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Vassal and tributary states of the Maratha Empire
The Maratha Empire had a number of tributary and vassal states throughout its history. Its tributary states would regularly send tribute to the Maratha Empire, which was understood by both states as also being a token of submission. In exchange for certain privileges, its vassal states were obligated to render support to the Maratha Empire when called upon to do so. Some of its vassal states were also tributary states.
The Maratha Empire and its vassals in its peak during the late 18th century during the regime of Rajaram II
These client states, many of which could be described by modern terms such as satellite states or puppet states, were usually on the periphery of the Maratha Empire under suzerainty of the Chhatrapati, over which direct control was not established. The Maratha Empire maintained relationships with various states, some of which were under their direct rule (provinces) and others that were vassal states or tributary states, meaning they recognized Maratha suzerainty but retained a degree of autonomy.
Maratha Empire during the death of Shivaji
List of Maratha tributaries and vassals[edit]
Sultanate of Bijapur (1678–1686): The Bijapur Sultanate which was a dominant power of Deccan before the rise of Shivaji, became a tributary to him during his Southern Campaign.[1]
Sultanate of Golconda (1678–1686): During Shivaji's Southern Campaign, Shivaji entered Golconda he was welcomed and the Sultan of Golconda agreed to pay tribute of 4000 Huns to Shivaji.[1]
Mughal Empire (1752—1761, 1771–1788, 1788–1805): The Mughal Empire although being Nominal head was reduced to vassal state, every decesion was taken by the Marathas and the Mughal emperor was nothing but a mere puppet.[2][3]
Hyderabad (1728–1738, 1751–1761, 1763–1790, 1795–1805): The Nizam of Hyderabad was a unstable tributary of the Marathas he became a tributary in the Battle of Palkhed and remained until the Second Anglo Maratha War.[4][5]
Bengal Subah (1751–1767): In 1751, the Marathas signed a peace treaty with the Nawab of Bengal and agreed to never cross the Subarnarekha River.[6] The territories beyond the Subarnarekha River were now ceded to the Marathas, according to which, Mir Habib (a former courtier of Alivardi Khan, who had defected to the Marathas) was made provincial governor of Orissa under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal.[7][8] Thus de facto Maratha control over Orissa was established by 1751, while de jure it remained a part of Bengal Subah till 1752.[7] After the assassination of Mir Habib, the governor of Orissa in 1752, the Marathas formally incorporated Orissa in their dominion,[8] as part of Nagpur kingdom. The Nawab of Bengal agreed to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the chauth of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again[9][10] The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of chauth for the preceding years.[11]
Mallabum Kingdom (1742–?): Raghuji the Great invaded Bishnupur, a huge army and Plundered the whole region unable to bear the Onslaught of Marathas, he sued for peace becoming tributary to Marathas paying annual tribute of 12 lakhs.[12]
Nawab of Carnatic (1741–1750s): The Carnatic Nawab was reduced to the position of a vassal of tributary by Raghuji the Great during his Southern campgains.[13]
Sind State (1752–1759) Sindh was a tributary to the Marathas until it was captured by Ahmad Shah Abdali.[14]
French India (1751–1752, 1760–?): The French after the Seven Years' War was dependent on Marathas for their existence and paid an annual tribute of 12lakhs.[15]
East India Company (1670–?, 1758–1760s): The British used to pay tribute to Shivaji to protect their territories. After the British took over Bengal they paid the promised tribute to Marathas for a brief period.[16]
Portuguese Empire (1700s–1805): The Portugese paid tribute to protect their ships from Kanhoji Angre and after the Fall of Vasai they paid annual tribute.
Dutch Republic: The Dutch paid tribute to Marathas to protect their ships from the Angres of Coloba.
