Indo-Aryan peoples: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups primarily concentrated in South Asia}}


{{Short description|Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups primarily concentrated in South Asia}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
{{Original research|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
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{{Indo-European topics}}
{{Indo-European topics}}


'''Indo-Aryan peoples''' refers to both the pastoralist Indo-[[Aryan]] people [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrating]] from [[Central Asia]] into [[South Asia]] in the second millennium BCE, introducing the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]],{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}{{sfn|Erdosy|2012}} as well as to contemporary [[ethnolinguistic group]]s speaking modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], a subgroup of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]].
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Indo-Aryan peoples
| image            = [[File:Indo-Aryan language map.svg|240px]]
| caption          = 1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. ([[Urdu]] is included under Hindi. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], and [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[multilingualism]] is common.{{hidden| |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{legend|#fe933c|[[Central Indo-Aryan|Central]]}}
{{legend|#fd15ac|[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]}}
{{legend|#effe27|[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]}}
{{legend|#ad27fe|[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]}}
{{legend|#274ffe|[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]}}
{{legend|#3bed69|[[Western Indo-Aryan|Western]]}}
{{legend|#fe1e1e|[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]}}
}}
| population      = ~1.5 billion {{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| popplace        =
| region1          = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop1            = over 911 million
| ref1            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=India |work=The World Factbook |date=16 November 2021 }}</ref>
| region2          = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop2            = over 233 million
| ref2            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |work=The World Factbook |date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
| region3          = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| pop3            = over 160 million
| ref3            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh |work=The World Factbook |date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>
| region4          = {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| pop4            = over 26 million
| region5          = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop5            = over 14 million
| region6          = {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| pop6            = over 1 million
| region7          = {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
| pop7            = over 725,400
| region8          = {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
| pop8            = over 300,000
| region9          = {{flagcountry|Bhutan}}
| pop9            = over 240,000
| ref8            = <ref name=UNHCR1>{{cite web |url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,BTN,,469f386a1e,0.html |title=Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan |year=2004 |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |access-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016143502/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CMARP%2C%2CBTN%2C%2C469f386a1e%2C0.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
| langs            = [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
| rels            = [[Indian religions]] (Mostly [[Hindu]]; with [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikh]] and [[Jain]] minorities) and [[Islam]], [[Christianity|Christian]]s and some non-religious [[atheist]]/[[agnostic]]
| related          = |||||||
}}
'''Indo-Aryan peoples''' are a diverse collection of [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[people]]s speaking [[Indo-Aryan languages]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Historically, [[Aryan]]s  were the [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian speaking]] [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]] who [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migrated]] from [[Central Asia]] into [[South Asia]] and introduced the [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language]].{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}{{sfn|Erdosy|2012}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46616574|title=How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India|publisher=bbc|date=23 December 2018|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/theres-no-confusion-the-new-reports-clearly-confirm-arya-migration-into-india/article61986135.ece|title=New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India|publisher=thehindu|date=13 September 2019|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/aryans-or-harappans-who-drove-the-creation-of-caste-system-dna-holds-a-clue/686393/|title=Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue|publisher=theprint|date=29 June 2021|access-date=23 November 2022}}</ref> Today, the Indo-Aryan language speakers are found across the modern-day regions of [[Bangladesh]], southern-[[Nepal]], eastern-[[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives]] and northern-[[India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|page=2|year=2007|author=Danesh Jain, George Cardona|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
{{Main|Aryan|Indo-European migrations|Indo-Aryan migrations}}
=== Proto-Indo-Iranians ===
{{main|Indo-Iranians|Proto-Indo-Europeans|Aryan|Indo-European migrations|Indo-Aryan migrations}}
{{Further|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Peopling of India}}
{{Further|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia|Peopling of India}}


[[File:Indo-Iranian origins.png|thumb|right|Archaeological cultures associated with [[Indo-Iranian migration]]s (after [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|EIEC]]). The [[Andronovo]], [[BMAC]] and [[Yaz culture]]s have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard culture|Copper Hoard]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]] and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with [[Indo-Aryan migration]]s.]]
[[File:Indo-Iranian origins.png|thumb|right|Archaeological cultures associated with [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian migrations]] (after [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|EIEC]]). The [[Andronovo]], [[BMAC]] and [[Yaz culture]]s have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard culture|Copper Hoard]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]], and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with [[Indo-Aryan migration]]s.]]


