|author28=John P. Bilezikian |author29=Donald W. Landry|volume=26|issue=7|pages=1017–1032|pmid=32651579|s2cid=220462000}}</ref>
 ==Long-term effects==
@@ Line 93: / Line 93: @@
 ==COVID-19 and pollution==
-Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of [[air pollution]].  One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of [[nitrogen dioxide]] pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.<ref name="MLU">{{cite press release|title=Corona and air pollution: How does nitrogen dioxide impact fatalities?|publisher=Eurekalert|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/mh-caa041720.php|author=Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ogen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605|author=Yaron Ogen|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720321215?via%3Dihub|title=Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality|date=July 15, 2020|volume=726|journal=Science of The Total Environment|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><!--Yes, the official publication date is three months in the future; that happens.-->
+Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of [[air pollution]].  One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of [[nitrogen dioxide]] pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.<ref name="MLU">{{cite press release|title=Corona and air pollution: How does nitrogen dioxide impact fatalities?|publisher=Eurekalert|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/mh-caa041720.php|author=Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=April 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Ogen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605|author=Yaron Ogen|title=Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality|date=July 15, 2020|volume=726|journal=Science of the Total Environment|page=138605|pmid=32302812|pmc=7151460|bibcode=2020ScTEn.726m8605O}}</ref><!--Yes, the official publication date is three months in the future; that happens.-->
 == Transmission and prevention ==
 [[File:UNPOL member wearing a mask - DRC - April 2020.jpg|thumb|Protective mask]]
-There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Washing hands for 20&nbsp;seconds or more will help kill the viruses.<ref name="CDC-Prevention & Treatment">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html | author = Centers for Disease Control | title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Prevention & Treatment | date = 3 February 2020 | language = en-us | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193934/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html | archive-date = 15 December 2019 | url-status = live| author-link = Centers for Disease Control }}</ref><ref name="WHO Advice for Public">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public | title = Advice for Public | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025750/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public | archive-date = 26 January 2020 | url-status = live| author-link = World Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="npr-myhandwashingsong">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/17/814221111/my-hand-washing-song-readers-offer-lyrics-for-a-20-second-scrub|title=My Hand-Washing Song: Readers Offer Lyrics For A 20-Second Scrub|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> Try not to touch your own face - eyes, nose, or mouth - with unwashed hands.<ref name="CDC-Prevention & Treatment" /><ref name="WHO Advice for Public" /><ref name="npr-myhandwashingsong" />
+There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Washing hands for 20&nbsp;seconds or more will help kill the viruses.<ref name="CDC-Prevention & Treatment">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html | author = Centers for Disease Control | title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Prevention & Treatment | date = 3 February 2020 | language = en-us | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193934/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/about/prevention.html | archive-date = 15 December 2019 | url-status = live| author-link = Centers for Disease Control }}</ref><ref name="WHO Advice for Public">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public | title = Advice for Public | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | access-date = 10 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126025750/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public | archive-date = 26 January 2020 | url-status = live| author-link = World Health Organization }}</ref><ref name="npr-myhandwashingsong">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/03/17/814221111/my-hand-washing-song-readers-offer-lyrics-for-a-20-second-scrub|title=My Hand-Washing Song: Readers Offer Lyrics For A 20-Second Scrub|website=NPR.org|date=17 March 2020|language=en|access-date=20 March 2020|last1=Silver|first1=Marc}}</ref> Try not to touch your own face - eyes, nose, or mouth - with unwashed hands.<ref name="CDC-Prevention & Treatment" /><ref name="WHO Advice for Public" /><ref name="npr-myhandwashingsong" />
 People should stay away from crowded places if they can, because being close to big groups of people can easily spread the virus.<ref name="CDC-Prevention & Treatment" /><ref name="WHO Advice for Public" /><ref name="npr-myhandwashingsong" /> In fact, many health organizations say that people should stay at least two metres or 6&nbsp;feet from another person.{{efn|Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO<ref name="who">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|title=Q&A on coronaviruses|date=11 February 2020|work=[[World Health Organization]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120174649/https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses|archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> and two metres (six feet) by the CDC.<ref name="CDCTrans">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—Transmission|date=April 2, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001235/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/transmission.html|archive-date=April 3, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref>}}
