14th Dalai Lama: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Spiritual leader of Tibet since 1940}}

{{Infobox royalty

*[[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|5th Reting Rinpoche]] (1934–1941)

*[[3rd Taktra Rinpoche]] (1941–1950)

| succession1  = Head of the Tibetan Administration for Tibetans-in-exile

| reign-type1  = In office

| reign-type2  = In office

| reign2      = 10 March 1963 – 13 June 1991

| predecessor3 = ''Office established''

| successor3  = [[Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama|10th Panchen Lama]] (acting)

| reign-type4  = In office

| mother      = [[Diki Tsering]]

| birth_name  = Lhamo Thondup

| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1935|7|6|df=y}}

| signature    = Dalai Lama's Signature.svg

}}

{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

== Early life and background ==

He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister [[Tsering Dolma]], was sixteen years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The 14th Dalai Lama|last=Stewart|first=Whitney|date=2000|publisher=Lerner Publications Co|isbn=0-8225-9691-1|location=Minneapolis|oclc=44627126}}</ref> She would accompany him into exile and found [[Tibetan Children's Villages]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kundun : une biographie du Dalaï-Lama et de sa famille|last=Craig|first=Mary|date=1998|publisher=Presses du Châtelet|others=Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho, Dalai Lama XIV, 1935–, Vidonne, François|isbn=2-911217-33-0|location=[S.l.]|oclc=40821251}}</ref> His eldest brother, [[Thupten Jigme Norbu]], had been recognised at the age of three by the [[13th Dalai Lama]] as the reincarnation of the high [[Lama]], the 6th [[Taktser Rinpoche]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gittings|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|title=Obituary:Thubten Jigme Norbu|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 September 2008|access-date=13 October 2021|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810130435/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/08/tibet|url-status=live}}</ref> His fifth brother, [[Tendzin Choegyal]], had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} His sister, [[Jetsun Pema (activist)|Jetsun Pema]], spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken [[Xining]] language which was (a [[varieties of Chinese|dialect of]]) the [[Central Plains Mandarin|Chinese language]]", a form of [[Central Plains Mandarin]], and his family speak neither [[Amdo Tibetan]] nor [[Lhasa Tibetan]].<ref>Thomas Laird, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations With the Dalai Lama''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301214917/https://books.google.com/books?id=NH5vuMA7LYcC |date=1 March 2020 }}, p. 262 (2007) "At that time in my village", he said, "we spoke a broken Chinese. As a child, I spoke Chinese first, but it was a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language." "So your first language", I responded, "was a broken Chinese regional dialect, which we might call Xining Chinese. It was not Tibetan. You learned Tibetan when you came to Lhasa." "Yes", he answered, "that is correct{{nbsp}}..."</ref><ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |title = The economist, Volume 390, Issues 8618–8624 |year = 2009 |publisher = Economist Newspaper Ltd. |page = 144 |access-date = 14 August 2015 |archive-date = 3 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103010505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ub8aAQAAMAAJ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 Politically incorrect tourism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053755/http://www.economist.com/node/13184937 |date=6 March 2016 }}, ''The Economist'', 26 February 2009: "When the Dalai Lama was born, the region, regarded by Tibetans as part of Amdo, a province of their historic homeland, was under the control of a Muslim warlord, Ma Bufang. The Dalai Lama and his family didn't learn Tibetan until they moved to Lhasa in 1939."</ref>

After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management{{efn|{{lang-zh|管理喇嘛寺廟條例}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |trans-title=Regulations on the Management of Lama Temples |wslink=管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date= 1935 |language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |script-title=zh:廢 管理喇嘛寺廟條例 |date=11 June 1992 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |trans-title=Abolish the Regulations on Management of Lama Temples |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070222/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100005 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas{{efn|{{lang-zh|喇嘛轉世辦法}}}}<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Lama reincarnation method |wslink=喇嘛轉世辦法 |date= 1936|language=zh |wslanguage=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |script-title=zh:廢 喇嘛轉世辦法 |trans-title=Abolish the method of reincarnation |date=20 February 1993 |website=Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810070220/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0100011 |url-status=live }}</ref> was published by the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the [[Golden Urn]] system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the [[sitting-in-the-bed]] ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. This article echoes what the [[Qianlong Emperor]] described in [[The Discourse of Lama]] to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas.<ref>去转生一族之私</ref> Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama.

