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[[File:AmericanSoldiersCalcutta1943.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt= A line of six black American soldiers in service uniform (non-combat) sitting or standing beside the railing at the entrance of a temple. All are taking off their shoes prior to entering the temple. |American soldiers at the [[Calcutta Jain Temple]], July 1943. Calcutta became a hub for hundreds of thousands of Allied troops.]] | [[File:AmericanSoldiersCalcutta1943.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt= A line of six black American soldiers in service uniform (non-combat) sitting or standing beside the railing at the entrance of a temple. All are taking off their shoes prior to entering the temple. |American soldiers at the [[Calcutta Jain Temple]], July 1943. Calcutta became a hub for hundreds of thousands of Allied troops.]] | ||
The fall of Burma brought Bengal close to the war front; its impact fell more strongly on Bengal than elsewhere in India.{{sfn|Famine Inquiry Commission|1945a|p=103}} Major urban areas, especially Calcutta, drew increasing numbers of workers into military industries and troops from many nations. Unskilled labourers from Bengal and nearby provinces were employed by military contractors, particularly for the construction of American and British airfields.{{sfn|Iqbal|2011|p=278}} Hundreds of thousands of American, British, Indian, and Chinese troops arrived in the province,{{sfn|J. Mukherjee|2015|pp=131–132}} straining domestic supplies and leading to scarcities across wide ranges of daily necessities.{{sfnm|1a1=Famine Inquiry Commission|1y=1945a|1pp=170–171|2a1=Greenough|2y=1980|2p=222|3a1=J. Mukherjee|3y=2015|3pp=40–41, 110, 191|4a1=De|4y=2006|4p=2}} The general inflationary pressures of a war-time economy caused prices to rise rapidly across the entire spectrum of goods and services.{{sfn|A. Sen|1981a|pp=50, 67–70}} | The fall of Burma brought Bengal close to the war front; its impact fell more strongly on Bengal than elsewhere in India.{{sfn|Famine Inquiry Commission|1945a|p=103}} Major urban areas, especially Calcutta, drew increasing numbers of workers into military industries and troops from many nations. Unskilled labourers from Bengal and nearby provinces were employed by military contractors, particularly for the construction of American and British airfields.{{sfn|Iqbal|2011|p=278}} Hundreds of thousands of American, British, Indian, and Chinese troops arrived in the province,{{sfn|J. Mukherjee|2015|pp=131–132}} straining domestic supplies and leading to scarcities across wide ranges of daily necessities.{{sfnm|1a1=Famine Inquiry Commission|1y=1945a|1pp=170–171|2a1=Greenough|2y=1980|2p=222|3a1=J. Mukherjee|3y=2015|3pp=40–41, 110, 191|4a1=De|4y=2006|4p=2}} The general inflationary pressures of a war-time economy caused prices to rise rapidly across the entire spectrum of goods and services.{{sfn|A. Sen|1981a|pp=50, 67–70}} The rise in prices was "not disturbing" until 1941, when it became more alarming.{{sfn|Famine Inquiry Commission|1945a|pp=19–20}} Then in early 1943, the rate of inflation for foodgrains in particular took an [[#1942–43: Price chaos|unprecedented upward turn]].{{sfn|S. Bose|1990|p=715}} | ||
Nearly the full output of India's cloth, wool, leather and silk industries were sold to the military.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|pp=221–222}} In the system that the British Government used to procure goods through the Government of India, industries were left in private ownership rather than facing outright requisitioning of their productive capacity. Firms were required to sell goods to the military on credit and at fixed, low prices.{{sfn|Rothermund|2002|pp=115–122}} However, firms were left free to charge any price they desired in their domestic market for whatever they had left over. In the case of the textiles industries that supplied cloth for the uniforms of the British military, for example, they charged a very high price in domestic markets.{{sfn|Rothermund|2002|pp=115–122}} By the end of 1942, cloth prices had more than tripled from their pre-war levels; they had more than quadrupled by mid-1943.{{sfn|Natarajan|1946|p=49}} Much of the goods left over for civilian use were purchased by speculators.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=222}} As a result, "civilian consumption of cotton goods fell by more than 23% from the peace time level by 1943/44".{{sfn|Mukherji|1986|p=PE-25}} The hardships that were felt by the rural population through a severe "[[#Cloth famine|cloth famine]]" were alleviated when military forces began distributing relief supplies between October 1942 and April 1943.{{sfn|Knight|1954|p=101}} | Nearly the full output of India's cloth, wool, leather and silk industries were sold to the military.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|pp=221–222}} In the system that the British Government used to procure goods through the Government of India, industries were left in private ownership rather than facing outright requisitioning of their productive capacity. Firms were required to sell goods to the military on credit and at fixed, low prices.{{sfn|Rothermund|2002|pp=115–122}} However, firms were left free to charge any price they desired in their domestic market for whatever they had left over. In the case of the textiles industries that supplied cloth for the uniforms of the British military, for example, they charged a very high price in domestic markets.{{sfn|Rothermund|2002|pp=115–122}} By the end of 1942, cloth prices had more than tripled from their pre-war levels; they had more than quadrupled by mid-1943.{{sfn|Natarajan|1946|p=49}} Much of the goods left over for civilian use were purchased by speculators.{{sfn|Mukerjee|2010|p=222}} As a result, "civilian consumption of cotton goods fell by more than 23% from the peace time level by 1943/44".{{sfn|Mukherji|1986|p=PE-25}} The hardships that were felt by the rural population through a severe "[[#Cloth famine|cloth famine]]" were alleviated when military forces began distributing relief supplies between October 1942 and April 1943.{{sfn|Knight|1954|p=101}} | ||