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#Redirect[[Manipur Kingdom]]
{{Short description|1110–1949 kingdom in South Asia, now Manipur state, India}}
{{about|the Kingdom|modern Indian political state|Manipur|the ancient coastal Hindu kingdom mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]|Manipur (Mahabharata)|other uses|Manipur (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{lang-mni|Meetei Leipak}}
| conventional_long_name = Manipur Kingdom
| common_name            = Manipur
| event_start            = Foundation of the [[Kangleipak]] Kingdom
| year_start            = 1110
| event1                = [[Protectorate]] of [[British Empire]]
| date_event1            = 1824
| event2                = [[Princely state]] of [[Indian Empire|India]]
| date_event2            = 1891
| event3                = Accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]
| date_event3            = 1947
| event_end              = Merged into the Indian Union
| year_end              = 1949
| p1                    = Early Seven Clan State
| s1                    = Manipur
| s2                    = Kabaw Valley
| flag_p1                = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_s1                = Flag of India.svg
| flag_s2                = Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg
| image_flag            = Flag of Manipur.svg
| image_coat            = In-29manipur.png
| image_map              = Bengal gazetteer 1907-9.jpg
| image_map_caption      = Manipur State in the ''[[Hicky's Bengal Gazette]]'' of 1907
| capital                = [[Imphal]]
|national_languages      = [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
| religion              = {{plainlist}}
* [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|30px]] [[Sanamahism]]
* Later: [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Vaishnavite Hinduism]]
| stat_year1            = 1941
| stat_area1            = 22372
| stat_pop1              = 512,069
| today                  = [[India]] <br /> [[Myanmar]]
}}
[[File:Hindoostan map 1814.jpg|thumb|270px|Map of Hindostan or India (1814) by Mathew Carey from the David Rumsey Collection of Historic Maps]]
[[File:Kangla3.jpg|thumb|270px|''Kangla Uttra Sanglen'' at the [[Kangla Fort]], former residence of the [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei kings]] of Manipur. The two statues of ''[[Kangla Sha]]'' ([[Meitei dragons|Meitei dragon]] lions) standing in front of the inner gate were destroyed after the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] of 1891 but have been restored by the [[Manipur Government]] in recent years.]]
[[File:Relief of Kohima 1880.JPG|thumb|270px|The princes of Manipur, Col. Johnstone, Thangal Major and the European officer in [[Kohima]] after relieving the fort from the siege of the [[Naga people|Nagas]], 1880]]
[[File:THE KOHIMA STONE INSCRIPTION ERECTED BY KING GAMBHIR SINGH OF MANIPUR KINGDOM AS THE TESTIMONY OF MEITEI DOMINANCE IN NAGALAND.jpg|thumb|270px|The Kohima Stone Inscription erected by [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Gambhir Singh]] ({{lang-mni|[[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba]]}}), the [[Maharaja]] of Manipur, as the testimony of [[Meitei people|Meitei Dominance]] of [[Nagaland]].]]
[[File:Manipuri Dance.jpg|thumb|270px|The [[Manipuri classical dance]] was developed by [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Rajarshi Bhagyachandra]] ({{lang-mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]}}), the [[Maharajah]] of Manipur.]]
[[File:Gambhirsingh.jpg|thumb|Raja [[Gambhir Singh]] (1788–1834) accepted British suzerainty in order to retrieve the kingdom from Burmese occupation]]
The '''Manipur Kingdom'''<ref>{{harvp|Sen|1992|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andaya|first1=Barbara Watson|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139051323|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|last2=Andaya|first2=Leonard Y.|date=2015-02-19|page=264|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139051323|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6}}</ref>
was an ancient independent kingdom<ref>{{Cite web|title=States Uts – Manipur – Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/manipur.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821082230/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/manipur.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2017|access-date=2021-05-16|website=knowindia.gov.in|quote= The independence and sovereignty of Manipur remained uninterrupted until the Burmese invaded and occupied it for seven years in the first quarter of the 19th century (1819-25).Then came British Paramountcy in 1891..}}</ref> at the India–Burma frontier<ref>{{Cite book|last=Somorjit|first=Wangam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhDvsgEACAAJ|title=Manipur: The Forgotten Nation of Southeast Asia|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium |isbn=978-81-926687-2-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fantz|first1=Paul R.|url=http://archive.org/details/nelumbo-2455-376x-37-1-4-001-037|title=Clitoria (Leguminosae) of South Eastern Asia|last2=Pradeep|first2=S. V.|date=1995|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>  that was in [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[Company Rule in India|East India Company]] from 1824, and became a [[princely state]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manipur |volume=17 |page=582}}</ref> It bordered [[Assam Province]] in the west and [[British Burma]] in the east, and in the 20th century covered an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and contained 467 villages. The capital of the state was [[Imphal]].
 