The introduction of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migration of Indo-Aryan people]] from Central Asia into the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (modern-day [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]]). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the [[Levant]] and possibly [[Inner Asia]].{{sfn|Anthony|2009|p=49}}
The introduction of the [[Indo-Aryan languages]] in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a [[Indo-Aryan migrations|migration of Indo-Aryan people]] from Central Asia into the northern [[Indian subcontinent]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]]). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the [[Levant]] and possibly [[Inner Asia]].{{sfn|Anthony|2009|p=49}} Another group of the Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the [[Mitanni]] kingdom in northern Syria;{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}} (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=33 note 20}} [[Christopher I. Beckwith]] suggests that the [[Wusun]], an [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] people of [[Inner Asia]] in [[Ancient history|antiquity]], were also of Indo-Aryan origin.{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=376-7}}


The [[Proto-Indo-Iranians]], from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the [[Sintashta culture]] (2100–1800 BCE),{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|p=222}} and the [[Andronovo culture]],{{sfn|Anthony|2009|p=49}} which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the [[Aral sea]], present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=408}} moved south through the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana Culture]], south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the [[Levant]] and north-western India.<ref>George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p.&nbsp;279</ref>{{sfn|Anthony|2007}} The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of [[Indo-European languages]] from the [[Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses|Proto-Indo-European homeland]] at the [[Pontic steppe]] which started in the 4th millennia BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}<ref>Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: ''Die Reise unserer Gene.Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren.'' Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/all-indoeuropean-languages-may-have-originated-from-this-one-place/|title=All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place|website=IFLScience|language=en|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard culture|Copper Hoard]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]] and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.
The [[Indo-Iranians|Proto-Indo-Iranians]], from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the [[Sintashta culture]] (2100–1800 BCE),{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411}}{{sfn|Kuz'mina|2007|p=222}} and the [[Andronovo culture]],{{sfn|Anthony|2009|p=49}} which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the [[Aral Sea]], present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=408}} moved south through the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex|Bactria-Margiana Culture]], south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the [[Levant]] and north-western India.<ref>George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279</ref>{{sfn|Anthony|2007}} The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of [[Indo-European languages]] from the [[Proto-Indo-European homeland]] at the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] which started in the 4th millennia BCE.{{sfn|Anthony|2007}}<ref>Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: ''Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren.'' Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/all-indoeuropean-languages-may-have-originated-from-this-one-place/|title=All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place|website=IFLScience|date=24 May 2018 |language=en|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> The [[Gandhara grave culture|GGC]], [[Cemetery H]], [[Copper Hoard culture|Copper Hoard]], [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture|OCP]], and [[Painted Grey Ware culture|PGW]] cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.


The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as ''aryā'', "noble." Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturalisation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.
The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as ''aryā'' 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avari |first=Burjor |url= |title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 |date=2007-06-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25161-2 |pages=xvii |language=en}}</ref> Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.


While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants from a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central-Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016}}
While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.{{sfn|Reich et al.|2009}}{{sfn|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.{{sfn|Basu et al.|2016}}


[[Indigenous Aryanism]] propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Jamison|2006}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=341}}{{sfn|Fosse|2005|p=438}}{{snf|Olson|2016|p=136}}
[[Indigenous Aryanism]] propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.{{sfn|Witzel|2001|p=95}}{{sfn|Jamison|2006}}{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=341}}{{sfn|Fosse|2005|p=438}}{{snf|Olson|2016|p=136}}


== List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples ==
== List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples ==
{{See also|List of Rigvedic tribes}}
{{See also|List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes}}
 
