Ashfaqulla Khan: Difference between revisions

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
No edit summary
->The Rambling Man
m (fixed dashes using a script)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Indian poet and fighter for independence (1910-1927)}}
{{Short description|Indian poet and fighter for independence (1910–1927)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
Line 6: Line 6:
| image        = Ashfaqulla Khan 2619.JPG  
| image        = Ashfaqulla Khan 2619.JPG  
| caption      =   
| caption      =   
| other_names  = Ashfaq Ulla Khan
| other_names  =  
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1900|10|22|df=yes}}
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1900|10|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br> {{small|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| birth_place  = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1927|12|19|1900|10|22|df=yes}}
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1927|12|19|1900|10|22|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Faizabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br> {{small|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])}}
| death_place  = [[Faizabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| known_for    = Mastermind behind Kakori train robbery
| known_for    = Mastermind behind Kakori train robbery
| organization = [[Hindustan Republican Association]]
| organization = [[Hindustan Republican Association]]
| website      = {{URL|https://www.shaheedashfaqullah.org}}
}}
}}


'''Ashfaqulla Khan''' (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) was a [[freedom fighter]] in the [[Indian independence movement]] and co-founder of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]].{{Sfn|S. Waris|2003|p=8-14|loc=}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=RAO |first1=N. P. SHANKARANARAYANA |title=Ashfaqulla Khan |publisher=Litent |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ashfaqulla_Khan/IHPBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ashfaqulla+khan&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>
'''Ashfaqulla Khan''' (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) was an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian independence activist]] in the [[Indian independence movement]] and co-founder of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]].{{Sfn|S. Waris|2003|p=8-14|loc=}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=RAO |first1=N. P. SHANKARANARAYANA |title=Ashfaqulla Khan |date=January 2014 |publisher=Litent |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ashfaqulla_Khan/IHPBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=ashfaqulla+khan&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Khan was born in [[Shahjahanpur]], [[India]] to Shafiqullah Khan and Mazharunissa. He was born in a [[Muslim]] [[Pathan]] family<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashfaqullah Khan – निर्भय क्रांतिकारी अशफ़ाक उल्ला खान|url=https://www.jagran.com/blogs/politics/freedom-fighter-ashfaqulaah-khan-profile-ram-prasad-bismil-kakori-conspiracy/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Jagran blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Ashfaq Ullah Khan|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/history/story/ashfaqulla-khan-birth-annivarsary-was-a-freedom-fighter-in-indian-independence-movement-kakori-kand-train-loot-british-government-tedu-570003-2018-10-22|website=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref> of Khyber tribe.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Raveena|date=2015-09-03|title=The martyr monologue|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/theatre-nishas-pandit-aur-pathan-focuses-on-freedom-fighters/article7611592.ece|access-date=2020-09-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Waris|first=Prof. Farukh S.|title=UNSUNG HEROES Volume-II|publisher=Indus Sourcebooks|isbn=978-81-88569-33-5|pages=8}}</ref> He was the youngest among his five siblings.<ref name=nic/>
Khan was born in [[Shahjahanpur]], [[India]] to Shafiq Ullah Khan and Mazharunissa. He was born in a [[Muslim]] [[Pathan]] family<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashfaqullah Khan – निर्भय क्रांतिकारी अशफ़ाक उल्ला खान|url=https://www.jagran.com/blogs/politics/freedom-fighter-ashfaqulaah-khan-profile-ram-prasad-bismil-kakori-conspiracy/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Jagran blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Ashfaq Ullah Khan|url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/history/story/ashfaqulla-khan-birth-annivarsary-was-a-freedom-fighter-in-indian-independence-movement-kakori-kand-train-loot-british-government-tedu-570003-2018-10-22|website=[[Aaj Tak]]}}</ref> of Khyber tribe.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Raveena|date=2015-09-03|title=The martyr monologue|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/theatre-nishas-pandit-aur-pathan-focuses-on-freedom-fighters/article7611592.ece|access-date=2020-09-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Waris|first=Prof. Farukh S.|title=UNSUNG HEROES Volume-II|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Indus Sourcebooks|isbn=978-81-88569-33-5|pages=8}}</ref> He was the youngest among his five siblings.<ref name=nic/>