The early history of Manipur is composed of mythical narratives . The [[Kangla Fort]], located on the banks of the [[Imphal River]], is where the palace of King Pakhangba<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yuhlung|first=Cheithou|date=2013-08-28|title=The Identity of Pakhangpa: The Mystical Dragon-Python God of Chothe of Manipur|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2317260|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2317260 |ssrn=2317260}}</ref> was located. It was built in 1632 by king [[Khagemba]], who had defeated Chinese invaders. In the fort, a number of temples that had traditional religious significance are located. Kangla means "dry land" in the old [[Meitei language]].
 
== Kangleipak State ==
[[:simple:Loyumba Shinyen|Loyumba Shinyen]], the written constitution of Kangleipak was formally developed by King [[Loiyumba]] (1074–1121) in 1110 AD. He consolidated the kingdom by incorporating most of the principalities in the surrounding hills.<ref name="PT">Phanjoubam Tarapot, ''Bleeding Manipur'', Har Anand Publications (30 July 2007) {{ISBN|978-8124109021}}</ref> After subjugating all the villages within their valley Kangleipak kings grew in power and began a policy of expansion beyond their territory. In 1443 King Ningthoukhomba raided [[Akla]] (present day [[Tamu, Myanmar]]), an area ruled by [[Shan people]], initiating a policy of Manipuri claims to the neighbouring [[Kabaw Valley]].<ref name="PT"/>
The zenith of the Kangleipak State was reached under the rule of King [[Khagemba]] (1597–1652). Khagemba's brother Prince Shalungba was not happy about Khagemba's rule so he fled to the [[Taraf (Bengal)|Taraf]] where he allied with the local [[Bengali Muslim]] leaders. With a contingent of Bengali Muslim soldiers led by [[Muhammad Sani]], Shalungba then attempted to invade [[Manipur]] but the soldiers were captured and made to work as labourers in Manipur. These soldiers married local [[Meitei people|Meitei women]] and adapted to the [[Meitei language]]. They introduced [[hookah]] to Manipur and founded the [[Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslim community).<ref name=back>{{cite book|first=Rajmohan|last=Nath|title=The back-ground of Assamese culture|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984/page/n137 90]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126984|year=1948|publisher=A. K. Nath}}</ref>  It is claimed that Manipur learned the art of making gunpowder from the Chinese merchants who visited the state around 1630 and had started making rockets named ''Meikappi'' by the early 18th century.{{sfn|Laichen|2003|pp=505-506}}
 