The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of [[Taktser]] stood right on the "real border" between the region of [[Amdo]] and China.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 262–263.</ref> According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old [[Buddhist prayer beads|mala]] that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the [[13th Dalai Lama]] and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.<ref>Laird 2006, pp. 265–266.</ref>

[[File:DLHaus.jpg|thumb|House where the 14th Dalai Lama was born in [[Taktser]], [[Amdo]]]]

Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army.<ref>Richardson 1984, pp. 152–153.</ref> Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.<ref name=laird267>Laird 2006, p. 267.</ref> The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.<ref name=laird267 /><ref name=rich153>Richardson 1984, p. 153.</ref> The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.<ref name=rich153 />

The Dalai Lama, whose name means "Ocean of Wisdom," is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, "The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master;"  Kundun, "The Presence;" and Yizhin Norbu, "The Wish-Fulfilling Gem." His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him ''His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', the [[style (manner of address)|style]] employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including [[Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen|Reting Rinpoche]], Tathag Rinpoche, [[Ling Rinpoche]] and lastly [[Trijang Rinpoche]], who became junior tutor when he was nineteen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lama|first1=Dalai |title = Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama. |url=https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta|url-access=registration|date = 1990 |publisher = HarperCollins|location=New York, NY |isbn = 0-06-039116-2 |page = [https://archive.org/details/freedominexileau00bsta/page/18 18]|edition=1st}}</ref> At the age of 11 he met the [[Austrians|Austrian]] mountaineer [[Heinrich Harrer]], who became his [[videographer]] and tutor about the world outside [[Lhasa]]. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.<ref>{{cite video |people = Peter Graves (host) |date = 26 April 2005 |title = Dalai Lama: Soul of Tibet |publisher = [[A&E Television Networks]]|time=08:00}}</ref>

== Life as the Dalai Lama ==

Historically the Dalai Lamas or their [[regent]]s held political and religious leadership over [[Tibet]] from [[Lhasa]] with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the [[5th Dalai Lama]]'s rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or [[Ganden Phodrang]]. Until 1912 however, when the [[13th Dalai Lama]] declared the complete independence of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]], their rule was generally subject to [[priest and patron|patronage and protection]] of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] (1720–1912).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Smith, Warren W. Jr.|title=Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations|date=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New Delhi|isbn=0-8133-3155-2|pages=107–149}}</ref>

{{blockquote|The report was issued in the Chinese Press that Mr Wu had escorted the Dalai Lama to his throne and announced his installation, that the Dalai Lama had returned thanks, and prostrated himself in token of his gratitude. Every one of these Chinese claims was false. Mr Wu was merely a passive spectator. He did no more than present a ceremonial scarf, as was done by the others, including the British Representative. But the Chinese have the ear of the world, and can later refer to their press records and present an account of historical events that is wholly untrue. Tibet has no newspapers, either in English or Tibetan, and has therefore no means of exposing these falsehoods.<ref>Bell 1946, p. 400.</ref>}}

[[File:Map of Tibet- "TIBET CONFIDENTIAL" "Ethnographic Boundary of Tibet" "Approximate Line of Communist Advance" and "Reportedly occupied by Communists" "11518, CIA, 2-50" February 1950 map- 305945 11518 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Territorial extent of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] and approximate line of the [[Chinese Communist Party|Chinese Communist]] advance in 1950]]

After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the [[Potala Palace]] and [[Norbulingka]], his summer residence, both of which are now [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]].

[[File:Dalai lama, panchen lama and Mao in Beijing, 1954.jpg|thumb|An iconic photo showing [[10th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]] (left), Mao and Dalai Lama (right) at [[Zhongnanhai#Qinzheng Hall|Qinzheng Hall]] on 11 September 1954, four days before they attended the [[1st National People's Congress]].]]

[[File:Mao Zedong, Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama.jpg|thumb|[[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] meeting with Dalai Lama and [[10th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]] to celebrate [[Tibetan New Year]], 1955]]

On 17 December 1964, the 151st meeting of the plenary session of the State Council approved: The Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, chairman of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee, launched a treasonous counter-revolutionary armed rebellion in 1959. After fleeing abroad, he organized a pseudo-government in exile, promulgated a pseudo-constitution, supported the Indian reactionaries' aggression against our country, and actively organized and trained bandits who fled abroad to harass the motherland's borders. All this proves that he has terminated himself from the motherland and the people, and he is a traitor who is desperately running for the imperialism and foreign reactionaries. The State Council decided to remove the Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso's duties as chairman and member of the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee in accordance with the request of the local people in Tibet.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |title = Official: Dalai Lama's U.S. award not to affect Tibet's stability |date = 16 October 2007 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |publisher = [[People's Daily]] |work = [[17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] |archive-date = 30 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111130105921/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6284184.html |url-status = live }}</ref>  