In 1920, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched his [[Non-cooperation movement]] against the British rule in India. But after the [[Chauri Chaura incident]] in 1922, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] decided to withdraw the call for this movement.<ref name=TOI/>
In 1920, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] launched his [[Non-cooperation movement]] against British rule in India. After the [[Chauri Chaura incident]] in 1922, Gandhi decided to withdraw the call for this movement.<ref name=TOI/>


At that point, many young people including Khan felt depressed. That is when Khan decided to form an organization with like-minded freedom fighters which resulted in the formation of [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in 1924. This association's purpose was to organize armed revolutions to achieve a free India.
At that point, many young people, including Khan, felt depressed. That is when Khan decided to form an organization with like-minded freedom fighters which resulted in the formation of [[Hindustan Republican Association]] in 1924. This association's purpose was to organize armed revolutions to achieve a free India.


==Kakori train robbery==
==Kakori Robbery==
To give a boost to their movement and buy arms and ammunition to carry out their activities, the revolutionaries of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] organised a meeting on 8 August 1925 in [[Shahjahanpur]]. After a lot of deliberation, it was decided to loot the government treasury carried in the trains. On 9 August 1925, Khan and other revolutionaries, namely [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Rajendra Lahiri]], [[Thakur Roshan Singh]], [[Sachindra Bakshi]], [[Chandrashekar Azad]], [[Keshab Chakravarty]], [[Banwari Lal (revolutionary)|Banwari Lal]], [[Murari Sharma|Murari Lal Gupta]], [[Mukundi Lal]], and [[Manmathnath Gupta]] looted the train carrying Indian money by British in [[Kakori]] near [[Lucknow]].<ref name=nic/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-was-ashfaqullah-khan-the-27-year-old-freedom-fighter-hanged-by-the-british-6206893/|title=Explained: Who was Ashfaqullah Khan, and why did the British hang him?|date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/kakori-conspiracy-ram-prasad-bismil-roshan-singh-ashfaqulla-khan-1108738-2017-12-19|title=Kakori Conspiracy: Why were Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and Roshan Singh hanged?|first1=|last1=|date=19 December 2017|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
To give a boost to their movement and buy arms and ammunition to carry out their activities, the revolutionaries of the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] organised a meeting on 8 August 1925 in [[Shahjahanpur]]. After much deliberation, it was decided to loot the government treasury carried in the trains. On 9 August 1925, Khan and other revolutionaries, namely [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], [[Rajendra Lahiri]], [[Thakur Roshan Singh]], [[Sachindra Bakshi]], [[Chandrashekar Azad]], [[Keshab Chakravarty]], [[Banwari Lal (revolutionary)|Banwari Lal]], [[Murari Sharma|Murari Lal Gupta]], [[Mukundi Lal]], and [[Manmathnath Gupta]] [[Train robbery|attacked and robbed]] a government train in [[Kakori]] near [[Lucknow]].<ref name=nic/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-was-ashfaqullah-khan-the-27-year-old-freedom-fighter-hanged-by-the-british-6206893/|title=Explained: Who was Ashfaqullah Khan, and why did the British hang him?|date=10 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/kakori-conspiracy-ram-prasad-bismil-roshan-singh-ashfaqulla-khan-1108738-2017-12-19|title=Kakori Conspiracy: Why were Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and Roshan Singh hanged?|first1=|last1=|date=19 December 2017|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>