-Many people wear [[surgical mask|face masks]] in [[public]] to stop getting the virus, and it is recommended by countries such as China,<ref name="nhc_masks">{{cite web |url=http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-02/07/c_76337.htm |title=For different groups of people: how to choose masks |work=NHC.gov.cn |publisher=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=22 March 2020 |quote="Disposable medical masks: Recommended for: · People in crowded places · Indoor working environment with a relatively dense population · People going to medical institutions · Children in kindergarten and students at school gathering to study and do other activities" }}</ref> [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/prevention_of_covid_19_en.pdf |title=Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |website=[[Centre for Health Protection]] |access-date=22 March 2020 |quote="Wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places." }}</ref> and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Better than nothing': Thailand encourages cloth masks amid surgical mask shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-thailand-masks/better-than-nothing-thailand-encourages-cloth-masks-amid-surgical-mask-shortage-idUSKBN20Z0UT |first=Jiraporn |last=Kuhakan |work=Reuters |date=12 March 2020 |quote="Thailand's health authorities are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home to guard against the spread of the coronavirus amid a shortage of surgical masks.{{Spaces}}... The droplet from coughing and sneezing is around five microns and we have tested already that cloth masks can protect against droplets bigger than one micron." }}</ref> Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in ''Cell'' showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists found that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Because of this, the scientists said, breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, so people should wear masks that cover their noses.<ref name="NBCSchnoz">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/coronavirus/leaving-your-nose-uncovered-defeats-the-purpose-of-wearing-a-mask/2478449/?_osource=SocialFlowFB_PHBrand&fbclid=IwAR0Yf5Jb6Dg8HI4zWLrS5gjrdLJPzN4T6c_9hS-GAvVsopjgXawoHHXlcuQ|date=July 23, 2020|title=Leaving Nose Uncovered Defeats Purpose of Wearing Mask: Study |publisher=NBC|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref>
+Many people wear [[surgical mask|face masks]] in [[public]] to stop getting the virus, and it is recommended by countries such as China,<ref name="nhc_masks">{{cite web |url=http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-02/07/c_76337.htm |title=For different groups of people: how to choose masks |work=NHC.gov.cn |publisher=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China |date=7 February 2020 |access-date=22 March 2020 |quote="Disposable medical masks: Recommended for: · People in crowded places · Indoor working environment with a relatively dense population · People going to medical institutions · Children in kindergarten and students at school gathering to study and do other activities" |archive-date=5 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405123936/http://en.nhc.gov.cn/att/20200207/1581067840474054531.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/prevention_of_covid_19_en.pdf |title=Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |website=[[Centre for Health Protection]] |access-date=22 March 2020 |quote="Wear a surgical mask when taking public transport or staying in crowded places." |archive-date=21 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321175110/https://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/prevention_of_covid_19_en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Better than nothing': Thailand encourages cloth masks amid surgical mask shortage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-thailand-masks/better-than-nothing-thailand-encourages-cloth-masks-amid-surgical-mask-shortage-idUSKBN20Z0UT |first=Jiraporn |last=Kuhakan |work=Reuters |date=12 March 2020 |quote="Thailand's health authorities are encouraging people to make cloth face masks at home to guard against the spread of the coronavirus amid a shortage of surgical masks.{{Spaces}}... The droplet from coughing and sneezing is around five microns and we have tested already that cloth masks can protect against droplets bigger than one micron." }}</ref> Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in ''Cell'' showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists found that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Because of this, the scientists said, breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, so people should wear masks that cover their noses.<ref name="NBCSchnoz">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/coronavirus/leaving-your-nose-uncovered-defeats-the-purpose-of-wearing-a-mask/2478449/?_osource=SocialFlowFB_PHBrand&fbclid=IwAR0Yf5Jb6Dg8HI4zWLrS5gjrdLJPzN4T6c_9hS-GAvVsopjgXawoHHXlcuQ|date=July 23, 2020|title=Leaving Nose Uncovered Defeats Purpose of Wearing Mask: Study |publisher=NBC|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref>
-One study in China found the virus in [[semen]] from men with COVID-19. The scientists wondered if men could give COVID-19 to partners in [[sexual intercourse]].<ref name="JAMASemen">{{cite journal|date=May 7, 2020|access-date=July 15, 2020|title=Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019|publisher=JAMA Network|author1=Diangeng Li|author2=Meiling Jin|author3= Pengtao Bao|author4=Weiguo Zhao|author5=Shixi Zhang|journal= JAMA Netw Open|year=2020|volume=3|issue=5|page=e208292|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2765654?fbclid=IwAR2It_kshU7DB9FFD7htrdln1IylCUv4nASDNAld-c-zBbQ0wQJQdWSoR8E}}</ref>
+One study in China found the virus in [[semen]] from men with COVID-19. The scientists wondered if men could give COVID-19 to partners in [[sexual intercourse]].<ref name="JAMASemen">{{cite journal|date=May 7, 2020|access-date=July 15, 2020|title=Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019|publisher=JAMA Network|author1=Diangeng Li|author2=Meiling Jin|author3= Pengtao Bao|author4=Weiguo Zhao|author5=Shixi Zhang|journal= JAMA Netw Open|year=2020|volume=3|issue=5|page=e208292|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292|pmid=32379329|pmc=7206502|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2765654?fbclid=IwAR2It_kshU7DB9FFD7htrdln1IylCUv4nASDNAld-c-zBbQ0wQJQdWSoR8E}}</ref>
 ==Tests and testing==
@@ Line 110: / Line 110: @@
 Experts recommend testing people for COVID-19.  Some people may have SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies but not feel sick right away.  These people can spread the virus to others.
