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{{Short description|Ongoing Indian lunar lander mission}} | {{Short description|Ongoing Indian lunar lander mission}} | ||
{{ | {{Current spaceflight|article|mission=y|date=August 2023}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} | ||
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| apsis = cynthion | | apsis = cynthion | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP | {{Infobox spaceflight/IP | ||
| type = lander | | type = lander | ||
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| component = Vikram lander | | component = Vikram lander | ||
| arrival_date = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 12:32 [[UTC]]<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> | | arrival_date = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 12:32 [[UTC]]<ref name="sn-20230823">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: India becomes fourth country to land on the moon |url=https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823130648/https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceNews.com}}</ref> | ||
| location | | location = [[Shiv Shakti point]] | ||
{{coords|69. | {{coords|69.373|S|32.319|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}}<ref name="Landing site">{{Cite web|title=LVM3-M4 Gallery|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3_gallery.html|website=Indian Space Research Organisation|access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref> | <br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface |url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/ |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=Physicsworld}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| component = | | component = | ||
| arrival_date = 23 August 2023 | | arrival_date = 23 August 2023 | ||
| distance = {{cvt|8|m}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rover moving on Moon, has already covered 8 metres, all payloads are performing: ISRO|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/chandrayaan-3-rover-lunar-surface-payloads-switched-on-isro-8909590/|website=Indian Express|first1=Anonna|last1=Dutt|first2=Sinha|last2=Amitabh|date=26 August 2023}}</ref> | |||
}} | }} | ||
| insignia = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png | | insignia = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png | ||
| insignia_caption = | | insignia_size = 200px | ||
| insignia_caption = Mission Insignia | |||
| programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]] | | programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]] | ||
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-2]] | | previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-2]] | ||
| Line 59: | Line 60: | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ( | '''Chandrayaan-3'''<!--Do not add any foreign/Indic/Devanagari script per WP:INDICSCRIPT--> ({{IPA-en|ˌtʃʌndɹəˈjɑːn|pron}}) is the third Indian [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar exploration]] mission under the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation's]] (ISRO) [[Chandrayaan programme]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |last3=Mashal |first3=Mujib |last4=Chang |first4=Kenneth |date=2023-08-23 |title=India Moon Landing: In Latest Moon Race, India Lands First in Southern Polar Region |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-chandrayaan-3 |access-date=2023-08-26 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It consists of a [[lunar lander|lander]] named [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']] and a [[lunar rover|rover]] named ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]],'' similar to those of the [[Chandrayaan-2]] mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to [[lunar orbit]] in preparation for a powered descent by the lander.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119155006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref> | ||
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and the lander touched down in the [[lunar south pole]] region<ref name=":5" /> on 23 August 2023 at 12:32 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], making India the fourth country to successfully [[moon landing|land on the Moon]], and the first to do so near the lunar south pole.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |language=en-IN |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-date=23 August 2023 | Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August, and the lander touched down in the [[lunar south pole]] region<ref name=":5" /> on 23 August 2023 at 12:32 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], making India the fourth country to successfully [[moon landing|land on the Moon]], and the first to do so near the lunar south pole.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |date=23 August 2023 |title=India makes history by landing spacecraft near Moon's south pole |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120354/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-makes-history-landing-spacecraft-near-moon-s-south-pole |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Science.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |archive-date=11 July 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India lands spacecraft near south pole of moon in historic first |language=en-IN |work=The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823031538/https://amp.theguardian.com/science/2023/aug/23/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