A month passed after the train action, and yet none of the train robbers were arrested. Although the [[British government]] had spread a large investigative net.<ref name=nic/>
A month passed after the train action, and yet none of the train robbers were arrested, even though the [[British government]] had spread a large investigative net.<ref name=nic/> On the morning of 26 October 1925, Ram Prasad Bismil was caught by the police. Khan was, however, the only one of the group untraced by the police. He went into hiding and moved to [[Banaras]] from [[Bihar]], where he worked in an [[engineering]] company for ten months.  
On the morning of 26 October 1925, Ram Prasad Bismil was caught by the police and Khan was the only one untraced by the police. He went into hiding and moved to [[Banaras]] from [[Bihar]], where he worked in an [[engineering]] company for ten months. He wanted to move abroad to learn engineering to further help the freedom struggle and so he went to [[Delhi]] to find ways to move out of the country. He took the help of one of his [[Pathan]] friends who was also his classmate in the past. This friend, in turn, betrayed him by informing the police about his whereabouts<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |work=The Times of India (newspaper)|title=Daredevilry of sons of the soil |first=Aparna |last=Singh |date=2 August 2004 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/799244.cms |access-date=2018-01-07}}</ref><ref name=nic/> and on the morning of 17 July 1926 police came to his house and arrested him.


Khan was detained in the [[Faizabad]] jail and a case was filed against him. His brother Riyasatullah Khan was his legal counsel. While in jail, Ashfaqulla Khan recited the [[Quran]] and started saying his prayers regularly and during the Islamic month of [[Ramadan]] strictly fasted. The case for the Kakori [[dacoity]] was concluded by awarding death sentence to Bismil, Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Thakur Roshan Singh. The others were given life sentences.<ref name=nic>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fdec2000/f151220001.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105203929/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fdec2000/f151220001.html |archive-date=2002-11-05 |title=Ashfaqulla Khan: The Immortal Revolutionary |publisher=Government of India website|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/wielding-the-pen-and-pistol/article23319486.ece |author=S. Ravi|date=22 March 2018|title=Wielding the pen and pistol|newspaper=The Hindu (newspaper)|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/kakori-martyrs-were-symbols-of-communal-harmony-in-indias-freedom-struggle|title=Kakori Martyrs Were Symbols of Communal Harmony in India’s Freedom Struggle|website=The Wire}}</ref>
He wanted to move abroad to learn engineering to further help the freedom struggle and so he went to [[Delhi]] to find ways to move out of the country. He took the help of one of his [[Pathan]] friends who was also his classmate in the past. This friend, in turn, betrayed him by informing the police about his whereabouts<ref name=TOI>{{cite news |work=The Times of India (newspaper)|title=Daredevilry of sons of the soil |first=Aparna |last=Singh |date=2 August 2004 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/799244.cms |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=nic/> and on the morning of 7 December 1926 police came to his house and arrested him.
 
Khan was detained in the [[Faizabad]] jail and a case was filed against him. His brother Riyasat Ullah Khan was his legal counsel. While in jail, Khan recited the [[Quran]] and started saying his prayers regularly and strictly fasted during the Islamic month of [[Ramadan]]. The case for the Kakori [[dacoity]] was concluded by imposing the death sentence on Bismil, Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Thakur Roshan Singh. The others were given life sentences.<ref name=nic>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fdec2000/f151220001.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021105203929/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fdec2000/f151220001.html |archive-date=5 November 2002 |title=Ashfaqulla Khan: The Immortal Revolutionary |first1=N.P. |last1=Shankaranarayana Rao |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/wielding-the-pen-and-pistol/article23319486.ece |author=S. Ravi|date=22 March 2018|title=Wielding the pen and pistol|newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/history/kakori-martyrs-were-symbols-of-communal-harmony-in-indias-freedom-struggle|title=Kakori Martyrs Were Symbols of Communal Harmony in India's Freedom Struggle|website=The Wire}}</ref>


==Death and legacy==
==Death and legacy==
Khan was put to death by hanging on 19 December 1927 at Faizabad Jail.<ref name=TOI/> This revolutionary man became a martyr and a legend among his people due to his love for the motherland, his clear thinking, unshakeable courage, firmness and loyalty.<ref name=nic/><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/tributes-paid-to-martyr-ashfaqulla-khan/149370.html Tributes paid to martyr Ashfaqulla Khan] The Tribune (India newspaper), Published 22 October 2015, Retrieved 27 August 2019</ref>
Khan was put to death by hanging on 19 December 1927 at Faizabad Jail.<ref name=TOI/> He is considered a martyr for the cause of Indian independence.<ref name=nic/><ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/tributes-paid-to-martyr-ashfaqulla-khan/149370.html "Tributes paid to martyr Ashfaqulla Khan"]. ''The Tribune'' (India newspaper), 22 October 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</ref>