The comments Mao made during their last meeting shocked the Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final interview with this remarkable man was toward the end of my visit to China. I was at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly when I received a message asking me to go to see him at this house. By then, I had been able to complete a tour of the Chinese provinces, and I was able to tell him truthfully that I had been greatly impressed and interested by all the development projects I had seen. Then he started to give me a long lecture about the true form of democracy, and advised me how to become a leader of the people and how to take heed of their suggestions. And then he edged closer to me on his chair and whispered:

In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the [[Buddha's Birthday]], the Dalai Lama asked the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], if he would allow him [[political asylum]] should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] stance agreed upon with its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|1954 treaty with China]].<ref name="bio" />

The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blanchard |first1=Ben |title=China says no excuses for foreign officials meeting Dalai Lama |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Reuters |date=21 October 2017 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173732/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-congress-tibet/china-says-no-excuses-for-foreign-officials-meeting-dalai-lama-idUSKBN1CQ057 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Miglani |first1=Sanjeev |title=Dalai Lama faces cold shoulder as India looks to improve China ties |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=29 March 2018 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173733/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-china/dalai-lama-faces-cold-shoulder-as-india-looks-to-improve-china-ties-idUSKBN1H51O7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stobdan |first1=Phunchok |title=Dalai Lama is at the centre of a new great game in Himalayas between India, China & Tibet |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |access-date=22 October 2019 |agency=Printline Media |publisher=The Print |date=22 October 2019 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022140428/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/dalai-lama-at-centre-of-new-great-game-himalaya-india-china-tibet/308985/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramzy |first1=Austin |title=Obama and Dalai Lama Meet Over China's Objection |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=15 June 2016 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022233610/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/16/world/asia/obama-dalai-lama-meeting.html |url-status=live }}</ref> China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wee |first1=Sui-Lee |title=China's ban on displaying Dalai Lama pictures is lifted |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=27 June 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022175235/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinas-ban-on-displaying-dalai-lama-pictures-is-lifted-8677489.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tenzin |first1=Kunsang |title=Tibetans Beaten, Detained in Kardze Over Dalai Lama Photos |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Radio Free Asia |date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017200451/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/photos-07292019165028.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title="Severe punishments" for Dalai Lama photos |url=https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |access-date=22 October 2019 |publisher=Free Tibet |date=3 February 2016 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022173744/https://freetibet.org/news-media/na/severe-punishments-dalai-lama-photos |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] government's online education platform, <blockquote>"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patranobis |first1=Sutirtho |title=Tibetan graduates need to 'expose and criticise Dalai Lama' for Chinese government jobs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |access-date=22 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020235102/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/tibetan-graduates-need-to-expose-and-criticise-dalai-lama-for-chinese-govt-jobs/story-3DiVaJxfScyPUyibtvIcrK.html |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Exile to India ===

[[File:The Dalai Lama opens art exhibit in Tokyo, 1967.jpg|thumb|In 1967, Dalai Lama was out of India for the first time since he resided there from 1959. The [[Eisaku Satō|Japanese government]] granted him visa on the condition he would not attack PRC while in Japan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama opens exhibit of Tibetan art at Ueno|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]|date=28 September 1967|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134035/https://www.stripes.com/news/dalai-lama-opens-exhibit-of-tibetan-art-at-ueno-1.18977|url-status=live}}</ref>

]]

The Dalai Lama appealed to the [[United Nations]] on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] in 1959, 1961, and 1965,<ref name="bbcprofile" /> all before the People's Republic [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|was allowed representation at the United Nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |title=Events of 1971 |work=Year in Review |year=1971 |publisher=United Press International |access-date=28 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503142809/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/ |archive-date=3 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], creating an elected [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration|parliament]] and an [[Central Tibetan Administration|administration]] to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the [[Library of Tibetan Works and Archives]] in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for [[Tibetology]] in the world.<ref name="LTWA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |title = Library of Tibetan Works and Archives|year=1997 |publisher = [[Government of Tibet in Exile]] |access-date = 23 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080421150024/http://www.tibet.com/ltwa.html |archive-date=21 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in the [[Pegasus Project revelations in India|Pegasus project data]] as having been targeted with [[spyware]] on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=22 July 2021|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904190127/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/22/dalai-lama-inner-circle-listed-pegasus-project-data|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|title=Dalai Lama's inner circle listed in Pegasus project data|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125174233/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/dalai-lamas-inner-circle-listed-in-pegasus-project-data/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International advocacy ===