-There are two types of tests.  Viral tests show whether a person has the virus right then.  Antibody tests show whether the person had the virus and has since recovered.<ref name="CDConTests">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|access-date=May 26, 2020|title=Testing for COVID-19}}</ref>
+There are two types of tests.  Viral tests show whether a person has the virus right then.  Antibody tests show whether the person had the virus and has since recovered.<ref name="CDConTests">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|access-date=May 26, 2020|title=Testing for COVID-19|date=11 February 2020}}</ref>
-A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect [[avian flu]] antibodies in only 20&nbsp;minutes.  They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="EurekaAntbody">{{cite press release|access-date=May 26, 2020|publisher=Eurekalert.org|date=May 21, 2020|author=Hokkaido University|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/hu-nt052120.php|title=New technology can detect anti-virus antibody in 20&nbsp;minutes }}</ref><ref name="Hokkaido">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.snb.2020.128160 |access-date=May 26, 2020|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400520305104?via%3Dihub|title=Rapid detection of anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody by fluorescence polarization immunoassay using a portable fluorescence polarization analyzer|volume=316|date=August 1, 2020|author1=Keine Nishiyama|author2=Yohei Takeda|author3=Masatoshi Maeki|author4=Akihiko Ishida|author5=Hirofumi Tani|author6=Koji Shigemura|author7=Akihide Hibara|author8=Yutaka Yonezawa|author9=Kunitoshi Imai|author10=Haruko Ogawa|author11=Manabu Tokeshi}}</ref>
+A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect [[avian flu]] antibodies in only 20&nbsp;minutes.  They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="EurekaAntbody">{{cite press release|access-date=May 26, 2020|publisher=Eurekalert.org|date=May 21, 2020|author=Hokkaido University|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/hu-nt052120.php|title=New technology can detect anti-virus antibody in 20&nbsp;minutes }}</ref><ref name="Hokkaido">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.snb.2020.128160 |title=Rapid detection of anti-H5 avian influenza virus antibody by fluorescence polarization immunoassay using a portable fluorescence polarization analyzer|volume=316|date=August 1, 2020|author1=Keine Nishiyama|author2=Yohei Takeda|author3=Masatoshi Maeki|author4=Akihiko Ishida|author5=Hirofumi Tani|author6=Koji Shigemura|author7=Akihide Hibara|author8=Yutaka Yonezawa|author9=Kunitoshi Imai|author10=Haruko Ogawa|author11=Manabu Tokeshi|journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical|page=128160|pmid=32322135|pmc=7172727}}</ref>
 == Medicines ==
@@ Line 119: / Line 119: @@
 ===Vaccines===
 {{main|COVID-19 vaccine}}
-In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le|first=Tung Thanh|last2=Andreadakis|first2=Zacharias|last3=Kumar|first3=Arun|last4=Román|first4=Raúl Gómez|last5=Tollefsen|first5=Stig|last6=Saville|first6=Melanie|last7=Mayhew|first7=Stephen|date=2020-04-09|title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00073-5|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5}}</ref> Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.<ref name="SciVac">{{cite news|title=Vaccine designers take first shots at COVID-19|author=Jon Cohen|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6486/14|date=April 3, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref>
+In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Le|first1=Tung Thanh|last2=Andreadakis|first2=Zacharias|last3=Kumar|first3=Arun|last4=Román|first4=Raúl Gómez|last5=Tollefsen|first5=Stig|last6=Saville|first6=Melanie|last7=Mayhew|first7=Stephen|date=2020-04-09|title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00073-5|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=5|pages=305–306|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5|pmid=32273591|s2cid=215727248}}</ref> Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.<ref name="SciVac">{{cite news|title=Vaccine designers take first shots at COVID-19|author=Jon Cohen|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6486/14|date=April 3, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref>
 In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called [[PittCoVacc]], and tested it in mice.<ref>{{cite journal
-|url    = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352396420301183
 |title  = Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines:Immunogenicity and rapid translational development
 |author = Eun Kim, Geza Erdos, Shaohua Huang, Thomas W. Kenniston, Stephen C. Balmert, Cara Donahue Carey, V. Stalin Raje, Michael W. Epperly, William B. Klimstrad,Bart L. Haagmans, Emrullah Korkmaz, Louis D. Falo Jr., and Andrea Gambotto
-|publisher    = EBioMedicine
+|journal    = EBioMedicine
-|date   = April 2, 2020|access-date=April 3, 2020|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102743
+|date   = April 2, 2020|volume = 55
+|page = 102743
+|doi=10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102743
+|pmid = 32249203
+|pmc = 7128973
 }}</ref><ref name="UPitt">{{cite news
 |url    = https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uop-cvc033120.php
@@ Line 135: / Line 138: @@
 }}</ref>
-Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the [[University of British Columbia]] invented a medicine called  APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting  enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells.  They named their hrsACE2 APN01.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uobc-tdc040220.php|publisher=Eurekalert|access-date=April 5, 2020|author=University of British Columbia|title=Trial drug can significantly block early stages of COVID-19 in engineered human tissues}}</ref><ref name="Cell">{{cite journal|publisher=Cell|access-date=April 5, 2020|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004|title=Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2|author=Vanessa Monteil, Hyesoo Kwon, Patricia Prado, Astrid Hagelkrüys, Reiner A. Wimmer, Martin Stahl, Alexandra Leopoldi, Elena Garreta, Carmen Hurtado del Pozo, Felipe Prosper, J.P. Romero, Gerald Wirnsberger, Haibo Zhang, Arthur S. Slutsky, Ryan Conder, Nuria Montserrat, Ali Mirazimi, Josef M. Penninger|url=https://www.cell.com/pb-assets/products/coronavirus/CELL_CELL-D-20-00739.pdf|date=April 2, 2020}}</ref>
+Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the [[University of British Columbia]] invented a medicine called  APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting  enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells.  They named their hrsACE2 APN01.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uobc-tdc040220.php|publisher=Eurekalert|access-date=April 5, 2020|author=University of British Columbia|title=Trial drug can significantly block early stages of COVID-19 in engineered human tissues}}</ref><ref name="Cell">{{cite journal|journal=Cell|access-date=April 5, 2020|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.004|title=Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infections in engineered human tissues using clinical-grade soluble human ACE2|author=Vanessa Monteil, Hyesoo Kwon, Patricia Prado, Astrid Hagelkrüys, Reiner A. Wimmer, Martin Stahl, Alexandra Leopoldi, Elena Garreta, Carmen Hurtado del Pozo, Felipe Prosper, J.P. Romero, Gerald Wirnsberger, Haibo Zhang, Arthur S. Slutsky, Ryan Conder, Nuria Montserrat, Ali Mirazimi, Josef M. Penninger|url=https://www.cell.com/pb-assets/products/coronavirus/CELL_CELL-D-20-00739.pdf|date=April 2, 2020|volume=181|issue=4|pages=905–913.e7|pmid=32333836|pmc=7181998}}</ref>
-[[File:Covid-19-curves-graphic-social-v3.gif|thumb|upright=1.6|300px|This picture shows why its good to [[Hand washing|wash hands]], and more so during this [[pandemic]]. If everyone washed their hands, they can help give doctors and other people who work in health and medicine more time to help people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiles |first1=Siouxsie | name-list-style = vanc|author-link=Siouxsie Wiles|title=The three phases of Covid-19 – and how we can make it manageable |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable/ |website=The Spinoff |access-date=9 March 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2020Flatten">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD | title = How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? | journal = Lancet | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32164834 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5 | quote = A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation – eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies. | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/10/21171481/coronavirus-us-cases-quarantine-cancellation|title=How canceled events and self-quarantines save lives, in one chart |first=Eliza |last=Barclay | name-list-style = vanc |date=10 March 2020|website=Vox }}</ref>]]
+[[File:Covid-19-curves-graphic-social-v3.gif|thumb|upright=1.6|300px|This picture shows why its good to [[Hand washing|wash hands]], and more so during this [[pandemic]]. If everyone washed their hands, they can help give doctors and other people who work in health and medicine more time to help people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wiles |first1=Siouxsie | name-list-style = vanc|author-link=Siouxsie Wiles|title=The three phases of Covid-19 – and how we can make it manageable |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable/ |website=The Spinoff |access-date=9 March 2020 |date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lancet2020Flatten">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD | title = How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic? | journal = Lancet | date = March 2020 | volume = 395 | issue = 10228 | pages = 931–934 | pmid = 32164834 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5 | pmc = 7158572 | quote = A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation – eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies. | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/10/21171481/coronavirus-us-cases-quarantine-cancellation|title=How canceled events and self-quarantines save lives, in one chart |first=Eliza |last=Barclay | name-list-style = vanc |date=10 March 2020|website=Vox }}</ref>]]
 [[File:Covid-19-curves-graphic2-stopthespread-v3.gif|thumb|upright=1.6|300px]]
-[[File:Coronavirus-cfr.png|right|300px|thumb|The current death rate of COVID-19|300px]]
+[[File:Coronavirus-cfr.png|right|300px|thumb|The current death rate of COVID-19]]
 [[File:COVID19 in numbers- R0, the case fatality rate and why we need to flatten the curve.webm|thumb|right|300px|These experts talk about COVID-19.]]
