Bhadarwahi: Difference between revisions

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| nativename      = 𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯 भद्रवाही {{nastaliq|بھَدَرْواہِی}}
| nativename      = 𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯 भद्रवाही {{nastaliq|بھَدَرْواہِی}}
| states          = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| states          = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| region          = [[Bhaderwah]], District Doda Bhalessa,
| region          = [[Bhaderwah]], [[Doda district]]
| speakers        = {{sigfig|116000|2}}
| speakers        = {{sigfig|116000|2}}
| date            = 2011
| date            = 2011
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| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = ?[[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]]
| fam4            = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam5             = [[Western Pahari]]
| dia1            = [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]]
| dia1            = [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]]
| dia2            = [[Padri dialect|Padri]]
| dia2            = [[Padri dialect|Padri]]
| dia3            = Bhadrawahi proper
| dia3            = Bhadrawahi proper
| dia4            = Khasali dialect
| dia4            = Khasali dialect
| script          = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]], [[Urdu]]
| script          = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]], [[Nastaliq]]
| iso3            = bhd
| iso3            = bhd
| glotto          = bhad1241
| glotto          = bhad1241
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}}
}}


'''Bhadarwahi''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Western Pahari]] group spoken in the [[Bhadarwah]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.
'''Bhadarwahi''' is an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Western Pahari]] group spoken in the [[Bhadarwah]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.


Variants of its name include Bhaderwahi (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2018/hafsabhaderwahiphology1.pdf|title=Phonological System of Bhaderwahi}}</ref> Baderwali (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯}}), Bhadri (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯}}), Badrohi (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯}}), Bhadlayi (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯}}), and Bhadlai (Takri: {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃}}).
The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a [[lingua franca]]. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes [[Padri dialect|Padri]], [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]], and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume =  1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017|pages=85–86}}. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.</ref> The  [[Churahi language]] is closely related.{{wtc|Bhadrawahi language}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}


The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a [[lingua franca]]. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes [[Padri dialect|Padri]], [[Bhalesi dialect|Bhalesi]], and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kaul| first = Pritam Krishen| year = 2006| title = Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu| volume =  1| place = Delhi| publisher = Eastern Book Linkers| isbn = 8178541017|pages=85–86}}. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.</ref> The  [[Churahi language]] is closely related.{{wtc|Bhadrawahi language}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The name of the language is spelt in the [[Takri script|Takri]] as {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}. Variants include ''Bhaderwahi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯}}),<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/feb2018/hafsabhaderwahiphology1.pdf|title=Phonological System of Bhaderwahi}}</ref> ''Baderwali'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯}}), ''Bhadri'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯}}), Badrohi ({{Lang|bhd|𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯}}), ''Bhadlayi'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯}}), and ''Bhadlai'' ({{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃}}).


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Vowels'''<ref name="phon"/>
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA|iː}}
|
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! Lower High
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|e eː}}
|
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! Lower Mid
|
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
|
|
| {{IPA|ɑː}}
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+'''Consonants'''<ref name="phon">*{{cite journal
|+'''Consonants'''<ref name="phon">*{{cite journal
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  | year= 2015
  | year= 2015
  | title= Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch
  | title= Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch
  | journal= Acta Linguistica Asiatica
  | journal= [[Acta Linguistica Asiatica]]
  | volume= 5
  | volume= 5
  | issue= 1
  | issue= 1
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|
|
|}
|}
According to Masica (1991) there are a set of lateral retroflex affricates /ʈ͡ꞎ ɖ͡ɭ ɖ͡ɭʱ/ from old /Cr/ clusters.{{sfnp|"The Indo-Aryan Languages" Masica|1991|p=210}}


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
== Status ==
|+'''Vowels'''<ref name="phon"/>
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]].{{cn|date=August 2020}} Some speaker may even call it a dialect of [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=Bhaderwahi+Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref> The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Bhadravahi parents are not teaching this language to the children with which the number of  its native speakers is decreasing. Some other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi are taking this place. This is an archetypical natural human tendency of picking up the language of people placed better economically and socially. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA|iː}}
|
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! Lower High
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|e eː}}
|
| {{IPA|oː}}
|-
! Lower Mid
|
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
|
|
| {{IPA|ɑː}}
|}