==Portrayals==
==Portrayals==
The actions of Khan and his compatriots have been depicted in the Hindi film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), where his character was depicted by [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]. [[Chetanya Adib]] portrayed Khan in the [[Star Bharat]] television series ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)|Chandrashekhar]]''. ''Mujahid-E-Azadi - Ashfaqullah Khan'', an Indian television series aired on [[DD Urdu]] in 2014, it starred [[Gaurav Nanda]] in the titular role.<ref>{{cite web |title=DD Urdu Program Schedule |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/sites/default/files/%20DD%20Urdu%20Program%20Schedule%20of%2027th%20July%2C%202019.pdf |website=doordarshan.gov.in |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>
The actions of Khan and his compatriots have been depicted in the Hindi film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), where his character is depicted by [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]. [[Chetanya Adib]] portrayed Khan in the [[Star Bharat]] television series ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)|Chandrashekhar]]''. ''Mujahid-E-Azadi – Ashfaqullah Khan'', an Indian television series airing on [[DD Urdu]] in 2014, starring [[Gaurav Nanda]] in the titular role.<ref>{{cite web |title=DD Urdu Program Schedule |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/sites/default/files/%20DD%20Urdu%20Program%20Schedule%20of%2027th%20July%2C%202019.pdf |publisher=doordarshan.gov.in |date=27 July 2019}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Shivaram Rajguru]]
* [[Mohammad Abdullah (India)|Mohammad Abdullah]]
*[[Sher Ali Afridi]]
* [[Sher Ali Afridi]]
*[[Mohammad Abdullah (India)|Mohammad Abdullah]]
* [[Shivaram Rajguru]]


==References==
== Citations ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


== Bibliography ==
== General bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last=S. Waris|first=Prof. Farukh|url=https://esamskriti.com/essays/pdf/13-SEPT-Unsung-hEROES-2.pdf|title=UNSUNG HEROES Volume-II|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Indus Soucebooks|isbn=978-81-88569-33-5|pages=8–14}}


* {{Cite book|last=S. Waris|first=Prof. Farukh|url=https://esamskriti.com/essays/pdf/13-SEPT-Unsung-hEROES-2.pdf|title=UNSUNG HEROES Volume-II|publisher=Indus Soucebooks|isbn=978-81-88569-33-5|pages=8–14}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ashfaqulla}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ashfaqulla}}
[[Category:1900 births|Khan]]
[[Category:1900 births|Khan]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 19 December 2021


Ashfaqulla Khan
Ashfaqulla Khan 2619.JPG
Born(1900-10-22)22 October 1900
Shahjahanpur, United Provinces, British India
Died19 December 1927(1927-12-19) (aged 27)
Faizabad, United Provinces, British India
OrganizationHindustan Republican Association
Known forMastermind behind Kakori train robbery
Websitewww.shaheedashfaqullah.org

Ashfaqulla Khan (22 October 1900 – 19 December 1927) was an Indian independence activist in the Indian independence movement and co-founder of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.[1][2]

Early life[edit]

Khan was born in Shahjahanpur, India to Shafiq Ullah Khan and Mazharunissa. He was born in a Muslim Pathan family[3][4] of Khyber tribe.[5][6] He was the youngest among his five siblings.[7]

In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched his Non-cooperation movement against British rule in India. After the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, Gandhi decided to withdraw the call for this movement.[8]

At that point, many young people, including Khan, felt depressed. That is when Khan decided to form an organization with like-minded freedom fighters which resulted in the formation of Hindustan Republican Association in 1924. This association's purpose was to organize armed revolutions to achieve a free India.