== Manipur State ==
[[File:Depiction of the Puya Mei Thaba (Burning of the Meitei texts) ordered by Meitei King Pamheiba (AKA Garib Niwaj or Gopal Singh) under the influence of Bengali Hindu missionary Shantidas Gosai (AKA Shantidas Goswami or Shantidas Adhikari).jpg|thumb|300px|Depiction of the burning of the texts written in [[Meitei script]] so as to replace it with [[Bengali script]] for writing [[Meitei language]] afterwards, ordered by Hinduised Meitei King [[Pamheiba]] (alias [[Pamheiba|Garib Niwaj]]) under the influence of Bengali Hindu missionary [[Shantidas Gosai]]]]
In 1714, King [[Pamheiba]] was initiated into [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] by [[Shantidas Gosai]], a [[Bengali Hindu]] from [[Sylhet]]. He made the [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] faith the [[state religion]], replacing [[Meitei religion]], made the [[Meitei language]] (aka [[Manipuri language]]) written in [[Bengali script]], destroying many documents of [[Meitei language]] written in [[Meitei script]] and changed his name to Garib Niwaj. In 1724, the [[Sanskrit]] name ''Manipur'' ({{translation|the City of Jewels}}) was adopted as the name of the state, to make the realm eponymous with [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipura of the Mahabharata]]. King Garib Niwaj made several incursions into [[Burma]], but made no permanent conquest. After the death of Gharib Nawaz in 1754, Manipur was occupied by the [[Kingdom of Burma]] and the Meitei king [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagyachandra]] ({{lang-mni|[[Ching-Thang Khomba]]}}) sought help from the British, but when the British refused help he went to Ahom King [[Rajeswar Singha]] who sent a force of 40,000 under Haranath Senapati Phukan to free Manipur.<ref>{{cite book |title=Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah |pages=296–297}}</ref> A treaty of alliance was negotiated in 1762 and a military force was sent to assist Manipur. The force was later recalled and then the state was left to its own devices.<ref name="IGI">{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_192.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 17, page 186 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library |access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Manipur was invaded at the onset of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], together with [[Cachar]] and [[Assam Province|Assam]].
 
==British protectorate==
Following the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasions]], in 1824 the king of Manipur [[Gambhir Singh]] (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) asked the British for help and the request was granted. [[Sepoy]]s and artillery were sent and British officers trained a levy of Manipuri troops for the battles that ensued. After the Burmese were expelled, the Kabaw Valley down to the [[Ningthi River]] was added to the state.<ref name="IGI"/>
In 1824–1826, on the conclusion of the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]],  Manipur became a [[British protectorate]].<ref>
{{citation |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |title=The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxStCwAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34004-1 |pages=3–4}}: "After comprehensively defeating the Burmese in 1826 in Assam and Manipur, and the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo, the British annexed Assam, but allowed Manipur to remain a protectorate state."
</ref>
 
Manipur remained relatively peaceful and prosperous until King Gambhir Singh's death in 1834. When he died his son was only one year old and his uncle [[Nara Singh]] was appointed as regent. That same year the British decided to restore the Kabaw Valley to the [[Kingdom of Burma]], which had never been happy about the loss. A compensation was paid to Raja of Manipur in the form of an annual allowance of [[Rupee|Rs]] 6,370 and a [[Residencies of British India|British residency]] was established in Imphal, the only town of the state, in 1835 to facilitate communication between the British and the rulers of Manipur.<ref name="IGI"/>
 
After a thwarted attempt on his life, Nara Singh took power and held the throne until his death in 1850.
His brother [[Debindro Singh|Devendra Singh]] was given the title of Raja by the British, but he was unpopular. After only three months [[Maharaja Chandrakriti|Chandrakirti Singh]] invaded Manipur and rose to the throne, while Devendra Singh fled to Cachar. Numerous members of the royal family tried to overthrow Chandrakirti Singh, but none of the rebellions was successful. In 1879, when British Deputy Commissioner G.H. Damant was killed by an [[Angami Naga]] party, the king of Manipur assisted the British by sending troops to neighbouring [[Kohima]]. Following this service to the crown, Chandrakirti Singh was rewarded with the [[Order of the Star of India]].
 
After Maharaja Chandrakriti's death in 1886 his son [[Maharaja Surchandra|Surachandra Singh]] succeeded him. As in previous occasions, several claimants to the throne tried to overthrow the new king. The first three attempts were defeated, but in 1890, following an attack on the palace by Tikendrajit and Kulachandra Singh, two of the king's brothers, Surachandra Singh announced his intention to abdicate and left Manipur for Cachar. [[Kulachandra Singh]], the king's younger brother, then rose to the throne while [[Tikendrajit|Tikendrajit Singh]], an older brother and commander of the Manipuri armed forces, held the real power behind the scenes. Meanwhile, Surachandra Singh, once safely away from Manipur appealed to the British for help to recover the throne.<ref name="IGI"/>
 
===The 'Manipur Expedition'===
 
{{main|Anglo-Manipur War}}
The British decided to recognise Juvraj Kulachandra Singh as Raja, and to send a military expedition of 400 men to Manipur to punish Senapati Tikendrajit Singh as the main person responsible for the unrest and the dynastic disturbances. This action and the violent events that followed are known in British annals as the 'Manipur Expedition, 1891',<ref>Ian F.W. Beckett, ''Victoria's Wars'', Shire, {{ISBN|978-0747803881}}, p. 62</ref> while in Manipur they are known as the 'Anglo-Manipur War of 1891'.
 