{{Further|Chandrayaan programme}}On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an [[orbiter]], a [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |access-date=2023-08-25 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface on 6 September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]]. The lander ultimately crashed when it lost contact with earth (ISRO) and deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land near the lunar south pole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has found its Vikram lander after it crashed into the moon's surface |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/09/06/133128/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092539/https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/09/06/133128/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2019-09-10 |title=Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{Further|Chandrayaan programme}}On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an [[orbiter]], a [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-21 |title=Chandrayaan-2: India launches second Moon mission |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |access-date=2023-08-25 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822092132/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49032603 |url-status=live }}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface on 6 September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]]. The lander ultimately crashed when it lost contact with earth (ISRO) and deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land near the lunar south pole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has found its Vikram lander after it crashed into the moon's surface |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/09/06/133128/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092539/https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/09/06/133128/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=2019-09-10 |title=Did India's Chandrayaan-2 Moon Lander Survive? The Chances Are Slim |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html |access-date=2023-08-25 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911162003/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/india-chandrayaan-2-vikram.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The lunar South Pole region holds particular interest for scientific exploration due to studies that show large amounts of ice there. Mountainous terrain and unpredictable lighting conditions not only protect the ice from melting | The lunar South Pole region holds particular interest for scientific exploration due to studies that show large amounts of ice there. Mountainous terrain and unpredictable lighting conditions not only protect the ice from melting but also make landing scientific probes there a challenging undertaking. This ice could contain solid-state compounds that would normally melt under warmer conditions elsewhere on the Moon, compounds which could provide insight into lunar, Earth, and Solar System history. Ice could also be used as a source of drinking water and hydrogen for fuel and oxygen for future manned missions and outposts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahoney |first=Erin |date=2022-08-17 |title=Moon's South Pole is Full of Mystery, Science, Intrigue |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/moons-south-pole-is-full-of-mystery-science-intrigue |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=NASA |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823195759/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/moons-south-pole-is-full-of-mystery-science-intrigue/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-23 |title=Explainer: Why are countries racing to the moon's heavily cratered south pole? |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/science/why-are-countries-racing-moons-heavily-cratered-south-pole-2023-08-23/ |access-date=2023-08-24 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824184917/https://www.reuters.com/science/why-are-countries-racing-moons-heavily-cratered-south-pole-2023-08-23/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking network]] (ESTRACK), operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), | The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking network]] (ESTRACK), operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), and [[Deep Space Network]] operated by [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)]] of [[NASA]] are supporting the mission.<ref> {{Cite news | title=Chandrayaan-3 How NASA, ESA will support ISRO during the Moon landing on August 23 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-how-nasa-esa-will-support-isro-during-the-moon-landing-on-august-23/article67216311.ece}}.</ref> | ||
Under a new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, [[Gaganyaan]], and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |archive-date=21 March 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Objectives == | == Objectives == | ||
ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission were: | ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission were: | ||
# Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon. | # Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon. | ||
# Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon. | # Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon. | ||
# Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Details |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823165138/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> | # Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand the composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 Details |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823165138/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Indian Space Research Organisation}}</ref> | ||
On 26th August, ISRO confirmed that two out of the three mission objectives have been accomplished already, while the third, in-situ scientific experiments, is underway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3: 2 Out Of 3 Objectives Achieved, In-Situ Experiments On Lunar Surface Underway, Says ISRO |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/chandrayaan-3-2-out-of-3-objectives-achieved-in-situ-experiments-on-lunar-surface-underway-says-isro-news-313789}}</ref> | |||
== Spacecraft == | == Spacecraft == | ||
=== Design === | === Design === | ||
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: | Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components: a propulsion module, lander, and rover. | ||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="240"> | |||
File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Render of Encapsulated Payload Fairing with Chandrayaan-3 composite stack.png|Chandrayaan-3 encapsulated within [[LVM3]]'s payload fairing | |||
File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|Chandrayaan-3 integrated components | |||
</gallery> | |||
==== Propulsion module ==== | |||