-In late April 2020, a team from [[Oxford University]] said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine.  The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in [[Rhesus macaque|rhesus monkeys]], and it worked.  Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.<ref name="BIOx">{{cite news|publisher=Business Insider|date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020|author=Bill Bostock|title=6 monkeys given an experimental coronavirus vaccine from Oxford did not catch COVID-19 after heavy exposure, raising hopes for a human vaccine|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/monkeys-given-new-oxford-vaccine-coronavirus-free-strong-exposure-encouraging-2020-4}}</ref><ref name="NYTOx">{{cite news|publisher=New York Times|access-date=April 28, 2020|date=April 27, 2020|title=In Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine, an Oxford Group Leaps Ahead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/world/europe/coronavirus-vaccine-update-oxford.html|author=David D. Kirkpatrick}}</ref>
+In late April 2020, a team from [[Oxford University]] said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine.  The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in [[Rhesus macaque|rhesus monkeys]], and it worked.  Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.<ref name="BIOx">{{cite news|publisher=Business Insider|date=April 27, 2020|access-date=April 28, 2020|author=Bill Bostock|title=6 monkeys given an experimental coronavirus vaccine from Oxford did not catch COVID-19 after heavy exposure, raising hopes for a human vaccine|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/monkeys-given-new-oxford-vaccine-coronavirus-free-strong-exposure-encouraging-2020-4}}</ref><ref name="NYTOx">{{cite news|work=New York Times|access-date=April 28, 2020|date=April 27, 2020|title=In Race for a Coronavirus Vaccine, an Oxford Group Leaps Ahead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/27/world/europe/coronavirus-vaccine-update-oxford.html|author=David D. Kirkpatrick}}</ref>
-In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing.  Both were over 90% effective.  Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people.<ref name="NYTModerna">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|access-date=November 16, 2020|date=November 16, 2020|publisher=New York Times|title=Early Data Show Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective|author=Denise Grady}}</ref>  Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are [[messenger RNA vaccines]] they teach the body to recognize the virus.  They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.<ref name="Horizon">{{cite news|url=https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|title=Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines|date=April 1, 2020|access-date=May 1, 2020|author=Joanna Roberts|publisher=Horizon}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243|date=January 12, 2018|access-date=May 1, 2020|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|pages=261-279|volume=18|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|author1=    Norbert Pardi|author2= Michael J. Hogan|author3= Frederick W. Porter|author4=Drew Weissman|publisher=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery}}</ref>
+In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing.  Both were over 90% effective.  Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people.<ref name="NYTModerna">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|access-date=November 16, 2020|date=November 16, 2020|work=New York Times|title=Early Data Show Moderna's Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective|author=Denise Grady}}</ref>  Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are [[messenger RNA vaccines]] they teach the body to recognize the virus.  They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.<ref name="Horizon">{{cite news|url=https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|title=Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines|date=April 1, 2020|access-date=May 1, 2020|author=Joanna Roberts|publisher=Horizon}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|date=January 12, 2018|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|pages=261–279|volume=18|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|author1=    Norbert Pardi|author2= Michael J. Hogan|author3= Frederick W. Porter|author4=Drew Weissman|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|issue=4|pmid=29326426|pmc=5906799}}</ref>
 A 90 year old woman from [[Northern Ireland]] was the first to receive the Pfizer vaccine on December 8, 2020.
@@ Line 150: / Line 153: @@
 ===Interferon beta===
-A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took [[interferon|interferon beta]] were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster.  The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray.<ref name="NYTSpray">{{cite news|publisher=New York Times|access-date=July 20, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/20/world/covid-19-treatment-synairgen-interferon-beta.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|author1= Benjamin Mueller|title=New Treatment for Covid-19 Shows Promise, but Scientists Urge Caution|date=July 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Syn">{{cite press release|title=Synairgen announces positive results from trial of SNG001 in hospitalised COVID-19 patients|access-date=July 20, 2020|url=https://www.synairgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/200720-Synairgen-announces-positive-results-from-trial-of-SNG001-in-hospitalised-COVID-19-patients.pdf|date=July 20, 2020|publisher=Synairgen|archivedate=July 20, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720092059/https://www.synairgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/200720-Synairgen-announces-positive-results-from-trial-of-SNG001-in-hospitalised-COVID-19-patients.pdf}}</ref> The study was performed on 101 patients,<ref name="Syn" /> which is not many.<ref name="NYTSpray" />  The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a [[placebo]], a harmless but empty spray.  The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case.<ref name="Syn" />  As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.<ref name="NYTSpray" />
+A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took [[interferon|interferon beta]] were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster.  The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray.<ref name="NYTSpray">{{cite news|work=New York Times|access-date=July 20, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/20/world/covid-19-treatment-synairgen-interferon-beta.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|author1= Benjamin Mueller|title=New Treatment for Covid-19 Shows Promise, but Scientists Urge Caution|date=July 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Syn">{{cite press release|title=Synairgen announces positive results from trial of SNG001 in hospitalised COVID-19 patients|access-date=July 20, 2020|url=https://www.synairgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/200720-Synairgen-announces-positive-results-from-trial-of-SNG001-in-hospitalised-COVID-19-patients.pdf|date=July 20, 2020|publisher=Synairgen|archivedate=July 20, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720092059/https://www.synairgen.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/200720-Synairgen-announces-positive-results-from-trial-of-SNG001-in-hospitalised-COVID-19-patients.pdf}}</ref> The study was performed on 101 patients,<ref name="Syn" /> which is not many.<ref name="NYTSpray" />  The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a [[placebo]], a harmless but empty spray.  The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case.<ref name="Syn" />  As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.<ref name="NYTSpray" />
 Unlike hydroxychloroquine, interferon beta is a common drug.<ref name="NYTSpray" /> Giving interferon beta to COVID-19 patients would not mean taking medicine away from people with malaria or lupus.