At the [[Congressional Human Rights Caucus]] in 1987 in [[Washington, D.C.]], the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without [[nuclear weapons]], and with support for [[human rights]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}} The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at [[Strasbourg]] on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991.<ref>From Article 31 of Charter of the Tibetans-in-exile 1991: "The Council of Regency shall exercise executive powers and authority in the following circumstances: (1)(a) of His Holiness the Dalai Lama has not assumed or retained the powers of the head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions therein;"</ref> The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/05/china.lukeharding Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211081911/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/sep/05/china.lukeharding |date=11 February 2021 }} with ''[[The Guardian]]'', 5 September 2003</ref> In the 1970s, the [[Paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]] set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism".<ref>{{Cite news |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |title = Origin of the title of "Dalai Lama" and its related background |date = 1 March 2009 |access-date = 28 August 2010 |first = Jiang |last = Yuxia |publisher = [[Xinhua]] |archive-date = 27 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927193359/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10921943_3.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Thirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after [[Typhoon Morakot]] and denounced it as politically motivated.<ref>{{cite news |author= AFP |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Protesters accuse Dalai Lama of staging 'political show' in Taiwan |url= http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |newspaper= asiaone news |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200902/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20090831-164580.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Wang |first= Amber |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims |url= https://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |newspaper= The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date= 20 February 2020 |archive-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019214943/http://www.smh.com.au//breaking-news-world/dalai-lama-visits-taiwan-typhoon-victims-20090831-f4p7.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Staff Writers |date= 31 August 2009 |title= Dalai Lama visits Taiwan typhoon victims amid Chinese anger |url= http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |newspaper= Terra Daily |location= Kaohsiung, Taiwan (AFP) |access-date= 8 November 2015 |archive-date= 11 February 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210211195725/https://www.terradaily.com/reports/Dalai_Lama_visits_Taiwan_typhoon_victims_amid_Chinese_anger_999.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|title=Dalai Lama Visits Taiwan|date=2 September 2009|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=4 August 2017|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194922/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125168355194471405|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Teaching activities, public talks ===

The Dalai Lama is the [[#Publications|author of numerous books on Buddhism]],<ref name=books>{{cite web |author1 = The Dalai Lama |title = Books (on Buddhism) by the Dalai Lama |url = http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books/ |publisher = Various |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 12 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150512011836/http://www.dalailama.com/biography/books |url-status = live }}</ref> many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like [[Dzogchen]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection |url=http://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |publisher=Shambala Publications |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220405/https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/dzogchen-the-heart-essence-of-the-great-perfection/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a Nyingma practice.

He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries,<ref name=DLSch>{{cite web |title = Schedule |url = http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |publisher = Office of Dalai Lama |access-date = 3 May 2015 |location = World-wide |archive-date = 22 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150522055813/http://www.dalailama.com/teachings/schedule |url-status = live }}</ref> and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the [[Nalanda]] tradition, such as Nagarjuna,<ref>{{cite web|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama in Brisbane |url=http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110134531/http://www.karuna.org.au/announcements/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-in-brisbane |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2015 |date=5 January 2015 |quote=The Dalai Lama's Brisbane teaching will be based on the classic text, Nagarjuna's 'Precious Garland' }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1 = Donald S Lopez Jr. |title = Nagarjuna |url = http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica |date = 24 April 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 16 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316140605/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/401601/Nagarjuna |url-status = live }}</ref> Kamalashila,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar |title=When Indian Pandit Kamalashila defeated China's Hashang in Tibet |url=http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |publisher=Sherpa World |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521052014/http://www.sherpaworld.com/show.php?at=1&sn=6805 |archive-date=21 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama teaching Kamalashila text in Australia, 2008 |url = http://www.dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?PageID=210 |publisher = Dalai Lama in Australia |date = 11 June 2008 |quote = by reference to Kamalashila's text, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will demonstrate how the nature of awareness, developed through meditative practices can be transformed into the direct perceptual wisdom necessary to achieve enlightenment itself |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 4 April 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404054502/http://dalailamainaustralia.org/pages/?pageid=210 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Shantideva,<ref>{{cite web |title = Compassion in Emptiness: Dalai Lama Teaches Shantideva |url = http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |publisher = Oscilloscope |format = DVD set |date = 7 May 2011 |quote = In 2010, His Holiness traveled to New York City to teach A Commentary on Bodhicitta by Nagarjuna and A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life by Shantideva. |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 26 February 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210226044123/http://www.oscilloscope.net/films/film/51/Compassion-in-Emptiness |url-status = live }}</ref> Atisha,<ref name="Atis">{{cite web |author1 = Phuntsok Yangchen |title = Disciples from over 60 countries attend the Dalai Lama's teachings |url = http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |publisher = Phayul.com |date = 1 October 2012 |quote = The Dalai Lama today began his four-day teachings on Atisha's [text] 'Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment' |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 20 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150520175445/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32210 |url-status = live }}</ref> Aryadeva<ref name="Arya">{{cite web |title = The Dalai Lama's Boston teachings |url = http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |publisher = Shambala Publications |date = 17 October 2012 |quote = Texts mentioned by His Holiness in his talk ... Aryadeva's 400 Stanzas of the Middle Way |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150521130539/http://www.shambhala.com/blog/shambhala/the-dalai-lamas-teaching-on-stages-of-meditation |archive-date = 21 May 2015 }}</ref> and so on.