The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration to a {{convert|100|km}} lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with a large solar panel mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="240"> | |||
File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|Propulsion module | |||
</gallery> | |||
==== Lander ==== | |||
The ''[[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|Vikram]]'' lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of producing 800 [[Newton (unit)|newtons]] of thrust each. It carries the rover and various scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jatan |title=Chandrayaan-3 Makes Historic Touchdown on the Moon |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824031414/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chandrayaan-3-makes-historic-touchdown-on-the-moon/ |archive-date=24 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 in its last leg of journey to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821051212/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/video/chandrayaan-3-in-its-last-leg-of-journey-to-moon-2423766-2023-08-20 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with [[Slew (spacecraft)|slew rate]] changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] increase during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a [[Laser Doppler velocimetry|laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV)]] to allow measuring attitude in three directions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=19 November 2019 |title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms |archive-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=After 4 Years, ISRO Reveals Why Chandrayaan 2 FAILED |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810172742/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oUdD_QSgRs&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2023}}</ref> The impact legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise {{cvt|4|km}} by {{cvt|4|km}} landing region based on images previously provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the event of failures during descent and landing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=21 October 2022 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022080431/https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="240"> | |||
File:Chandrayaan-3 Lander.webp|Lander | |||
</gallery> | |||
==== Rover ==== | |||
The ''[[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan]]'' rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of {{convert|26|kg|lb|abbr=off}}. It is {{convert|917|mm|ft}} x {{convert|750|mm|ft}} x {{convert|397|mm|ft}} in size.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608231611/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3#:~:text=The%20Pragyan%20(Sanskrit%20for%20%22wisdom,lander%20via%20Rx/Tx%20antennas. |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref> | |||
The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=16 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 highlights: Lander Vikram will be 30 km away from Moon today |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819200245/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan3-live-updates-isros-lunar-mission-indian-spacecraft-landing-on-moon-russia-luna-25-moon-mission-11692151720010.html |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Sharmila Kuthunur |date=23 August 2023 |title=India on the moon! Chandrayaan-3 becomes 1st probe to land near lunar south pole |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823150626/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-success |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="240"> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights=" | |||
File:Chandrayaan-3 Pragyan rover.png|[[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'']] rover | File:Chandrayaan-3 Pragyan rover.png|[[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'']] rover | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
=== Payloads === | === Payloads === | ||
==== Lander ==== | |||
* [[ | * Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the [[thermal conductivity]] and temperature of the lunar surface. | ||
* [[ | * Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the [[seismicity]] around the landing site. | ||
* Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] density over time.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=ISRO Chandrayaan 3 brochure |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710120424/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Missions/LVM3/LVM3M4_Chandrayaan3_brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref> | |||
<gallery mode="packed"> | |||
File:ChaSTE payload.png|Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) | |||
File:ILSA payload.png|Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) | |||
File:Rambha-payload.png|Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP) | |||
</gallery> | |||
==== Rover ==== | |||
* | * An [[alpha particle X-ray spectrometer]] (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer the [[Mineralogy|mineralogical]] composition of the lunar surface. | ||
* [[Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy]] (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition ([[Magnesium|Mg]], [[Aluminium|Al]], [[Silicon|Si]], [[Potassium|K]], [[Calcium|Ca]], [[Titanium|Ti]], [[Iron|Fe]]) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.<ref name="auto" /> | |||
<gallery mode="packed | <gallery mode="packed"> | ||
APXS payload.png|[[Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer]] (APSX) | File:APXS payload.png|[[Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer]] (APSX) | ||
File:LIBS payload.png|Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) | |||
</gallery> | |||
LIBS payload.png|Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) | |||
==== Propulsion module ==== | |||
SHAPE payload.png|Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) | * Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will study [[Spectral line|spectral]] and [[Polarimetry|polarimetric]] measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the [[Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared]] (NIR) wavelength range ({{convert|1–1.7|μm|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> | ||
<gallery mode="packed"> | |||