The British attempt to remove Tikendrajit from his position as military commander (Senapati) and arrest him on 24 March 1891 caused a great stir. The British Residency in Imphal was attacked and the Chief Commissioner for Assam [[James Wallace Quinton|J.W. Quinton]], Col. Sken, the British Resident and other British officials were murdered. In the middle of the unrest [[Ethel Grimwood|Ethel St Clair Grimwood]], the widow of Frank St Clair Grimmond, the killed British Resident, was credited with leading a retreat of surviving [[sepoy]]s out of Manipur to Cachar.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Grimwood [née Moore; other married name Miller], Ethel Brabazon [pseud. Ethel St Clair Grimwood] (1867–1928), the heroine of Manipur|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-101006|access-date=2020-10-11|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/101006|last1=Reynolds|first1=K. D.}}</ref> She was later lauded as a hero.<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/grimwood/manipur/manipur.html Ethel St. Clair Grimwood, ''My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny'' (fl.1891)]</ref>) A 5,000 strong punitive expedition was sent against Manipur on 27 April 1891. Three British columns entered Manipur from [[British Burma]], Cachar and the Naga Hills, which after several skirmishes with the 3,000 men strong Manipuri army, managed to pacify the kingdom. Following the British attack Senapati Tikendrajit and young king Kulachandra fled, but were captured. The Senapati and those Manipuris who had been involved in the killing of the British officers were tried and hanged, while the deposed King Kulachandra and other leaders of the rebellion were sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]]. At this time until 22 September 1891, Manipur was briefly [[annexation|annexed]] to [[British India]] by virtue of the [[doctrine of lapse]]. On 22 September 1891 when [[Meidingngu Churachand]] (Churachandra), a 5-year-old boy, was put on the throne, power was restored nominally to the Manipuri crown over the state. During the dynastic disturbances and the British intervention the Naga and [[Kuki people|Kuki]] hill tribes of the state lapsed into lawlessness, with numerous instances of murder and arson in the mountain villages, a situation that lasted well into 1894.<ref name="IGI"/>
 
===The 20th century: Twilight and end of the princely state===
 
The child ruler Churachand belonged to a side branch of the Manipur royal family, so that all the main contenders to the throne were bypassed. While he was a minor the affairs of state were administered by the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]], which facilitated the introduction and implementation of reforms. The first paved road to Manipur was inaugurated in 1900 —until then there had been no proper roads to reach the kingdom— and this improvement in communication facilitated a visit by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon]] in 1901.
Raja Churachand was formally declared king in 1907 after completing education in [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]].<ref name="IGI"/>
In 1918 he was given the privilege to use the title '[[Maharaja]]' and during his reign Manipur enjoyed a period of relative peace and prosperity. In 1934 king Churachand was [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Knighthood|knighted]] by the British, becoming Sir Churachandra Singh.<ref name="WSt">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html|title=Indian Princely States K-Z|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
 
Between March 1944 and July 1944 part of Manipur and the [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] of Assam Province were occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]. The capital Imphal was shelled on 10 May 1944.
 
The last ruler of the Kingdom of Manipur was Maharaja [[Bodhchandra Singh]]. He ruled between 1941 and 1949.
 
