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Sindhi language: Difference between revisions
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In 1868, the [[Bombay Presidency]] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the [[Abjad]] used in Sindhi, with the ''[[Khudabadi script]]''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the [[Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve [[Martial Law]]s were imposed by the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm |title=Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language |publisher=Omniglot.com }}</ref> | In 1868, the [[Bombay Presidency]] assigned ''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya'' to replace the [[Abjad]] used in Sindhi, with the ''[[Khudabadi script]]''. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the [[Muslim]] majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve [[Martial Law]]s were imposed by the British authorities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm |title=Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language |publisher=Omniglot.com }}</ref> | ||
The evolution of Sindhi from Middle Indo-Aryan is marked by several notable sound changes: | |||
* The emergence of implosives from both geminate and initial stops (for example, g- and -gg transforming into ɠ), which is a distinctive feature in New Indo-Aryan languages. | |||
* The shortening of geminates, as seen in the transformation of MIA akkhi to Sindhi akhi, meaning "eye". | |||
* Voicing of consonants following nasal sounds, exemplified by MIA danta becoming Sindhi ɗ̣andu, meaning "tooth." | |||
* Debuccalisation where intervocalic -s- changes to -h-, a change shared with Saraiki and certain Punjabi dialects. | |||
* Intervocalic -l- shifts to -r- (likely through an intermediate retroflex -ḷ-), while -ll- simplifies to -l- and -ḍ- becomes -ṛ-. | |||
* The fronting of r occurs when it moves from medial clusters to the beginning of words, as illustrated by OIA dīrgha evolving into Sindhi ḍrigho, meaning "long". | |||
Moreover, Sindhi maintains certain retentions that set it apart from other New Indo-Aryan languages: | |||
* Preservation of MIA -ṇ-. | |||
* Retention of final short vowels -a, -i, -u, along with the insertion of these vowels into loanwords. | |||
* Long vowels before geminates are retained, which is more archaic compared to languages like Prakrit. | |||
* Clusters of stop + r are kept but undergo retroflexion, such as tr- becoming ṭr-. | |||
* The retention of the consonant v- is also noted. | |||
=== Early Sindhi (–16th century) === | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||