As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on [[Dzogchen]], which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'.<ref>{{cite web |title = A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism |date = 2 April 2015 |url = http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |publisher = Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 29 March 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329181659/http://lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=article&id=421 |url-status = live }}</ref> Again in London in 1996 he taught the [[Four Noble Truths]], the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Tseten Samdup |title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama will visit the UK from July 15–22 1996 |url = http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1996&m=7&p=7_2 |publisher = World Tibet Network News |date = 7 July 1996 |quote = For the first time in the West, His Holiness the Dalai Lama will give two exclusive days of teaching on 17 and 18 July 1996 on the Four Noble Truths – the heart of the Buddha's teachings. This has been requested by The Network of Buddhist Organisations – a forum for dialogue and co-operation between Buddhist organisations in the UK. |access-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-date = 6 October 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006015128/http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/archive/old?y=1996&m=7&p=7_2 |url-status = live }}</ref>

He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities,<ref>{{cite web |author1 = Michael Caddell |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to give public talk at Princeton University |url = https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/02/76E28/index.xml?section=topstories |publisher = Princeton University |date = 9 September 2014 |access-date = 3 May 2015 |archive-date = 18 May 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071333/https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S41/02/76E28/index.xml?section=topstories |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Dalai Lama Visits Colgate |url = http://dalailama.com/news.242.htm |publisher = The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama |access-date = 23 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506015358/http://www.dalailama.com/news.242.htm |archive-date=6 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www3.lehigh.edu/dalaiLama/index.html |title = Lehigh University: His Holiness the Dalai Lama |publisher = .lehigh.edu |access-date = 2 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100528021841/http://www3.lehigh.edu/dalailama/index.html |archive-date = 28 May 2010 }}</ref> some of which have conferred [[honorary degree]]s upon him.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dalailama.umn.edu/ |title = The Dalai Lama |publisher = umn.edu |access-date = 9 May 2012 |archive-date = 14 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111214020110/http://dalailama.umn.edu/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://themacweekly.com/2014/03/his-holiness-the-14th-dalai-lama-visits-macalester-speaks-to-over-3500/ |title = His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama visits Macalester, speaks to over 3,500 |date = 7 March 2014 |publisher = The Mac Weekly |access-date = 9 March 2014 |archive-date = 14 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065914/https://themacweekly.com/2014/03/his-holiness-the-14th-dalai-lama-visits-macalester-speaks-to-over-3500/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Interfaith dialogue ===

The Dalai Lama met [[Pope Paul VI]] at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] in 1973. He met [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue.<ref>Kamenetz, Rodger (1994)[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060645741 The Jew in the Lotus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213185339/https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0060645741 |date=13 December 2021 }} Harper Collins: 1994.</ref> He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met [[Pope Benedict XVI]] privately. He has met the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], Dr. [[Robert Runcie]], and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, [[Gordon B. Hinckley]], who at the time was the [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|president]] of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], as well as senior [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Jewish]], and [[Sikh]] officials.