==Incorporation into India==
On 14 August 1947, with the lapse of paramountcy of the British Crown, Manipur became briefly "independent" in the sense that it was free of control from the Governor of Assam, which may be regarded as reversion to political autonomy that existed before 1891.<ref name="routledge.com">{{Cite book |last=Subramanian |first=K. S. |url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Policy-and-Conflicts-in-Northeast-India/Subramanian/p/book/9780815393009 |title=State, Policy and Conflicts in Northeast India |website= |publisher=Routledge & CRC Press |pages=31–32 |language= |chapter= |access-date=}}</ref><ref name=Akoijam>{{citation |first=A. Bimol |last=Akoijam |title=How History Repeats Itself |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |number=30 |date=28 July 2001 |pages=2807–2812 |jstor=4410908 |ref={{sfnref|Akoijam, How History Repeats Itself|2001}}}}</ref><ref name=Banerjee/> However, the Maharaja had signed the [[Instrument of Accession]] on 11 August 1947, ceding the three subjects of defence, external affairs and communication to the Union of India.<ref name="routledge.com"/><ref>{{citation|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzjbCgAAQBAJ&dq=Manipur+instrument+of+accession&pg=PA169|year=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=169|isbn = 9781317270669|access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=CIRCA>{{citation |title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |year=2018 |publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA |id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ |page=26 |ref={{sfnref|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur|2018}}}}: "Before the controversial merger, both Manipur and India were bound by the Instrument of Accession (IOA) which the King of Manipur signed on 11 August 1947. The IOA was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten on 16 August 1947 vide Home Department, Government of India file no A-1/1/1947. Subsequently, the Manipur State Council approved the IOA in its meeting held on 22 August 1947 Vide Memo No. 383 PTI Reference Council Minutes Part I of 11-8-1947. The execution of the Instrument of Accession was published in the Manipur State Gazette on 27 August 1947."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|chapter=6 |page=139}}; See Chapter 2 for the limitations of sovereignty under the colonial regime.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Instrument of Accession of the State of Manipur |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Instrument_of_Accession_and_Standstill_Agreement_of_Manipur_to_Dominion_of_India.pdf |website=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> A '[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]' was enacted, giving the state its own constitution, although this did not become known in other parts of India owing to the relative isolation of the kingdom.<ref name=Banerjee>{{citation |first=S. K. |last=Banerjee |title=Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=19 |number=1 |date=January–March 1958 |pages=35–38 |jstor=42748891 |ref={{sfnref|Banerjee, Man Aipur State Constitution Act|1958}}}}</ref> The Government of India did not recognize the Constitution.{{sfnp|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|loc=Chapter 6, p.&nbsp;139}}
 
On 21 September 1949, the Maharaja was coerced to sign a Merger Agreement with the Union of India, to take effect on 15 October the same year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haokip |first1=Thongkholal |title=Political Integration of Northeast India: A Historical Analysis |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=304–314 |issn=0970-0161 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.646508 |s2cid=153661583 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Political Integration of Northeast India|2012}}}}: "The Maharajah of Manipur was invited to Shillong in September 1949 for talks on integration.... The Maharaja was placed under house arrest and debarred from any communication with the outside world. The Maharaja was thus forced to sign the ‘Merger Agreement’ with India on September 21, 1949, and Manipur became a 'Part-C state' of the Indian Union."</ref> As a result of the agreement, the Manipur State merged into the Indian Union as a [[Part C State]] (similar to a [[Chief Commissioner's Province]] under the colonial regime or a [[Union Territory]] in the present Indian structure), to be governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. The representative assembly of Manipur was abolished.<ref name="RCGu">{{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |publisher=Pan Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0330396110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29lXtwoeA44C |at=Section 13.V |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2008}}}}</ref>
 
Unhappy with the central rule, [[Rishang Keishing]] began a movement for representative government in Manipur in 1954. The Indian home minister, however, declared that the time was not yet ripe for the creation of representative assemblies in Part C States such as Manipur and [[Tripura]], stating that they were located in strategic border areas of India, that the people were politically backward and that the administration in those states was still weak.<ref name="RCGu"/> However, it was given a substantial measure of local self-government under the Territorial Councils Act of 1956, a legislative body and council of ministers in 1963, and [[Manipur|full statehood]] in 1972.{{sfnp|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996|p=68}}
 