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{{div col |colwidth = 18em }}
* [[Anga]]
* [[Anga]]s
* [[Bahlikas]]
* [[Bahlikas]]
* [[Bengalis]]
* [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]]
* [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharatas]]
* [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]]
* [[Cedī (tribe)|Caidya]]s
* [[Dewa]]
* [[Dewa (people)|Dewa]]
* [[Gandhara|Gandharis]]
* [[Gandhāra (kingdom)|Gāndhārī]]s
* [[Gangaridai]]
* [[Gangaridai]]
* [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]
* [[Kambojas]]
* [[Kambojas]]
* [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]
* [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]
Line 43: Line 82:
* [[Khasas]]
* [[Khasas]]
* [[Kikata Kingdom|Kikata]]
* [[Kikata Kingdom|Kikata]]
* [[Koliya]]
* [[Kosala]]
* [[Kosala]]
* [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]]
* [[Kuru (kingdom)|Kurus]]
* [[Licchavi (clan)|Licchavi]]s
* [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]]s
* [[Madra Kingdom|Madra]]
* [[Madra Kingdom|Madra]]
* [[Magadha|Magadhis]]
* [[Magadha|Magadhis]]
* [[Malavas]]
* [[Malavas]]
* [[Malla (Ancient India)|Mallas]]
* [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s
* [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]
* [[Matsya (tribe)|Mātsyeya]]s
* [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]
* [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]
* [[Nanda Dynasty|Nanda]]
* [[Nishadha Kingdom|Nishadhas]]
* [[Nishadha Kingdom|Nishadhas]]
* [[Odra Kingdom|Odra]]
* [[Odra Kingdom|Odra]]
* [[Pakthas]]
* [[Pakthas]]
* [[Pala Empire|Pala]]
* [[Panchala]]
* [[Panchala]]
* [[Pulindas]]
* [[Pundra Kingdom|Paundra]]
* [[Pundra Kingdom|Paundra]]
* [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]
* [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]]
* [[Raghuvanshi]]
* [[Rashtrakuta]]
* [[Salva (India)|Salva]]
* [[Salva (India)|Salva]]
* [[Salwa Kingdom|Salwa]]
* [[Salwa Kingdom|Salwa]]
* [[Saraswata Kingdom|Saraswata]]
* [[Saraswata Kingdom|Saraswata]]
* [[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauvira]]
* [[Sindhu-Sauvīra|Sauvira]]
* [[Sena Dynasty|Sena]]
* [[Shakya]]
* [[Shakya]]
* [[Sindhu Kingdom|Sindhu]]
* [[Sindhu-Sauvīra|Sindhu]]
* [[Sinhalese people|Sinhala]]
* [[Sudra Kingdom|Sudra]]
* [[Sudra Kingdom|Sudra]]
* [[Surasena]]
* [[Surasena]]
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* [[Yadava]]
* [[Yadava]]
* [[Yadu]]
* [[Yadu]]
* [[Yaksha Kingdom|Yaksha]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== Contemporary Indo-Aryan peoples ==
== Contemporary Indo-Aryan people ==
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Contemporary Indo-Aryan speaking groups
| image            = [[File:Major Indo-Aryan languages.png|240px]]
| caption          = 1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. ([[Urdu]] is included under Hindi. [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Domari language|Domari]], and [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where [[multilingualism]] is common.{{hidden| |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{legend|#fe933c|[[Central Indo-Aryan|Central]]}}
{{legend|#fd15ac|[[Dardic languages|Dardic]]}}
{{legend|#effe27|[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]}}
{{legend|#ad27fe|[[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]}}
{{legend|#274ffe|[[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]]}}
{{legend|#3bed69|[[Southern Indo-Aryan languages|Southern]]}}
{{legend|#fe1e1e|[[Western Indo-Aryan|Western]]}}
}}
| population      = ~1.5 billion {{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
| popplace        =
| region1          = {{flagcountry|India}}
| pop1            = over 911 million
| ref1            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |title=India |work=The World Factbook }}</ref>
| region2          = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}}