Kakori Robbery[edit]

To give a boost to their movement and buy arms and ammunition to carry out their activities, the revolutionaries of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association organised a meeting on 8 August 1925 in Shahjahanpur. After much deliberation, it was decided to loot the government treasury carried in the trains. On 9 August 1925, Khan and other revolutionaries, namely Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Thakur Roshan Singh, Sachindra Bakshi, Chandrashekar Azad, Keshab Chakravarty, Banwari Lal, Murari Lal Gupta, Mukundi Lal, and Manmathnath Gupta attacked and robbed a government train in Kakori near Lucknow.[7][9][10]

A month passed after the train action, and yet none of the train robbers were arrested, even though the British government had spread a large investigative net.[7] On the morning of 26 October 1925, Ram Prasad Bismil was caught by the police. Khan was, however, the only one of the group untraced by the police. He went into hiding and moved to Banaras from Bihar, where he worked in an engineering company for ten months.

He wanted to move abroad to learn engineering to further help the freedom struggle and so he went to Delhi to find ways to move out of the country. He took the help of one of his Pathan friends who was also his classmate in the past. This friend, in turn, betrayed him by informing the police about his whereabouts[8][7] and on the morning of 7 December 1926 police came to his house and arrested him.

Khan was detained in the Faizabad jail and a case was filed against him. His brother Riyasat Ullah Khan was his legal counsel. While in jail, Khan recited the Quran and started saying his prayers regularly and strictly fasted during the Islamic month of Ramadan. The case for the Kakori dacoity was concluded by imposing the death sentence on Bismil, Khan, Rajendra Lahiri and Thakur Roshan Singh. The others were given life sentences.[7][11][12]

Death and legacy[edit]

Khan was put to death by hanging on 19 December 1927 at Faizabad Jail.[8] He is considered a martyr for the cause of Indian independence.[7][13]

Portrayals[edit]

The actions of Khan and his compatriots have been depicted in the Hindi film Rang De Basanti (2006), where his character is depicted by Kunal Kapoor. Chetanya Adib portrayed Khan in the Star Bharat television series Chandrashekhar. Mujahid-E-Azadi – Ashfaqullah Khan, an Indian television series airing on DD Urdu in 2014, starring Gaurav Nanda in the titular role.[14]

See also[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ↑ S. Waris 2003, p. 8-14.
  2. ↑ RAO, N. P. SHANKARANARAYANA (January 2014). Ashfaqulla Khan. Litent.
  3. ↑ "Ashfaqullah Khan – निर्भय क्रांतिकारी अशफ़ाक उल्ला खान". Jagran blog. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  4. ↑ "Ashfaq Ullah Khan". Aaj Tak. 22 October 2018.
  5. ↑ Joseph, Raveena (3 September 2015). "The martyr monologue". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  6. ↑ Waris, Prof. Farukh S. (31 March 2015). UNSUNG HEROES Volume-II. Indus Sourcebooks. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-88569-33-5.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Shankaranarayana Rao, N.P. "Ashfaqulla Khan: The Immortal Revolutionary". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Archived from the original on 5 November 2002. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Singh, Aparna (2 August 2004). "Daredevilry of sons of the soil". The Times of India (newspaper). Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "Explained: Who was Ashfaqullah Khan, and why did the British hang him?". 10 January 2020.
  10. ↑ "Kakori Conspiracy: Why were Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and Roshan Singh hanged?". India Today. 19 December 2017.
  11. ↑ S. Ravi (22 March 2018). "Wielding the pen and pistol". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  12. ↑ "Kakori Martyrs Were Symbols of Communal Harmony in India's Freedom Struggle". The Wire.
  13. ↑ "Tributes paid to martyr Ashfaqulla Khan". The Tribune (India newspaper), 22 October 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  14. ↑ "DD Urdu Program Schedule" (PDF). doordarshan.gov.in. 27 July 2019.

General bibliography[edit]

Template:Indian Revolutionary Movement

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/index.php?title=Ashfaqulla_Khan&oldid=292424"