In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the [[Common Ground Project]],<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/ |title = Islam and Buddhism |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 12 May 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 12 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180412172131/http://www.islambuddhism.com/ |url-status = live }}</ref> in [[Bloomington, Indiana]] (USA),<ref>{{cite web |url = http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |title = Dalai Lama, Muslim Leaders Seek Peace in Bloomington |publisher = Islambuddhism.com |date = 31 May 2010 |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212214713/http://islambuddhism.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22:dalai-lama-muslim-leaders-seek-peace-in-bloomington&catid=6:in-the-news&Itemid=4 |url-status = live }}</ref> which was planned by himself and [[Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad]] of [[Jordan]] during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book ''Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Common Ground Between Islam and Buddhism |date = 2010 |publisher = Fons Vitae|location=Louisville, KY. |isbn =978-1-891785-62-7}}</ref>

=== Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute ===

=== Personal meditation practice ===

== Social stances ==

=== Tibetan independence ===

<blockquote> "The Tibetan people do not accept the present status of Tibet under the People's Republic of China. At the same time, they do not seek independence for Tibet, which is a historical fact. Treading a middle path in between these two lies the policy and means to achieve a genuine autonomy for all Tibetans living in the three traditional provinces of Tibet within the framework of the People's Republic of China. This is called the Middle-Way Approach, a non-partisan and moderate position that safeguards the vital interests of all concerned parties-for Tibetans: the protection and preservation of their culture, religion and national identity; for the Chinese: the security and territorial integrity of the motherland; and for neighbours and other third parties: peaceful borders and international relations."<ref>{{cite web |title=His Holiness's Middle Way Approach For Resolving the Issue of Tibet |url=https://www.dalailama.com/messages/tibet/middle-way-approach |website=dalailama.com |publisher=His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Death penalty ===

=== Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India ===

[[File:Vienna 2012-05-26 - Europe for Tibet Solidarity Rally 194 HH sequence s.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama in Vienna, Austria, in&nbsp;2012]]

In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the [[World Conference on Human Rights]] and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".<ref>{{cite web |last = Yeshe |first = Jamphel |title = Address by His Holiness The XIV Dalai Lama of Tibet To the United Nations World Conference on Human Rights |url = http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |access-date = 10 October 2014 |archive-date = 3 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134010/http://www.subliminal.org/tibet/responsibility.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' [[2013 Burma anti-Muslim riots|attacks on Muslims]] in [[Myanmar]] and rejected [[Buddhism and violence|violence by Buddhists]], saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems."<ref>{{cite news |last=Lila |first=Muhammad |title=International Dalai Lama Pleads for Myanmar Monks to End Violence Amid Damning Rights Report |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |access-date=19 June 2015 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=22 April 2013 |location=[[Dharamshala]] |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508073833/https://abcnews.go.com/International/dalai-lama-pleads-myanmar-monks-end-violence-amid/story?id=19013148 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad."<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |title = Dalai Lama decries Buddhist attacks on Muslims in Myanmar |publisher = Reuters |date = 7 May 2013 |access-date = 12 October 2013 |archive-date = 9 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509041004/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/07/us-usa-dalailama-idUSBRE9460RC20130507 |url-status = live }}</ref> In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] to do more to help the [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama presses Aung San Suu Kyi over Rohingya migrants|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805|publisher=BBC|date=28 May 2015|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602225608/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32925805|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, after [[Chinese dissident]] and [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Liu Xiaobo]] died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing [[Chinese democracy movement|efforts in the cause of freedom]] will bear fruit before long."<ref>"[https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama His Holiness the Dalai Lama Deeply Saddened by Liu Xiaobo's Passing…"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026105315/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/message-from-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama |date=26 October 2019 }}. The 14th Dalai Lama. 18 July 2017.</ref>

=== Diet and animal welfare ===

The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try [[vegetarianism]] or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been [[omnivore]]s, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Food Science, An Ecological Approach|last=Edelstein|first=Sari|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4496-0344-1}}</ref> He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting [[hepatitis]] in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kristof|first=Nicholas|title=Dalai Lama Gets Mischievous|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-dalai-lama-gets-mischievous.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 July 2015|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822111340/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/opinion/nicholas-kristof-dalai-lama-gets-mischievous.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian".<ref>{{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Pico |title=The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama |publisher=Knopf Publishing Group |date=2008 |page=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExP5VoHTyzgC&pg=PP1 |isbn=978-1-4088-0692-0 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204609/https://books.google.com/books?id=ExP5VoHTyzgC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}</ref> His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/dalai_lama.htm |title = H.H. Dalai Lama |publisher = Shabkar.org |access-date = 17 July 2013 |archive-date = 5 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210105230628/http://www.shabkar.org/teachers/tibetanbuddhism/dalai_lama.htm |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Economics and political stance ===