File:SHAPE payload.png|Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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=== Launch === | === Launch === | ||
[[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota | [[File:LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 - Launch vehicle lifting off from the Second Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota 03.webp|thumb|upright|LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota]] | ||
Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, entering an Earth [[parking orbit]] with a perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and an apogee of {{convert|36,500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. | Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an [[LVM3]]-M4 rocket on 14 July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, entering an Earth [[parking orbit]] with a perigee of {{convert|170|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} and an apogee of {{convert|36,500|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}. | ||
=== Orbit === | === Orbit === | ||
After a series of manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a [[trans-lunar injection]] orbit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822120100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817095213/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801033942/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=THE HINDU BUREAU |date=5 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=6 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref> | After a series of earth bound manoeuvres that placed Chandrayaan-3 in a [[trans-lunar injection]] orbit,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission takes off with a successful launch as rocket hoists lunar lander and rover – CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822120100/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-mission-launch-rocket-lunar-lander-and-rover/ |archive-date=22 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=India launches its Chandrayaan-3 Moon landing mission |url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817095213/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-launches-its-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-mission/ |archive-date=17 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SpaceFlight Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 update: Isro to fire up engines, put spacecraft on road to moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801033942/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/chandrayaan-3/story/chandrayaan-3-update-isro-to-conduct-trans-lunar-injection-tonight-put-spacecraft-on-road-to-moon-2414052-2023-07-31 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> ISRO performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network|ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network]] (ISTRAC) in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=THE HINDU BUREAU |date=5 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=6 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> | On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion module to begin the last phase of the mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Indian lunar lander Vikram inches closer to Moon |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |url-status=live |access-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141116/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66530022 |archive-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> | ||
=== Descent === | === Descent === | ||
[[File:Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter.webp|thumb|Image of Chandrayaan-3 Lander as captured by OHRC camera aboard Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter]] | |||
[[File:Pragyan rover deployed on the moon.webp|thumb|Pragyan roll out]] | |||
On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at {{convert|30|km|mi}} above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent. | On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at {{convert|30|km|mi}} above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes, the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position while continuing its descent. | ||
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|{{convert|abbr=on|236x127603|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |number=1683767962560512000 |user=isro |title=The fifth orbit raising operation |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000}}</ref> | |{{convert|abbr=on|236x127603|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref name="TWISRO-250723">{{Cite tweet |number=1683767962560512000 |user=isro |title=The fifth orbit raising operation |date=25 July 2023 |access-date=25 July 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1683767962560512000}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Trans-lunar injection || 31 July 2023 || {{N/A}} | ||
|{{convert|abbr=on|288x369328|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1686327939280035840 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 update |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840}}</ref> | |{{convert|abbr=on|288x369328|km}}|| {{N/A}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1686327939280035840 |user=isro |title=Chandrayaan-3 update |date=1 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1686327939280035840}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Lunar orbit | |Lunar bound maneuver:1 (Lunar orbit insertion) || 5 August 2023 | ||
| {{convert|abbr=on|1835|sec|min}} | | {{convert|abbr=on|1835|sec|min}} | ||
|{{convert|abbr=on|164x18074|km}}|| Approx. {{convert|abbr=on|21|h|min}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1687384615215124480 |user=isro |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19}}</ref> | |{{convert|abbr=on|164x18074|km}}|| Approx. {{convert|abbr=on|21|h|min}}|| <ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1687384615215124480 |user=isro |title=Lunar Orbit Injection (LOI) |date=4 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1687859829803466753?t=qoIyMeH8oP405bbdzFNMNw&s=19}}</ref> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Landing | |Landing | ||
| {{nowrap|23 August 2023}}<br>12:32 | | {{nowrap|23 August 2023}}<br />12:32 | ||
| TBC | | TBC | ||
|{{n/a}} | |{{n/a}} | ||
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== Funding == | == Funding == | ||