| pop2            = over 233 million
| ref2            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/ |title=Pakistan |work=The World Factbook }}</ref>
| region3          = {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
| pop3            = over 160 million
| ref3            = <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh |work=The World Factbook }}</ref>
| region4          = {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
| pop4            = over 26 million
| region5          = {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
| pop5            = over 14 million
| region6          = {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
| pop6            = over 1 million
| region7          = {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
| pop7            = over 300,000
| region8          = {{flagcountry|Bhutan}}
| pop8            = over 240,000
| ref8            = <ref name=UNHCR1>{{cite web |url = http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MARP,,BTN,,469f386a1e,0.html |title=Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan |year=2004 |publisher=[[UNHCR]] |access-date=23 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016143502/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CMARP%2C%2CBTN%2C%2C469f386a1e%2C0.html |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>
| langs            = [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
| rels            = [[Indian religions]] (Mostly [[Hindu]]; with [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikh]] and [[Jain]] minorities) and [[Islam]], [[Christianity|Christian]]s and some non-religious [[atheist]]/[[agnostic]]
| related          = |||||||
}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Assamese people]]
* [[Assamese people]]
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* [[Chakma people]]
* [[Chakma people]]
* [[Deccani people]]
* [[Deccani people]]
* [[Dhakaiyas|Dhakaiya people]]
* [[Dhivehi people]]
* [[Dhivehi people]]
* [[Dogra people]]
* [[Dogra people]]
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* [[Jaunsari people]]
* [[Jaunsari people]]
* [[Kalash people]]
* [[Kalash people]]
* [[Kamrupi people]]
* [[Kashmiri people]]
* [[Kashmiri people]]
* [[Khas people]]
* [[Khas people]]
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* [[Kutchi people]]
* [[Kutchi people]]
* [[Magahi people]]  
* [[Magahi people]]  
* [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir people]]
* [[Maithils|Maithil people]]
* [[Maithils|Maithil people]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Marathi people]]
* [[Marwari people]]
* [[Marwari people]]
* [[Nagpuri people]]
* [[Nagpuria people]]
* [[Odia people]]
* [[Odia people]]
* [[Pashayi people]]
* [[Pashayi people]]
Line 163: Line 155:
* [[Romani people]]
* [[Romani people]]
* [[Rohingya people]]
* [[Rohingya people]]
* [[Sadan people]]
* [[Saraiki people]]
* [[Saraiki people]]
* [[Saurashtra people]]
* [[Saurashtra people]]
* [[Shina people]]
* [[Sindhi people]]
* [[Sindhi people]]
* [[Sinhalese people]]
* [[Sinhalese people]]
* [[Sylhetis|Sylheti People]]
* [[Tharu people]]
* [[Tharu people]]
* [[Warli]]
* [[Thori (tribe)|Thori people]]
* [[Warli|Warli people]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{div col |colwidth = 30em }}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]
*[[Indo-Iranians]]
*[[Indo-Iranians]]
*[[Dardic peoples]]
*[[Dardic peoples]]
*[[Aryan]]
*[[Aryan]]
*[[Indo-Aryan languages]]
*[[Indo-Aryan migrations]]
*[[Indigenous Aryanism]]
*[[Aryan race]]
*[[Aryan race]]
*[[Aryavarta]]
*[[Aryavarta]]
*[[Dasa]]
*[[Dasa]]
*[[Indo-Aryan languages]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Europeans]]
*[[Dravidian peoples]]
*[[Dravidian peoples]]
*[[Early Indians]]
*''[[Early Indians]]''
*[[Indian diaspora]]
*[[Indian diaspora]]
*[[Dewa (people)]]
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}