{{blockquote|I am not only a socialist but also a bit leftist, a communist. In terms of social economy theory, I am a Marxist. I think I am farther to the left than the Chinese leaders. [Bursts out laughing.] They are capitalists.<ref name="angrymarxist" />}}

=== Environment ===

=== Sexuality ===

A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Dalai-Lama-Sex-spells-trouble-20081128 |title=Dalai Lama: Sex spells trouble |date=28 November 2008 |agency=[[News24 (website)|News24.com]] |access-date=1 January 2017 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081214/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Dalai-Lama-Sex-spells-trouble-20081128 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder.<ref name=Teleg>{{cite news |author = GMT 2|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/3534994/Sexual-intercourse-spells-trouble-says-Dalai-Lama.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081203142210/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/3534994/Sexual-intercourse-spells-trouble-says-Dalai-Lama.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = 3 December 2008 |title = Sexual intercourse spells trouble, says Dalai Lama |work = The Telegraph|date = 29 November 2008 |access-date = 2 May 2010|location=London}}</ref> He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.<ref name="foxsports1">{{cite web |url = http://msn.foxsports.com/golf/story/The-Dalai-Lama-comments-on-Tiger-Woods%2527-scandal?GT1=39002 |title = The Dalai Lama comments on Tiger Woods' scandal |work = FOX Sports |date = 20 February 2010 |access-date = 9 May 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100505160519/http://msn.foxsports.com/golf/story/The-Dalai-Lama-comments-on-Tiger-Woods%27-scandal?GT1=39002 |archive-date = 5 May 2010 }}</ref>

In his 1996 book ''Beyond Dogma'', he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact."<ref>''Beyond Dogma'' by the Dalai Lama</ref> He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".<ref>"Dalai Lama Urges 'Respect, Compassion, and Full Human Rights for All', including Gays". Conkin, Dennis. ''Bay Area Reporter'', 19 June 1997.</ref>

In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" [[LGBT people]] and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all".<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |title=His Holiness The Dalai Lama Issues Statement in Support of Human Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |location=Geneva |date=3 April 2006 |access-date=20 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030316/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/782 |archive-date=23 June 2013 }}</ref>

=== Women's rights ===

At a 2014 appearance at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective."<ref>{{cite web |title=Secular Ethics for Higher Education |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education/amp |website=His Holiness The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet |publisher=The Office of His Holiness The Dalai Lama |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105162041/https://www.dalailama.com/news/2017/launch-of-tata-institute-of-social-sciences-course-in-secular-ethics-for-higher-education/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Health ===

==== Response to COVID-19 ====

=== Immigration ===

In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7&nbsp;million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a [[CIA Tibetan program|Central Intelligence Agency program]].<ref name="tnyt 10-2-1998">{{cite news |title = World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A. |url = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fD%2fDalai%20Lama |date = 2 October 1998 |work = The New York Times |access-date = 24 November 2005 |archive-date = 28 January 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110128073617/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73E5C0C718CDDA90994D0494D81&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FPeople%2FD%2FDalai%20Lama |url-status = live }}</ref> When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the [[CIA Tibetan program]], the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."<ref>{{cite book |author = William Blum |url = http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321053809/http://members.aol.com/superogue/intro.htm |archive-date=21 March 2008 |title = Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower |publisher = Zed Books|year=2006 |access-date = 2 May 2010}}</ref> As part of the program the Dalai Lama received 180,000 dollars a year from 1959 till 1974 for his own personal use.<ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development and Society in a Disputed Region |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the [[Foreign policy of the United States|American policy]] toward China changed, they stopped their help."<ref>{{cite web |first=Jonathan |last=Mirsky |title=Tibet: The CIA's Cancelled War |url=http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905190033/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/apr/09/cias-cancelled-war-tibet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Plaque at AP Museum, Amaravathi.jpg|250px|thumb|Stone Plaque at a plantation by Tenzin in Amaravathi]]

=== Shugden controversy ===

=== Gedhun Choekyi Nyima ===

== Public image ==

[[File:77letDalajLamy3.jpg|thumb|Buddhist temple in [[Kalmykia]], Russia]]