In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} was sought for operating expenditure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=8 December 2019 |title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> | In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} would be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} was sought for operating expenditure.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=8 December 2019 |title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to reduce the price considerably."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Nivedita | date= August 24, 2023|title=Chandrayaan-3 punches home India's lead in budget space flights |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/chandrayaan-3-punches-home-indias-lead-budget-space-flights-2023-08-24/ |website=Reuters |access-date=August 26, 2023}}</ref> | ||
Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Wall |date=18 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141114/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> | Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Wall |date=18 August 2023 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823141114/https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Results== | |||
Since reaching the moon's south pole, Chandrayaan-3 deployed the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]] to explore the cratered surface, harnessed integrated cameras to send back videos of its environment, and even started working on the research objectives planned for a two-week stay on the moon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=published |first=Monisha Ravisetti |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 takes the moon's temperature near lunar south pole for 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/chandrayaan-3-moon-temperature-lunar-south-pole-first-time |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
The first video of the rover, posted on 25th August 2023, showed it leaving the Vikram lander on a ramp and driving onto the Moon. ISRO posted the video in a thread on [[X Corp.|X]] that also included footage from the lander approaching its landing site and kicking up dust as it touched down on the surface. ISRO wrote afterwards that the rover’s two scientific instruments had been turned on and that it had moved eight meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO - Chandrayaan-3 Mission - Rover rollout |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1694945669721776263?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1694945669721776263%7Ctwgr%5E5dbd3061e6abb3a08f118c2b1f16c59e6d15997c%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/28/23848816/india-chandrayaan-3-lunar-rover-videos-pictures |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> | |||
[[File:The lunar crater that the Pragyan rover of Chandrayaan-3 encountered on 27th August 2023, as seen by the Navgation Camera.png|thumb|A {{convert|4|m||adj=mid|-diameter}} crater, as captured by the Navigation camera onboard the rover.]] | |||
On 26th August, ISRO posted a new video, shot from the lander, of the rover's drive away, moving almost out of the lander’s sight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO - Chandrayaan-3 Mission - Rover at Shiv Shakti Point |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1695378531243454712?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E1695378531243454712%7Ctwgr%5E5dbd3061e6abb3a08f118c2b1f16c59e6d15997c%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/28/23848816/india-chandrayaan-3-lunar-rover-videos-pictures |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref> On 27th August, it published two pictures after the rover encountered a large [[Lunar craters|crater]] positioned {{convert|3|m}} ahead of its location. However, the rover safely headed on a new path afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO - Chandrayaan-3 Mission - Rover crater encounter |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1696116050843349028 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=2023-08-28 |title=India's lunar mission beams back video and images from the Moon’s south pole |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/28/23848816/india-chandrayaan-3-lunar-rover-videos-pictures |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
===Temperature variation=== | |||
ISRO also released a first-of-its-kind data from the observations made by ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment), one of the four instruments present on the lander module. ChaSTE was meant to study the heat conductivity of the Moon’s surface and measure the differences in temperatures at different points on and below the surface, with the overall objective of creating a thermal profile of the Moon. | |||
[[File:The graph of temperature variation across the lunar topsoil at a point in the solar polar region, as measured by the ChaSTE instrument.png|thumb|The graph of temperature variation across the lunar topsoil at a point in the solar polar region, as measured by the ChaSTE instrument.]] | |||
The first set of data released by ISRO showed a very sharp difference in temperatures just above and below the surface of the Moon. A graphical plot put out by ISRO showed that while temperatures on the surface were over {{convert|50|C}}, they dropped to nearly {{convert|-10|C}} just a few millimetres below the surface. The measurements suggested that the topsoil of the lunar surface did not conduct heat very well, and insulated the sub-surface from heat. | |||
== Domestic | These measurements were consistent with what is known about the thermal profile of the Moon from previous expeditions and experiments. But this was the first 'direct measurement' of temperatures of the topsoil and the subsoil near the South Pole of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Chandrayaan-3 mission: On Moon, very hot to very cold — separated by just a few mm |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/chandrayaan-mission-on-moon-very-hot-to-very-cold-separated-by-just-a-few-mm-8913791/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network in Bengaluru, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the touchdown point of the Vikram lander would henceforth be known as [[ | |||