==Rulers==
{{main|List of Meitei kings}}
The rulers of Manipur state were entitled to an 11-[[gun salute]] by the British authorities. The present dynasty began in 1714.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html|title=MANIPUR|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112924/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manipur.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
*1709–1754 [[Pamheiba|Gharib Nawaz]] (Pamheiba) (d. 1754)
*1754–1756 [[Chitsai|Bharat Shah]] (Chitsai)
*1756–1764 [[Gaurisiam|Guru Sham]] (Gaurisiam) (d. 1764)
*1764–1798 [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Jai Singh (Bhagya Chandra)]]
*1798–1801 [[Rohinchandra]] (Harshachandra Singh) (d. 1801)
*1801–1806 [[Maduchandra Singh]] (d. 1806)
*1806–1812 [[Charajit Singh]] (d. 1812)
*1812–1819 [[Marjit Singh]] (d. 1824)
 
=== Rajas under Burmese rule ===
There were two feudatory kings during the time of the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasions]].
*1819–1823 Shubol
*1823–1825 Pitambara Singh
 
=== Rajas under British protection ===
*26 Jun 1825 – 9 January 1834 [[Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba|Gambhir Singh]] (d. 1834)
*1834–1844 Nara Singh – Regent (d. 1850)
*1844 – 10 April 1850 [[Nara Singh]] (s.a.)
*1850 (3 months) [[Debindro Singh|Devendra Singh]] (d. 1871)
*1850 – May 1886 [[Maharaja Chandrakriti|Chandrakirti Singh]] (s.a.) (b. 1831 – d. 1886) (from 18 February 1880, Sir Chandrakirti Singh)
*1886 – 24 September 1890 [[Maharaja Surchandra|Surachandra Singh]] (d. 1891)
*24 Sep 1890 – 19 April 1891 [[Kulachandra Singh]] (b. 18.. – d. 1934)
*19 Apr 1891 – 18 September 1891 ''[[Interregnum]]''
*18 Sep 1891 – 1918 [[Churachandra Singh]] (b. 1885 – d. 1941)
 
=== Maharajas ===
*1918 – Sep 1941 Sir Churachandra Singh (s.a.) (from 1 January 1934, Sir Churachandra Singh)
*Sep 1941 – 15 October 1949 [[Bodhchandra Singh]] (b. 1909 – d. 1955)
 
===British administrators===
 
;Political agents:
The [[Agencies of British India|Political agents]] were subordinated to the [[Chief Commissioner of Assam|Chief Commissioner]] of Assam (Lieutenant Governor of East Bengal and Assam during 1905–1912)
<!---all need [[WP:RS]] per [[WP:NLIST]] & [[WP:LISTPEOPLE]]--->
*1835–1844 George Gordon{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
*1844–1863 William McCulloch (1st time)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Dictionary_of_National_Biography_volume_35.djvu/27|title = Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 35.djvu/27 - Wikisource, the free online library}}</ref>
*1863–1865 Dillon {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
*1865–1867 William McCulloch (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1867–1875 Robert Brown {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
*1875–1877 Guybon Henry Damant (acting)
*1877–1886 Sir James Johnstone{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}
*1886 (6 weeks) Trotter (acting)
*25 Mar 1886 – 21 April 1886 Walter Haiks (acting)
*1886 – 24 April 1891 St. Clair Grimwood (d. 1891)
*1891 Sir [[Henry Collett]] (British commander)
*1891–1893 H.St.P. John Maxwell (1st time)
*1893–1895 Alexander Porteous (1st time)
*1895–1896 H.St.P. John Maxwell (2nd time)
*1896–1898 Henry Walter George Cole (1st time) (acting)
*1898–1899 Alexander Porteous (2nd time)
*1899–1902 H.St.P. John Maxwell (3rd time)
*1902–1904 Albert Edward Woods
*1904–1905 H.St.P. John Maxwell (4th time)
*1905–1908 John Shakespear (1st time)
*1908–1909 A.W. Davis
*1909–1914 John Shakespear (2nd time)
*1914–1917 Henry Walter George Cole (2nd time) (s.a.){{clarify|date=September 2015}}
*1917–1918 John Comyn Higgins (1st time)
*1918–1920 William Alexander Cosgrave
*1920–1922 L.O. Clarke (1st time)
*1922 [[Christopher Gimson]] (1st time) (acting)
*1922–1924 L.O. Clarke (2nd time)
*1924–1928 John Comyn Higgins (2nd time) (s.a.)
*12 Mar 1928 – 23 November 1928 C.G. Crawford
*1928–1933 John Comyn Higgins (3rd time) (s.a.)
*1933–1938 [[Christopher Gimson]] (2nd time) (s.a.)
*1938–1941 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (1st time) (Japanese prisoner 1941–45)
*1941–1946 [[Christopher Gimson]] (3rd time) (s.a.)
*Dec 1946 – 14 August 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (2nd time)
 