The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his [[universalist]] values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |title = The Next Dalai Lama: China has a choice |first = Dibyesh |last = Anand |work = The Guardian |date = 15 December 2010 |access-date = 19 December 2010 |location = London |archive-date = 6 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210106164016/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/15/china-dalai-lama-exile-tibetans |url-status = live }}</ref> In the 1990s, many films were released by the [[Cinema of the United States|American film industry]] about Tibet, including [[biopics]] of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the [[Fall of Communism]]. The most notable films, ''[[Kundun]]'' and ''[[Seven Years in Tibet (1997 film)|Seven Years in Tibet]]'' (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to [[non-violence]]": portrayals the Chinese government decried as [[ahistorical]].<ref>{{Cite book |title = Tibet |first=Michael |last=Buckley |publisher = [[Bradt Travel Guides]] |year=2006 |edition=2 |isbn = 978-1-84162-164-7 |page = [https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck/page/35 35] |url = https://archive.org/details/tibetbuck00buck |url-access = registration |access-date = 5 December 2010}}</ref>

[[File:His Holiness the Dalai Lama (5950523979).jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama meeting with [[United States Congress|Congressional]] leaders [[Nancy Pelosi]] and [[John Boehner]] in 2011]]

=== In the media ===

[[File:Bush, Byrd and Pelosi awarding the Dalai Lama.jpg|thumb|The Dalai Lama receiving a [[Congressional Gold Medal]] in 2007. ''From left'': Speaker of the United States House of Representatives [[Nancy Pelosi]], Senate President ''pro tempore'' [[Robert Byrd]] and U.S. President [[George W. Bush]]]]

After the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]], the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] awarded him the 1989 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Cherian">{{cite news |url = http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |title=Not so noble |first=John |last=Cherian |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=27 |issue=23 |date=November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120910140258/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2722/stories/20101105272202800.htm |archive-date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution"<ref>{{cite web |url = http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |title = Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |publisher = Nobelprize.org |access-date = 2 May 2010 |archive-date = 6 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906163726/http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |url-status = live }}</ref> and "in part a tribute to the memory of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ |title = Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |publisher = Nobelprize.org |access-date = 12 March 2014 |archive-date = 30 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232214/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

* 2005 [[Christmas Humphreys]] Award from the [[Buddhist Society]] in the United Kingdom;

* 2007 [[Congressional Gold Medal]], the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 |title = Bush and Congress Honor Dalai Lama |work = The New York Times |date = 18 October 2007 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |first = Brian |last = Knowlton |archive-date = 14 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130514174619/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/18/washington/18lama.html?_r=0 |url-status = live }}</ref> The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Clyde |title=A Hubbub Over a Visit by the Dalai Lama? Not in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/nyregion/19nyc.html |access-date=2 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=19 October 2007 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402134531/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/nyregion/19nyc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

* 2007 [[Ahimsa Award]] from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of [[Ahimsa|Ahimsa (Non-violence)]]; and in

* 2012, the [[Templeton Prize]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Dalai Lama Wins 2012 Templeton Prize |url = http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |access-date = 30 March 2012 |newspaper = Philanthropy News Daily |date = 30 March 2012 |archive-date = 23 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523192906/http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/news/story.jhtml?id=375500002 |url-status = live }}</ref> He donated the prize money to the charity [[Save the Children]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |title = Dalai Lama gives Templeton Prize money to Indian charity |date = 14 May 2010 |access-date = 15 May 2012 |archive-date = 14 November 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054424/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dalai-lama-gives-templeton-prize-money-to-indian-charity/949181/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

* ''[[The Universe in a Single Atom]]: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality'', Morgan Road Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7679-2066-7}}

* ''How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships'', translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7432-6968-1}}

* ''Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama'', with Don Farber, [[Sounds True]], 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-59179-457-8}}

* ''Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection''. Ed. [[Patrick Gaffney (Buddhist)|Patrick Gaffney]]. Trans. [[Matthieu Ricard]], [[Richard Barron]] and Adam Pearcey. [[Wisdom Publications]], 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-86171-493-3}}

* ''Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama'', by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book ''Not So Zen'', Long River Press 2013, {{ISBN|978-1592651405}}

{{div col end}}

== Discography ==

== See also ==

* [[Golden Urn]]

* [[The Discourse of Lama]]

* [[Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation]]

* [[Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalai Lama, 14th}}

[[Category:14th Dalai Lama| ]]

[[Category:1935 births]]