@@ Line 156: / Line 159: @@
 ===Hydroxychloroquine===
-Some people thought [[hydroxychloroquine]], a medicine given to people with [[malaria]], [[lupus]], and [[arthritis]], might work against COVID-19.  One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not [[peer review]]ed.  Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.<ref name="NYTHyd" /> United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. [[Anthony Fauci]], part of the [[White House]] official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NYTMon" /><ref name="GFauci">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/coronavirus-fauci-trump-anti-malaria-drug|publisher=The Guardian|title=Fauci: no evidence anti-malaria drug Trump pushes works against virus |author=Richard Luscombe|access-date=April 6, 2020|date=April 6, 2020}}</ref>  In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients,<ref name="NYTMon">{{cite news|publisher=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html|date=April 6, 2020|access-date=April 7, 2020|title=Trump’s Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community|author1=Peter Baker|author2=Katie Rogers|author3=David Enrich|author4=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> but in June, they told doctors to stop.  By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.<ref name="NYTHyd">{{cite news|title=Ignoring Expert Opinion, Trump Again Promotes Use of Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/politics/trump-hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus.html|date=April 5, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2020|publisher=New York Times|author1=Michael Crowley|author2=Katie Thomas|author3=Maggie Haberman}}</ref><ref name="FDAMalaria">{{cite news|publisher=New York Times|date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 15, 2020|title=F.D.A. Withdraws Approval of Malaria Dugs Touted by Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/world/coronavirus-live-updates.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage}}</ref>
+Some people thought [[hydroxychloroquine]], a medicine given to people with [[malaria]], [[lupus]], and [[arthritis]], might work against COVID-19.  One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not [[peer review]]ed.  Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.<ref name="NYTHyd" /> United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. [[Anthony Fauci]], part of the [[White House]] official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="NYTMon" /><ref name="GFauci">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/05/coronavirus-fauci-trump-anti-malaria-drug|work=The Guardian|title=Fauci: no evidence anti-malaria drug Trump pushes works against virus |author=Richard Luscombe|access-date=April 6, 2020|date=April 6, 2020}}</ref>  In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients,<ref name="NYTMon">{{cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html|date=April 6, 2020|access-date=April 7, 2020|title=Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community|author1=Peter Baker|author2=Katie Rogers|author3=David Enrich|author4=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> but in June, they told doctors to stop.  By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.<ref name="NYTHyd">{{cite news|title=Ignoring Expert Opinion, Trump Again Promotes Use of Hydroxychloroquine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/politics/trump-hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus.html|date=April 5, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2020|work=New York Times|author1=Michael Crowley|author2=Katie Thomas|author3=Maggie Haberman}}</ref><ref name="FDAMalaria">{{cite news|work=New York Times|date=June 15, 2020|access-date=June 15, 2020|title=F.D.A. Withdraws Approval of Malaria Dugs Touted by Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/world/coronavirus-live-updates.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage}}</ref>
 ===Remdesivir===
@@ Line 164: / Line 167: @@
 The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies.
-<ref name="NEJM">{{cite journal|title=Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2007016?query=RP|authors=Jonathan Grein, M.D., Norio Ohmagari, M.D., Ph.D., Daniel Shin, M.D., George Diaz, M.D., Erika Asperges, M.D., Antonella Castagna, M.D., Torsten Feldt, M.D., Gary Green, M.D., Margaret L. Green, M.D., M.P.H., François-Xavier Lescure, M.D., Ph.D., Emanuele Nicastri, M.D., Rentaro Oda, M.D., Kikuo Yo, M.D., D.M.Sc., Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, M.D., Alex Studemeister, M.D., John Redinski, D.O., Seema Ahmed, M.D., Jorge Bernett, M.D., Daniel Chelliah, M.D., Danny Chen, M.D., Shingo Chihara, M.D., Stuart H. Cohen, M.D., Jennifer Cunningham, M.D., Antonella D’Arminio Monforte, M.D., Saad Ismail, M.D., Hideaki Kato, M.D., Giuseppe Lapadula, M.D., Erwan L’Her, M.D., Ph.D., Toshitaka Maeno, M.D., Sumit Majumder, M.D., Marco Massari, M.D., Marta Mora-Rillo, M.D., Yoshikazu Mutoh, M.D., Duc Nguyen, M.D., Pharm.D., Ewa Verweij, M.D., Alexander Zoufaly, M.D., Anu O. Osinusi, M.D., Adam DeZure, M.D., Yang Zhao, Ph.D., Lijie Zhong, Ph.D., Anand Chokkalingam, Ph.D., Emon Elboudwarej, Ph.D., Laura Telep, M.P.H., Leighann Timbs, B.A., Ilana Henne, M.S., Scott Sellers, Ph.D., Huyen Cao, M.D., Susanna K. Tan, M.D., Lucinda Winterbourne, B.A., Polly Desai, M.P.H., Robertino Mera, M.D., Ph.D., Anuj Gaggar, M.D., Ph.D., Robert P. Myers, M.D., Diana M. Brainard, M.D., Richard Childs, M.D., and Timothy Flanigan, M.D.|publisher=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2007016|date=April 10, 2020|access-date=April 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bloom">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-10/two-thirds-of-severe-covid-19-improved-on-gilead-s-remdesivir?utm_campaign=news&utm_medium=bd&utm_source=applenews|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=April 11, 2020|title=Two-Thirds of Severe Covid-19 Cases Improved on Gilead Drug|authors= Michelle Fay Cortez, Robert Langreth, and Jason Gale}}</ref> On July 3, the European Commission approved remdesivir for use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients.<ref name="Desrem" />
