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{{for|the [[official script]]s of the Brahmic family approved by the [[Government of India]]|Official scripts of the Indian Republic}} | {{for|the [[official script]]s of the Brahmic family approved by the [[Government of India]]|Official scripts of the Indian Republic}} | ||
{{Short description|Family of abugida writing systems}} | {{Short description|Family of abugida writing systems}} | ||
{{more citations needed}} | {{more citations needed|date=January 2023}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English}} | {{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}} | ||
{{Writing systems worldwide}} | {{Writing systems worldwide}} | ||
{{Brahmic}} | {{Brahmic}} | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
Brahmic scripts descended from the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi script]]. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of [[Ashoka]], who used the script [[Edicts of Ashoka|for imperial edicts]], but there are some | Brahmic scripts descended from the [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi script]]. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 3rd century BCE during the reign of [[Ashoka]], who used the script [[Edicts of Ashoka|for imperial edicts]], but there are some [[Early Indian epigraphy|earlier epigraphy]] found on pottery in Porunthal in [[Kongu Nadu]] and in [[Sri Lanka]]. The short Brahmi inscriptions dated to the 6th century BCE from Porunthal<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Tamil-Brahmi (Tamili) Pottery Shards of Tamil Nadu A Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341285878_Tamil-Brahmi_Tamili_Pottery_Shards_of_Tamil_Nadu_A_Study |journal=www.researchgate.net}}</ref> in Kongu Nadu and the Sri Lankan Anuradhapura inscription from the 4th century BCE and published by [[Robin Coningham|Coningham]] et al. (1996).<ref name="Coningham 1996">{{Cite journal |first1=R. A. E. |last1=Coningham |first2=F. R. |last2=Allchin |first3=C. M. |last3=Batt |first4=D. |last4=Lucy |title=Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/passage-to-india-anuradhapura-and-the-early-use-of-the-brahmi-script/DAAA2514FB08E1DDE3FAFF2171AB097B |journal=[[Cambridge Archaeological Journal]] |volume=6 |number=1 |date=April 1996|pages=73–97| doi=10.1017/S0959774300001608 |s2cid=161465267 }}</ref> | ||
<!--scattered press reports{{huh}}{{verify credibility}} have claimed both dates as early as the 6th century BCE and that the characters are identifiably [[Tamil Brahmi]], though these latter claims do not appear to have been published academically. --> | <!--scattered press reports{{huh}}{{verify credibility}} have claimed both dates as early as the 6th century BCE and that the characters are identifiably [[Tamil Brahmi]], though these latter claims do not appear to have been published academically. --> | ||
Northern Brahmi gave rise to the [[Gupta script]] during the [[Gupta period]], which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|medieval period]]. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]], [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] and [[Sharada script|Sharada]]. | Northern Brahmi gave rise to the [[Gupta script]] during the [[Gupta period]], which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|medieval period]]. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]], [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddham]] and [[Sharada script|Sharada]]. | ||
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===Historical=== | ===Historical=== | ||
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and [[Tamil Brahmi|southern Brahmi]]. In the northern group, the [[Gupta script]] was very influential, and in the southern group the [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu]] and [[Kadamba script|Kadamba]]/[[Pallava script|Pallava]] scripts with the [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|spread of Buddhism]] sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.{{Citation needed}} | The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and [[Tamil Brahmi|southern Brahmi]]. In the northern group, the [[Gupta script]] was very influential, and in the southern group the [[Vatteluttu alphabet|Vatteluttu]] and [[Kadamba script|Kadamba]]/[[Pallava script|Pallava]] scripts with the [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|spread of Buddhism]] sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}} | ||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-family:Arial; text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-family:Arial; text-align:center;" | ||
| Line 853: | Line 853: | ||
**** [[Multani script|Multani]] | **** [[Multani script|Multani]] | ||
*** [[Takri script|Takri]] | *** [[Takri script|Takri]] | ||
**** [[Takri_script#Varieties|Chamba]] | |||
**** [[Dogri script|Dogri]] | **** [[Dogri script|Dogri]] | ||
**** [[Sirmauri script|Sirmauri]] | **** [[Sirmauri script|Sirmauri]] | ||
| Line 864: | Line 865: | ||
***** [[Sylheti Nagari]] | ***** [[Sylheti Nagari]] | ||
*** [[Kamarupi script|Kamarupi]] | *** [[Kamarupi script|Kamarupi]] | ||
**** [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sproat |first=Richard |title=Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr |journal=Written Language and Literacy |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr |issn=1387-6732}}</ref> | **** [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sproat |first=Richard |date=2006-07-20 |title=Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr |journal=Written Language and Literacy |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=45–66 |doi=10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr |issn=1387-6732}}</ref> | ||
*** [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]] | *** [[Gaudi script|Gaudi]] | ||
**** [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)]] | **** [[Bengali–Assamese script|Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)]] | ||
| Line 978: | Line 979: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Ahom script|Ahom]] | | [[Ahom script|Ahom]] | ||
| [[Burmese script|Burmese]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Shan Manuscripts, Part 1 |last1=Terwiel |last2=Khamdaengyodtai |page=13}}</ref> | | [[Burmese script|Burmese]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Shan Manuscripts, Part 1 |last1=Terwiel |last2=Khamdaengyodtai |date=2003 |page=13}}</ref> | ||
| data-sort-value="1200"|13th century | | data-sort-value="1200"|13th century | ||
| Extinct [[Ahom language]] | | Extinct [[Ahom language]] | ||
| Line 1,012: | Line 1,013: | ||
| [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] | | [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] | ||
| data-sort-value="1000"|11th century | | data-sort-value="1000"|11th century | ||