Siddis of Janjira (1700–?): The Siddis used to pay tribute to Angres and then to Sadashivrao Bhau.[17]
Mysore under Wadiyars (1680–1689, 1753–1759): Sambhaji invaded and defeated Chikkadev Raya making him a tributary.[18] In 1753 Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao invaded and defeated Mysore making them tributary again.[19][20][21]
Mysore Sultanate (1786–1790): Tipu Sultan obliged with the signing of the treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787. Tipu who was desperate to focus on defending Mysore from the British agreed to pay an annual tribute of 12 lakhs per year to the Marathas, to end hostilities with them, which would allow him to focus on his rivalry with the British.[22][23] In addition to this Tipu agreed to return all territories captured by Hyder Ali from the Marathas.[24][25][26]
Junagadh State (1753–1803).[27]
Nawab of Awadh (1752–1772)[28]
Kingdom of Jaipur (1730s–1818)[29]
Kingdom of Kotah (1738–1818)[29]
Kingdom of Bundi (1730s–1818)[29]
Kingdom of Mewar (1730s–1818)[29]
Kingdom of Marwar (1730s–1818)[29]
Karauli state (1730s–1818)[29]
Pratapgarh State (1740s–1818)[29]
Dungarpur state (1740s–1818)[29]
Kingdom of Jaisalmer (1740s–1818)[29][30]
Roopnagar State (?–1818)[30]
Bikaner State (1740s–1818)[30][31]
Bharatpur State (1750–1805)[32]
Kingdom of Madagascar (?–1818)[33]
Konbaung dynasty (1818)[lower-alpha 1]
Cis-Sutlej states (1750–1809)[34][35][36][37][38](p53)
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Notes[edit]
- ↑ Many believe it to be an alliance rather than Vassalage.
Reference[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mehendale, Gajanan Bhaskar (2011). Shivaji His Life and Times. Param Mitra Publications. ISBN 978-93-80875-17-0.
- ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-1-932705-54-6.
Vishwanath consolidated the Maratha power in the Deccan and led an expeditionary force to Delhi (1718–19) as an ally of the Sayyad brothers. He made the Maratha presence felt at the metropolis for the first time, secured the release of Shahu's family members from Mughal captivity, and obtained the confirmation of the Mughal-Maratha Treaty of 1718 from the emperor. This treaty, by which Shahu accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Mughal Crown in return for his right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from all the six provinces of 'the Mughal Deccan'...Delhi became the hub of Maratha political and military activities with effect from 1752, and they used the Mughal emperor as a mere tool in their hands to wield the imperial powers in his name and under his nominal suzerainty."
- ↑ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-269-0394-8.
The Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, was the nominal ruler of the whole of India, but he was really a puppet in the hands of Mahadji Sindhia and remained as such upto 1802, during the regime of Daulat Rao Sindhia also.
- ↑ Kate, P. V. (1987). Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948. Mittal Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-81-7099-017-8.
Nizam-ul-Mulk was forced to give up his support for Raja Sambhaji. He accepted Raja Shahu as the rightful ruler of Marathas. He also accepted the claims of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi put forward by Raja Shahu. Moreover he also agreed the claim of Marathas to collect their dues directly through their officers in all parts of his dominions, except the province of Hyderabad. The Marathas from Bajirao's time onward regarded the Nizam as a "Protected dependent tributary chieftain."13
- ↑ Sardesai, Govind (1968). New History of the Marathas. Phoenix Publications. p. 375.
- ↑ Sengupta, Nitish K. (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books India. pp. 158–163. ISBN 9780143416784. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Alivardi showed exemplary courage and military skill in every frontal battle that took place between his forces and the Marathas, in each of which, almost without exception, he had the upper hand.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sengupta, N. (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin Books Limited. p. 156. ISBN 978-81-8475-530-5. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 ড. মুহম্মদ আব্দুর রহিম. "মারাঠা আক্রমণ". বাংলাদেশের ইতিহাস. ২৯৩–২৯৯.
- ↑ Government of Maharashtra (1974). Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Wardha District (2nd ed.). Bombay: Director of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State. p. 63. OCLC 77864804.
- ↑ Chatterjee, Gouripada (1987). History of Bagree-Rajya (Garhbeta): With Special Reference to Its Anti-British Role, from Late 18th Century Till the Present Times. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-014-7. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN 9781932705546. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ↑ Dasgupta, Samira; Biswas, Rabiranjan; Mallik, Gautam Kumar (2009). Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur. Mittal Publications. pp. 12–15. ISBN 978-81-8324-294-3.
- ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9781932705546.
- ↑ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (2005-01-01). Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 223. ISBN 9781932705546.
- ↑ Kadam, Umesh Ashokrao (2008). History of the Marathas: French-Maratha Relations, 1668-1818. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 300. ISBN 978-81-7574-190-4.
- ↑ Ray, Bhabani Charan (1960). Orissa Under Marathas 1751-1803. pp. 31–39.
- ↑ Sardesai, Govind (1968). New History of the Marathas. Phoenix Publications. p. 375.
- ↑ Shinde Sarkar, Ashok. Sahyadrichi Sinhagarjana Bhag 1- Chatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj. Islampur: Sahyadri Publishers.
- ↑ Sardesai, Govind Sakharam (1948). New History of the Marathas: The expansion of the Maratha power, 1707-1772. Phoenix Publications.
- ↑ Muddachari, B. (1970). The Resistance of Mysore to the Maratha Expansion, 1726-1761. Prasaranga, University of Mysore.
- ↑ Muthanna, I. M. (1962). History of Karnataka: History, Administration & Culture. Usha Press.
- ↑ Hasan, Mohibbul (2005). History of Tipu Sultan (Reprint ed.). Delhi: Aakar Books. ISBN 9788187879572.
- ↑ Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the Honorourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 175. ISBN 9788131300343.
- ↑ Naravane, Wing Commander (Retired) M. S. (1 January 2006). Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3.
- ↑ Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785-96
- ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen (1994). Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Volume 2 (Reprint ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171547890.
- ↑ Sardesai, Govind (1968). New History of the Marathas. Phoenix Publications. p. 375.
- ↑ Thelen, Elizabeth M. (2022-06-20). Urban Histories of Rajasthan: Religion, Politics and Society (1550–1800). Gingko Library. ISBN 978-1-909942-67-7.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004-01-08). The Indian Princes and their States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44908-3.
With Maratha power circumscribed by their treaty system and superior military force, the British extended their protection to many states tributary to the Marathas. Charles Metcalfe invited the Rajput chiefs, who had long sought protection, to become British feudatories and thereby transfer payment of any tribute owed to the Marathas to the Company. Karauli, Kotah, Marwar-Jodhpur, Mewar-Udaipur and Bundi joined in January 1818; Jaipur agreed in April 1818; Partabgarh, Dungarpur and Jaisalmer closed the circle by the end of 1818.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 32 The Rajput states of Rajasthan were subservient to the Marathas. Mahadji Sindhia realised tributes from the leading states of Rajasthan such as Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kotah, Boondi, Rupnagar, Jaisalmer and Bikaner. In the words of Dr. H.R. Gupta, "most of these states were under Maratha domination, and they were looking for an opportunity to throw off their yoke. ISBN 978-81-269-0394-8.
- ↑ Thomas’s (1805). Military memoirs of Mr. George Thomas.
- ↑ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0394-8.
The Sindhia family considered the state as a tributary of the Marathas as over since the expansion of the Maratha Empire to the North, the Jats had been paying tribute to them. During Daulat Rao Sindhia's rule, Bharatpur was ruled by Ranjit Singh
- ↑ Grey, C. (1929). European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785 to 1849. Atlantic Publishers & Distri.
- ↑ Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid Eighteenth Century, Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui, Google Books. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ↑ Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of the Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788126903948. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ↑ Ray, Jayanta Kumar (6 August 2007). Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131708347.
- ↑ Sen, Sailendra Nath (2010). An Advanced History of Modern India. Macmillan India. ISBN 9780230328853.
By Mahadji Shinde's treaty of 1785 with the Sikhs, Maratha influence had been established over the divided Cis-Sutlej states. But at the end of the second Maratha war in 1806 that influence had been pass over to the British.
- ↑ Michel, Aloys Arthur (1967). The Indus Rivers: A Study of the Effects of Partition. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780608140230.