ISRO scientist BH Darukesha, while commenting on the findings, said the high range of {{convert|70|C|abbr=off|adj=on}} temperature near the surface was "not expected".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=70-degree Celsius moon surface temperature was not expected: Scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/70degree-celcius-moon-surface-temperature-was-not-expected-scientists-101693156089990.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> | |||
===Detection of sulphur=== | |||
On 29th August, ISRO said that the laser-induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) instrument onboard the Pragyan rover has "unambiguously" confirmed the presence of [[Sulfur|sulphur]] in the lunar surface near south pole, through "first-ever in-situ measurements".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=India's moon rover confirms sulfur and detects several other elements near the lunar south pole |url=https://apnews.com/article/indias-moon-mission-finds-chemicals-a0f5b3c91fd71c2a3ae573d4048a5d05 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrayaan-3 rover confirms presence of sulphur in lunar surface, search for Hydrogen underway: ISRO |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chandrayaan-3-rover-confirms-presence-of-sulphur-in-lunar-surface-search-for-hydrogen-underway-isro/cid/1962438 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The presence of sulphur on the Moon has been known before,<ref>{{cite web | url =https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992lbsa.conf..429V|title=Uses of lunar sulfur|publisher=SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)| date=1992| accessdate =30 August 2023}}</ref> however at the south pole it was detected for the first time. | |||
Apart from sulphur, the rover also detected other elements including aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=Chandrayaan-3's Pragyan rover confirms presence of sulphur on surface of Moon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-confirms-presence-of-sulphur-on-moon-s-surface-in-first-in-situ-recordings-hydrogen-search-underway-101693335242683.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the agency said the search for Hydrogen (H) is also underway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-29 |title=Chandrayaan-3: Pragyaan rover detects presence of sulphur on Moon, search for hydrogen underway |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/chandrayaan-3-pragyaan-rover-detects-presence-of-sulphur-on-moon-search-for-hydrogen-underway-396161-2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Ch3 1st libs plot 2.png|thumb|Pragyan rover detected elements present on moon.]] | |||
===Lunar water=== | |||
John Bridges, a professor of planetary science at the [[University of Leicester]], UK,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor John Bridges |url=https://le.ac.uk/people/john-bridges |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=le.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> told [[New Scientist]] that due to the low pressure on the moon it would be 'unlikely' for Chandrayaan-3 to find liquid water near to the surface – even in areas where the temperature was above freezing point so water would not be trapped in ice – because it would boil away, although at lower depths the pressure could rise enough to allow liquid water. However, he also added that it's "too early" to interpret the readings from Chandrayaan-3. "But it's fantastic they're getting data", Bridges said. "You can't help comparing it to certain other space agencies; engineers are just getting on now and doing it. They're sort of overtaking Russia", he concluded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthew Sparkes |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 moon rover swerves to avoid crater |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2389515-indias-chandrayaan-3-moon-rover-swerves-to-avoid-crater/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
== Domestic reactions == | |||
Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network in Bengaluru, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced that the touchdown point of the Vikram lander would henceforth be known as [[Shiv Shakti point]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-25 |title=Modi in Bengaluru Live Updates: Touchdown point of Vikram lander will be known as 'Shivshakti Point', says PM |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-live-news-updates-traffic-weather-isro-chandrayaan-8908491/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He further declared August 23, the day the Vikram lander landed on the moon, as [[National Space Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Modi in Bangalore Live: August 23 to be celebrated as National Space Day, announces PM Modi after ISRO Chandrayaan 3 Moon landing success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-news-live-updates-isro-moon-landing-mission-vikram-lander-pragyan-rover-latest-photos-videos/liveblog/103038996.cms |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=PM Modi announces August 23 as 'National Space Day', lauds Isro scientists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-declares-august-23-as-national-space-day-chandrayaan-3-lands-successfully-on-moon-s-south-pole-101693025185154.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Aditya-L1]] – Indian solar observation mission | |||
* [[Gaganyaan]] – Indian manned spacecraft project | |||
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] | * [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] | ||
* [[Indian Martian Exploration Programme]] | * [[Indian Martian Exploration Programme]] | ||
* [[Venus Orbiter Mission]] – Indian Venus exploration mission | * [[Venus Orbiter Mission]] – Indian Venus exploration mission | ||
{{clear}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | |||
[https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_Details.html Chandrayaan - 3 ISRO official site] | |||
{{Indian space programme}} | |||
{{Lunar rovers}} | {{Lunar rovers}} | ||
{{Moon spacecraft}} | {{Moon spacecraft}} | ||
{{Indian spacecraft}} | {{Indian spacecraft}} | ||
{{Solar System probes}} | {{Solar System probes}} | ||
{{Orbital launches in 2023}} | {{Orbital launches in 2023}} | ||
{{Portal bar|Space|Science|India|}} | |||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]] | [[Category:Missions to the Moon]] | ||