| [[Angika]], [[Assamese language]] ([[Assamese alphabet|Assamese script]] variant), [[Bengali language]] ([[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] variant), [[Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya]], [[ | | [[Angika]], [[Assamese language]] ([[Assamese alphabet|Assamese script]] variant), [[Bengali language]] ([[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]] variant), [[Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meitei language]] (constitutionally termed as "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]")<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref> | ||
| Beng | | Beng | ||
| data-sort-value="2432" | U+0980–U+09FF | | data-sort-value="2432" | U+0980–U+09FF | ||
| Line 1,071: | Line 1,072: | ||
| [[Gupta script|Gupta]] | | [[Gupta script|Gupta]] | ||
| data-sort-value="-9999"| Before 6th-8th century<!-- dummy value for period of derivation --> | | data-sort-value="-9999"| Before 6th-8th century<!-- dummy value for period of derivation --> | ||
| Was used to write the [[Maldivian language]] up until the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18016r-dives-akuru.pdf|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref> | | Was used to write the [[Maldivian language]] up until the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18016r-dives-akuru.pdf|date=2018-01-23|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref> | ||
| Diak | | Diak | ||
| data-sort-value="71936" | U+11900–U+1195F | | data-sort-value="71936" | U+11900–U+1195F | ||
| Line 1,079: | Line 1,080: | ||
| [[Takri script|Takri]] | | [[Takri script|Takri]] | ||
| data-sort-value="-9999"| <!-- dummy value for period of derivation --> | | data-sort-value="-9999"| <!-- dummy value for period of derivation --> | ||
| Was used to write [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.<ref name="L215234">{{cite web|title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref> | | Was used to write [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.<ref name="L215234">{{cite web|title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf|date=2015-11-04|first=Anshuman|last=Pandey}}</ref> | ||
| Dogr | | Dogr | ||
| data-sort-value="71680" | U+11800–U+1184F | | data-sort-value="71680" | U+11800–U+1184F | ||
| Line 1,245: | Line 1,246: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Meitei script|Meetei Mayek]] | | [[Meitei script|Meetei Mayek]] | ||
| [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]{{vn}} | | [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]{{vn|date=January 2023}} | ||
| data-sort-value="-9999"|6th century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Manipur%208th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20Manipur&pg=PA142 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=142 |language=en |quote=The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet. }}</ref> | | data-sort-value="-9999"|6th century<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Manipur%208th%20century%20copper%20plate%20inscription%20Manipur&pg=PA142 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=142 |language=en |quote=The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet. }}</ref> | ||
| officially used for [[Meitei language]] (constitutionally termed as "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date= |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref> | | officially used for [[Meitei language]] (constitutionally termed as "[[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"<ref>{{Cite web |title=GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 |url=http://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=658 |access-date= |website=manipurgovtpress.nic.in}}</ref> | ||
| Mtei | | Mtei | ||
| Line 1,342: | Line 1,343: | ||
| [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] | | [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] | ||
| [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 379.</ref> | | [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 379.</ref> | ||
| data-sort-value="300"|4th century<ref name="diringer">{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |page=389}}</ref> | | data-sort-value="300"|4th century<ref name="diringer">{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |date=1948 |page=389}}</ref> | ||
| [[Sinhala language]] | | [[Sinhala language]] | ||
| Sinh | | Sinh | ||
| Line 1,421: | Line 1,422: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] | | [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] | ||
| [[Khmer script|Khmer]] | | [[Old Khmer script|Old Khmer]] | ||
| data-sort-value="1200"|13th century | | data-sort-value="1200"|13th century | ||
| [[Thai language]] | | [[Thai language]] | ||
| Line 1,457: | Line 1,458: | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/aksharamukha Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts] | * [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/aksharamukha Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts] | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224070409/http://www.bhashaindia.com/developers/MSTech/indicsupport/index.aspx Windows Indic Script Support] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051224070409/http://www.bhashaindia.com/developers/MSTech/indicsupport/index.aspx Windows Indic Script Support] | ||
* [https://r12a.github.io/scripts/indic-overview/ An Introduction to Indic Scripts] | * [https://r12a.github.io/scripts/indic-overview/ An Introduction to Indic Scripts] | ||
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/sa_ws.html South Asian Writing Systems] | * [http://www.ancientscripts.com/sa_ws.html South Asian Writing Systems] | ||
* [http://www.languagetype.com Enhanced Indic Transliterator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171405/http://www.languagetype.com/ }} Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages. | * [http://www.languagetype.com Enhanced Indic Transliterator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171405/http://www.languagetype.com/ |date=8 April 2017 }} Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages. | ||
* [http://vikku.info/indian-language-unicode-converter/index.html Indian Transliterator] A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts. | * [http://vikku.info/indian-language-unicode-converter/index.html Indian Transliterator] A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts. | ||
* [http://brahmiscript.googlepages.com/ Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor] | * [http://brahmiscript.googlepages.com/ Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor] | ||
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm/ Brahmi Script] | * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm/ Brahmi Script] | ||
* [http://kbcs.in/projects.html Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages] | * [http://kbcs.in/projects.html Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages] | ||
* [http://padma.mozdev.org/ Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001172317/http://padma.mozdev.org/ }} – a [[Firefox]] add-on | * [http://padma.mozdev.org/ Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001172317/http://padma.mozdev.org/ |date=1 October 2019 }} – a [[Firefox]] add-on | ||
{{Writing systems}} | {{Writing systems}} | ||