== Status ==
==Notable events==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]].{{cn|date=August 2020}} Some speaker may even call it a dialect of [[Dogri language|Dogri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Dr Siyaram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak87DwAAQBAJ&q=Bhaderwahi+Dogri&pg=PA197|title=Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan|publisher=Vani Prakashan|isbn=978-93-5229-677-4|language=hi}}</ref> The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Bhadravahi parents are not teaching this language to the children with which the number of  its native speakers is decreasing. Some other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi are taking this place. This is an archetypical natural human tendency of picking up the language of people placed better economically and socially.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>
A daily news headlines program is broadcast by a [[Doda district|Doda]]-based [[News Media]] outlet  [[The Chenab Times]] in '''Sarazi''' and '''Bhaderwahi''' languages to promote them.<ref name="et-18aug">{{Cite news |title=Cultural Academy Doda non-functional since long|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/m/newsdet.aspx?q=321562|date=18 August 2021|publisher=Early Times (newspaper)|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="kashmir-uzma-7">{{Cite news|title=چناب  ٹائمز' کا وفد ڈپٹی کمشنر ڈوڈہ سے ملاقی|url=https://www.kashmiruzma.net/NewsDetail?action=view&ID=91493|date=7 August 2021|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|lang=ur}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:57, 25 May 2022


Bhadarwahi
𑚡𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯 भद्रवाही بھَدَرْواہِی
Bhadarwahi written in Takri, Devanagari and Urdu scripts
Native toJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
RegionBhaderwah, Doda district
EthnicityBhaderwahis
Native speakers
120,000 (2011)[1]
Dialects
Devanagari, Takri, Nastaliq
Language codes
ISO 639-3bhd
Glottologbhad1241

Bhadarwahi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Western Pahari group spoken in the Bhadarwah region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

The name Bhadarwahi can be understood either in a narrow sense as referring to the dialect, locally known as Bhiḍlāi, native to the Bhadarwah valley, or in a broader sense to cover the group of related dialects spoken in the wider region where Bhadarwahi proper is used as a lingua franca. In addition to Bhadarwahi proper, this group also includes Padri, Bhalesi, and Khasali (Khashali) dialect.[2] The Churahi language is closely related.Template:Wtc

The name of the language is spelt in the Takri as 𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯. Variants include Bhaderwahi (𑚡𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚩𑚯),[3] Baderwali (𑚠𑚛𑚲𑚤𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚯), Bhadri (𑚡𑚛𑚤𑚯), Badrohi (𑚠𑚛𑚶𑚤𑚴𑚩𑚯), Bhadlayi (𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚣𑚯), and Bhadlai (𑚡𑚛𑚥𑚭𑚃).

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Vowels[4]
Front Central Back
High iː uː
Lower High i u
Mid e eː oː
Lower Mid ə o
Low ɑː
Consonants[4]
  Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ
Stop voiceless p t̪ ʈ t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ ɖ d͡ʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ d͡ʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ ç çʰ h
voiced z zʱ
Approximant w l j
Trill r
Flap or Tap ɽ

According to Masica (1991) there are a set of lateral retroflex affricates /ʈ͡ꞎ ɖ͡ɭ ɖ͡ɭʱ/ from old /Cr/ clusters.[5]

Status[edit | edit source]

The language is commonly called Pahari.[citation needed] Some speaker may even call it a dialect of Dogri.[6] The language has no official status. According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Bhadravahi parents are not teaching this language to the children with which the number of its native speakers is decreasing. Some other languages, such as Kashmiri and Urdu/Hindi are taking this place. This is an archetypical natural human tendency of picking up the language of people placed better economically and socially. [7]

Notable events[edit | edit source]

A daily news headlines program is broadcast by a Doda-based News Media outlet The Chenab Times in Sarazi and Bhaderwahi languages to promote them.[8][9]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Bhadarwahi at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  2. ↑ Kaul, Pritam Krishen (2006). Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu. Vol. 1. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers. pp. 85–86. ISBN 8178541017.. The classification there includes Rodhari as a separate node, but elsewhere (pp.123–24), it is subsumed under Khasali.
  3. ↑ Phonological System of Bhaderwahi (PDF)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 *Dwiwedi, Amitabh Vikram (2015). "Bhadarwahi: A Typological Sketch". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 5 (1).
  5. ↑ "The Indo-Aryan Languages" Masica (1991), p. 210.
  6. ↑ Tiwari, Dr Siyaram. Bhartiya Bhashaon Ki Pahchan (in हिन्दी). Vani Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5229-677-4.
  7. ↑ "Endangered languages".
  8. ↑ "Cultural Academy Doda non-functional since long". Early Times (newspaper). 18 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  9. ↑ "چناب ٹائمز' کا وفد ڈپٹی کمشنر ڈوڈہ سے ملاقی" (in اردو). Greater Kashmir. 7 August 2021.

Template:Western Pahari languages

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