== References ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


=== Sources ===
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
{{refbegin|40em}}
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* {{cite book |last = Anthony | first = David W. |year = 2007 |title = The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher = Princeton University Press }}
* {{cite book |last = Anthony | first = David W. |year = 2007 |title = The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World | publisher = Princeton University Press }}
<!-- B -->
<!-- B -->
* {{cite journal |vauthors = Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP |title = Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–9|date=February 2016 |pmid=26811443|pmc=4760789 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113 |ref={{sfnref|Basu et al.|2016}} |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors = Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP |title = Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure |journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=113|issue=6|pages=1594–9|date=February 2016 |pmid=26811443|pmc=4760789 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113 |ref={{sfnref|Basu et al.|2016}} |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B |doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith |title=  Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1400829941 |access-date=30 December 2014 }}
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link = Christopher I. Beckwith |title=  Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C |date=16 March 2009 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1400829941 |access-date=30 December 2014 }}
* {{Cite book| last=Bryant | first=Edwin | author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) | title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=0-19-513777-9}}
* {{Cite book| last=Bryant | first=Edwin | author-link=Edwin Bryant (author) | title=The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2001 | isbn=0-19-513777-9}}
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* {{Citation | last =Fosse | first =Lars Martin | year =2005 | chapter =ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism | editor-last1 =Bryant | editor-first1 =Edwin | editor-last2 =Patton | editor-first2 = Laurie L. | title =The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history | publisher =Routledge }}
* {{Citation | last =Fosse | first =Lars Martin | year =2005 | chapter =ARYAN PAST AND POST-COLONIAL PRESENT. The polemics and politics of indigenous Aryanism | editor-last1 =Bryant | editor-first1 =Edwin | editor-last2 =Patton | editor-first2 = Laurie L. | title =The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history | publisher =Routledge }}
<!-- G -->
<!-- G -->
* {{Citation | last =Guha | first =Sudeshna | year =2007 | title =Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=340–343 | doi =10.1017/S135618630700733X }}
* {{Citation | last =Guha | first =Sudeshna | year =2007 | title =Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=340–343 | doi =10.1017/S135618630700733X | s2cid =163092658 }}
<!-- J -->
<!-- J -->
* {{cite journal | last =Jamison | first =Stephanie W. | title =The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume =34 | year=2006 |pages=255–261 }}
* {{cite journal | last =Jamison | first =Stephanie W. | title =The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review) |url=http://www.safarmer.com/Indo-Eurasian/Bryant_Patton.review.pdf |journal=Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume =34 | year=2006 |pages=255–261 }}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/RAJARAM/Har1.pdf Horseplay at Harappa - People Fas Harvard - Harvard University]
*[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/RAJARAM/Har1.pdf Horseplay at Harappa – People Fas Harvard – Harvard University] (PDF)
*[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1723/17231220.htm A tale of two horses] - [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
*[http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1723/17231220.htm A tale of two horses] – ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]''
 
{{-}}
{{Uttarakhand}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Latest revision as of 08:41, 22 July 2023


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Indo-Aryan peoples
Indo-Aryan language map.svg
1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. (Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
  Central
  Dardic
  Eastern
  Northern
  Northwestern
  Western
  Southern
Total population
~1.5 billion[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
 Indiaover 911 million[1]
 Pakistanover 233 million[2]
 Bangladeshover 160 million[3]
   Nepalover 26 million
 Sri Lankaover 14 million
 Myanmarover 1 million
 Mauritiusover 725,400
 Maldivesover 300,000[4]
 Bhutanover 240,000
Languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Religion
Indian religions (Mostly Hindu; with Buddhist, Sikh and Jain minorities) and Islam, Christians and some non-religious atheist/agnostic

Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.[5][6][7][8][9] Today, the Indo-Aryan language speakers are found across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, southern-Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.[10]

History[edit]

Proto-Indo-Iranians[edit]

Main articles: Indo-Iranians, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Aryan, Indo-European migrations, and Indo-Aryan migrations
Further information: Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia and Peopling of India
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.[11] Another group of the Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;[12] (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people.[13] Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.[14]

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE),[15][16] and the Andronovo culture,[11] which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,[17] moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India.[18][5] The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennia BCE.[5][19][20] The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.[21] Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.[22][23] Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.[24]

Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.[25][26][27][28][29]

List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples[edit]

See also: List of ancient Indo-Aryan peoples and tribes

Contemporary Indo-Aryan people[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "India". The World Factbook. 16 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Pakistan". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
  3. ↑ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. 4 February 2022.
  4. ↑ "Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan". UNHCR. 2004. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Anthony 2007.
  6. ↑ Erdosy 2012.
  7. ↑ "How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India". bbc. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  8. ↑ "New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India". thehindu. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  9. ↑ "Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue". theprint. 29 June 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  10. ↑ Danesh Jain, George Cardona (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 2.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Anthony 2009, p. 49.
  12. ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 454.
  13. ↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 33 note 20.
  14. ↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 376-7.
  15. ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 390 (fig. 15.9), 405–411.
  16. ↑ Kuz'mina 2007, p. 222.
  17. ↑ Anthony 2007, p. 408.
  18. ↑ George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279
  19. ↑ Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.
  20. ↑ "All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place". IFLScience. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  21. ↑ Avari, Burjor (11 June 2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2.
  22. ↑ Reich et al. 2009.
  23. ↑ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
  24. ↑ Basu et al. 2016.
  25. ↑ Witzel 2001, p. 95.
  26. ↑ Jamison 2006.
  27. ↑ Guha 2007, p. 341.
  28. ↑ Fosse 2005, p. 438.
  29. ↑ Olson 2016, p. 136.

Sources[edit]

External links[edit]

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