+<ref name="NEJM">{{cite journal|title=Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19|authors=Jonathan Grein, M.D., Norio Ohmagari, M.D., Ph.D., Daniel Shin, M.D., George Diaz, M.D., Erika Asperges, M.D., Antonella Castagna, M.D., Torsten Feldt, M.D., Gary Green, M.D., Margaret L. Green, M.D., M.P.H., François-Xavier Lescure, M.D., Ph.D., Emanuele Nicastri, M.D., Rentaro Oda, M.D., Kikuo Yo, M.D., D.M.Sc., Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, M.D., Alex Studemeister, M.D., John Redinski, D.O., Seema Ahmed, M.D., Jorge Bernett, M.D., Daniel Chelliah, M.D., Danny Chen, M.D., Shingo Chihara, M.D., Stuart H. Cohen, M.D., Jennifer Cunningham, M.D., Antonella D’Arminio Monforte, M.D., Saad Ismail, M.D., Hideaki Kato, M.D., Giuseppe Lapadula, M.D., Erwan L’Her, M.D., Ph.D., Toshitaka Maeno, M.D., Sumit Majumder, M.D., Marco Massari, M.D., Marta Mora-Rillo, M.D., Yoshikazu Mutoh, M.D., Duc Nguyen, M.D., Pharm.D., Ewa Verweij, M.D., Alexander Zoufaly, M.D., Anu O. Osinusi, M.D., Adam DeZure, M.D., Yang Zhao, Ph.D., Lijie Zhong, Ph.D., Anand Chokkalingam, Ph.D., Emon Elboudwarej, Ph.D., Laura Telep, M.P.H., Leighann Timbs, B.A., Ilana Henne, M.S., Scott Sellers, Ph.D., Huyen Cao, M.D., Susanna K. Tan, M.D., Lucinda Winterbourne, B.A., Polly Desai, M.P.H., Robertino Mera, M.D., Ph.D., Anuj Gaggar, M.D., Ph.D., Robert P. Myers, M.D., Diana M. Brainard, M.D., Richard Childs, M.D., and Timothy Flanigan, M.D.|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2007016|date=April 10, 2020|volume = 382|issue = 24|pages = 2327–2336|pmid = 32275812|pmc = 7169476|s2cid = 215733307}}</ref><ref name="Bloom">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-10/two-thirds-of-severe-covid-19-improved-on-gilead-s-remdesivir|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=April 11, 2020|title=Two-Thirds of Severe Covid-19 Cases Improved on Gilead Drug|authors= Michelle Fay Cortez, Robert Langreth, and Jason Gale}}</ref> On July 3, the European Commission approved remdesivir for use in the very sickest COVID-19 patients.<ref name="Desrem" />
-Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about [[US$]]2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States.  In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of [[India]] approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies.  The cheapest of them costs 4800 [[rupee]]s per vial, or US$64.31.<ref name="Desrem">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-treatment-drug-remdesivir-s-generic-version-to-be-launched-in-india-this-month/story-3lO9WyDlmz5UuFhwJtFRBO.html|author=Reuters|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 6, 2020|title=Mylan to launch generic version of Covid-19 treatment drug remdesivir in India this month|date=July 6, 2020}}</ref>
+Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about [[US$]]2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States.  In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of [[India]] approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies.  The cheapest of them costs 4800 [[rupee]]s per vial, or US$64.31.<ref name="Desrem">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-treatment-drug-remdesivir-s-generic-version-to-be-launched-in-india-this-month/story-3lO9WyDlmz5UuFhwJtFRBO.html|agency=Reuters|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=July 6, 2020|title=Mylan to launch generic version of Covid-19 treatment drug remdesivir in India this month|date=July 6, 2020}}</ref>
 ===Antibodies===
-Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to [[llamas]] so the llamas' immune systems would make [[antibodies]], or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked.  In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.<ref name="NYTLlama">{{cite news|title=Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/science/llama-coronavirus-antibodies.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|date=May 6, 2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|publisher=New York Times|author=Jillian Kramer}}</ref><ref name="CellLlama">{{cite journal|access-date=May 6, 2020|date=May 5, 2020|publisher=Cell|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30494-3.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420304943%3Fshowall%3Dtrue|title=ArticleStructural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies|author1=Daniel Wrapp|author2=Dorien De Vlieger|author3=Kizzmekia S. Corbett|author4=Gretel M. Torres|author5=Nianshuang Wang|author6=Wander Van Breedam|author7=Kenny Roose|author8=Loes van Schie|author9=Markus Hoffmann|author10=Stefan Pohlmann|author11=Barney S. Graham|author12=Nico Callewaert|author13=Bert Schepens|author14=Xavier Saelens|author15=Jason S. McLellan}}</ref>
+Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to [[llamas]] so the llamas' immune systems would make [[antibodies]], or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked.  In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.<ref name="NYTLlama">{{cite news|title=Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/science/llama-coronavirus-antibodies.html?action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage|date=May 6, 2020|access-date=May 6, 2020|work=New York Times|author=Jillian Kramer}}</ref><ref name="CellLlama">{{cite journal|access-date=May 6, 2020|date=May 5, 2020|publisher=Cell|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30494-3.pdf?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867420304943%3Fshowall%3Dtrue|title=ArticleStructural Basis for Potent Neutralization of Betacoronaviruses by Single-Domain Camelid Antibodies|author1=Daniel Wrapp|author2=Dorien De Vlieger|author3=Kizzmekia S. Corbett|author4=Gretel M. Torres|author5=Nianshuang Wang|author6=Wander Van Breedam|author7=Kenny Roose|author8=Loes van Schie|author9=Markus Hoffmann|author10=Stefan Pohlmann|author11=Barney S. Graham|author12=Nico Callewaert|author13=Bert Schepens|author14=Xavier Saelens|author15=Jason S. McLellan}}</ref>
 == Prevention and treatment ==
 [[File:Face Mask used in Coronavirus pandemic COVID-19.jpg|thumbnail|Surgical face mask]]
 {{Expand section}}
-Staying home when sick will reduce your chances of spreading COVID-19. Wearing a mask and staying 2&nbsp;meters (6&nbsp;feet) away from people in public, washing your hands, using disinfectants, and avoiding large crowds when outside will help prevent catching COVID-19.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html How to Protect Yourself & Others &#124; CDC]</ref>
+Staying home when sick will reduce your chances of spreading COVID-19. Wearing a mask and staying 2&nbsp;meters (6&nbsp;feet) away from people in public, washing your hands, using disinfectants, and avoiding large crowds when outside will help prevent catching COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html|title=COVID-19 and Your Health|date=Feb 25, 2022|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=May 13, 2022}}</ref>
 The effectiveness of the mask depends on what type of mask it is. While masks like surgical masks are effective, others like a neck gator are not.<ref>{{cite web|last=SeattlePI|first=by Callie Craighead|date=2020-08-13|title=Here are the most and least effective face coverings to use during COVID-19|url=https://www.seattlepi.com/coronavirus/slideshow/study-most-least-effective-face-masks-neck-gaiters-206710.php|access-date=2021-04-06|website=seattlepi.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
-[[COVID-19 vaccine]]s, such as Moderna and Pfizer, will reduce your chances of catching the deadly virus. Getting vaccinated is 90%+ effective. People who are vaccinated have a far lower chance of being hospitalized. The single-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine was found to be 66% effective at preventing COVID-19 2 weeks after vaccination.<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health-news/covid-19-vaccines-are-more-than-90-effective-what-that-means COVID-19 Vaccines Are More Than 90% Effective: What That Means]</ref> The Pfizer vaccine can help prevent deadlier variants of the virus, such as the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta Variant]].<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01222-5 Pfizer COVID vaccine protects against worrying coronavirus variants]</ref>
+[[COVID-19 vaccine]]s, such as Moderna and Pfizer, will reduce your chances of catching the deadly virus. Getting vaccinated is 90%+ effective. People who are vaccinated have a far lower chance of being hospitalized. The single-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine was found to be 66% effective at preventing COVID-19 2 weeks after vaccination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/covid-19-vaccines-are-more-than-90-effective-what-that-means|title=COVID-19 Vaccines Are 90% Effective|date=Apr 30, 2021|website=Healthline|accessdate=May 13, 2022}}</ref> The Pfizer vaccine can help prevent deadlier variants of the virus, such as the [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta Variant]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01222-5|title=Pfizer COVID vaccine protects against worrying coronavirus variants|first=Ewen|last=Callaway|date=May 6, 2021|journal=Nature|volume=593|issue=7859|pages=325–326|accessdate=May 13, 2022|via=www.nature.com|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01222-5|pmid=33963317 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..325C |s2cid=233997313 }}</ref>
 == Notes ==
@@ Line 187: / Line 190: @@
 {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
-== More reading ==
+== External links ==
-* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. | date = 2020-02-07 | title = Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044 | journal = JAMA | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.1585}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. | date = 2020-02-07 | title = Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761044 | journal = JAMA | volume = 323 | issue = 11 | pages = 1061–1069 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2020.1585| pmid = 32031570 | pmc = 7042881 }}
 == Related pages ==
 * [[Abenomask]] (One of the Japanese governmental response against the outbreak)
@@ Line 195: / Line 198: @@
 * [[COVID-19 pandemic in Japan]]
-== Other websites ==
+== External links ==
 {{Sister project links|wikt=COVID-19|c=category:COVID-19|n=category:COVID-19|q=COVID-19|s=COVID-19|voy=2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic|v=COVID-19}}
 * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 WHO site for COVID-19]
@@ Line 203: / Line 206: @@
 {{COVID-19 pandemic}}
-[[Category:Diseases]]
+[[Category:Diseases caused by viruses]]
 [[Category:COVID-19 pandemic| ]]