=== Indian administration ===
;Political agents:
The [[Agencies of British India|Indian Agents]] were subordinated to the [[Governor of Assam]].
* 15 August 1947 – 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (s.a.){{sfnp|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|pp=139–140}}
* 1947–1948 Shri Debeswar Sharma{{sfnp|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|pp=139–140}}
 
;Dewans:
The Dewans were representing the [[Governor of Assam]].
*1948 – 16 April 1949 Maharaj Kumar Priyobrata Singh (s.a.){{sfnp|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|pp=139–140}}
*16 Apr 1949 – 15 October 1949 Rawal Amar Singh{{sfnp|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011|pp=141–142}}
 
==Flags==
The State of Manipur had a set of two flags, a white one and a red one. All featured the Pakhangba dragon in the centre, although not as prominently in the latter flags.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-manip.html|title=Manipur|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:In manipur3.gif|thumb|230px|White flag with coat of arms (1907–1949)]]
|[[File:Flag of Manipur.svg|thumb|230px|Red flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)]]
|[[File:In manipur1.gif|thumb|230px|White flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)]]
|}
 
==See also==
*[[History of Manipur]]
*[[Manipur State Constitution Act 1947]]
*[[Meitei inscriptions]]
*[[Ningthouja dynasty]]
*[[Meitei mythology]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal|last=Laichen|first=Sun|title=Military Technology Transfers from Ming China and the Emergence of Northern Mainland Southeast Asia (c. 1390-1527)|date=2003|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=34|issue=3|pages=495–517|jstor=20072535|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0022463403000456 |s2cid=162422482 |url=http://ruhm.es/index.php/RUHM/article/view/808 }}
* {{citation |last=Agnihotri |first=S. K. |chapter=Constitutional Development in North-East India since 1947 |editor1=B. Datta-Ray |editor2=S. P. Agrawal  |title=Reorganization of North-East India Since 1947 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v44gVIFltgQC&pg=PA69 |year=1996 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-577-5 |pages=57–92 |ref={{sfnref|Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Haorongbam Sudhirkumar |title=Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 1934–51 |journal=INFLIBNET |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University/Shodhganga |year=2011 |hdl=10603/121665 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/121665 |ref={{sfnref|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur|2011}}}}
* L. Joychandra Singh, ''The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur'', Prajatantra Publishing House, 1995.
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sipra |title=Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography |year=1992 |publisher=[[Mittal Publications]] |isbn=81-7099-310-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&q=Brahmins+in+manipur&pg=PA68}}
 
== External links ==
 
* [http://164.100.47.4/billstexts/lsbilltexts/asintroduced/91_1956_Eng_LS.pdf Territorial Councils Act, 1956], Lok Sabha Bills, retrieved 25 November 2020.
*[http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Essays.Puya_Meithaba_The_Date_Controversy_By_Chabungbam_Amuba Puya – Meithaba: The Date Controversy]
*[http://kangleipakima.blogspot.com/2012/11/seven-clans-flag-of-manipurkangleipak.html Seven clans of Manipur]
{{coord|24|49|N|93|57|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
* {{Cite book|last=Government of Manipur|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125717|title=Manipur Gazette, 1949, January–June|pages=1–5|date=1949}}
* [https://www.fotw.info/flags/in-mu.html|title= Hosting sites of FOTW], National Flag
 
{{Princely states of India}}
 
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:History of Manipur]]
[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Northeast India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:History of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1110 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]
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