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{{Infobox spaceflight | {{Infobox spaceflight | ||
| name = Chandrayaan-3 | | name = Chandrayaan-3 | ||
| image = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room 01.webp | | image = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean-room before encapsulation 01.webp | ||
| image_caption = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in [[cleanroom]] | | image_caption = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in [[cleanroom]] before encapsulation | ||
| mission_type = {{hlist|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]}} | | mission_type = {{hlist|[[Lunar lander|Lander]]|[[Lunar rover|Rover]]}} | ||
| operator = [[ISRO]] | | operator = [[ISRO]] | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
| object = [[Moon]] | | object = [[Moon]] | ||
| component = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]] | | component = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]] | ||
| arrival_date = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:04 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:34 [[UTC]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref> | | arrival_date = {{start-date|23 August 2023}} 18:04 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (12:34 [[UTC]]) (8:34 [[Eastern Standard Time|EST]]) (planned) <ref name="Landing date">{{Cite news|date=2023-07-06|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|access-date=2023-07-07|website=THE TIMES OF INDIA|archive-date=8 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708100402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-07-14|title=ANI on Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|access-date=2023-07-14|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125550/https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1679802059015745537|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| location = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}} <ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref> | | location = {{coords|69.367621|S|32.348126|E|globe:moon|display=inline,title|format=dec}} <ref name="Landing site">{{cite web |title=Mission homepage |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623133254/https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br />(between [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]] craters)<ref>{{cite web|title=India launches Chandrayaan-3 mission to the lunar surface|date=14 July 2023|url=https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|publisher=Physicsworld|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-the-lunar-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
| insignia = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png | | insignia = Chandrayaan-3 logo.png | ||
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
As part of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | As part of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM3|Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an [[orbiter]], a [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]] and a [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 a shot in the arm for Gaganyaan-1|newspaper=The Times of India|date=15 July 2023|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=17 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gaganyaan-1/articleshow/101769970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|''Pragyan'' rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819060901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight | The [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) will support the mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight | ||
programme, [[Gaganyaan]] and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref> | programme, [[Gaganyaan]] and the [[Aditya-L1]] solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321160634/https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== | == Objectives == | ||
ISRO has set the following mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission: | ISRO has set the following mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission: | ||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
# In-site observation and conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | # In-site observation and conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface to better understand composition of the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.isro.gov.in |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002232539/https://www.isro.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
== Spacecraft | == Spacecraft == | ||
=== Design === | === Design === | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
== Mission profile == | |||
{{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| align = center | | align = center | ||
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Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.<ref name="bbc_20230807_moonphotos">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66425524 | title=Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface | work=BBC News | date=7 August 2023 | access-date=7 August 2023 | url-status=live | archive-date=7 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807054616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66425524 }}</ref> It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | title=Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon | date=14 July 2023 | access-date=14 July 2023 | archive-date=17 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | url-status=live }}</ref> | Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as scheduled, from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] [[Second Launch Pad]] in [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on 5 August 2023.<ref name="bbc_20230807_moonphotos">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66425524 | title=Chandrayaan-3: Historic India Moon mission sends new photos of lunar surface | work=BBC News | date=7 August 2023 | access-date=7 August 2023 | url-status=live | archive-date=7 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807054616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66425524 }}</ref> It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3 mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | title=Chandrayan-3 lifts off on mission to the moon | date=14 July 2023 | access-date=14 July 2023 | archive-date=17 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125057/https://scroll.in/latest/1052635/chandrayan-3-lifts-off-for-mission-to-moon | url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125111/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the closeness of Earth and Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Chandrayaan 3: Know why July is important for ISRO |url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125111/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/chandrayaan-3-know-why-july-is-important-for-isro-2213186 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Dubious|month of July|date=August 2023}} | ||
On August 5, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the [[Moon]]. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{cite web |author=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |date=5 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-06 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | On August 5, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the [[Moon]]. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="hindu_20230805_moonorbit">{{cite web |author=THE HINDU BUREAU |title=Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft enters lunar orbit |date=5 August 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806022920/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/chandrayaan-3-enters-lunar-orbit/article67161942.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="asn_20230806_moonorbit">{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Charles |date=2023-08-06 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 Successfully Inserted Into Lunar Orbit |url=https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=AIR SPACE News |language=en-US |archive-date=6 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806143515/https://airspacenews.net/indias-chandrayaan-3-successfully-inserted-into-lunar-orbit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
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In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120005130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the estimated cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021|date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230181930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=[[CNBC]] |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717125549/https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan-3-cost-budget-isro-launch-july-14-space-lunar-mission-moon-landing-17222551.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=published |first=Mike Wall |date=2023-08-18 |title=India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up photos of moon ahead of landing try (video) |url=https://www.space.com/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-photos-august-2023 |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||