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Chandrayaan-3: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox spaceflight | {{Infobox spaceflight | ||
| name | | name = Chandrayaan-3 | ||
| image | | image = Chandrayaan-3_Integrated_Module_going_through_Dynamic_Testing_04.webp | ||
| image_caption | | image_caption = Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module going through Dynamic Testing | ||
| image_size | | image_size = | ||
| mission_type = [[Moon|Lunar]] [[Lunar lander|lander]], [[Lunar rover|rover]], [[Propulsion]] Module | |||
| mission_type | | operator = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) | ||
| operator | | COSPAR_ID = | ||
| COSPAR_ID | | SATCAT = | ||
| SATCAT | | website = {{url|https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html}} | ||
| website | | mission_duration = | ||
| mission_duration | | spacecraft_type = | ||
| spacecraft_bus = Chandrayaan | |||
| spacecraft_type | | manufacturer = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) | ||
| spacecraft_bus | | launch_mass = <!--{{convert| | | |abbr=on}}--> | ||
| manufacturer | | payload_mass = Propulsion Module: 2148 kg Lander Module (Vikram) : 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg Total: 3900 kg | ||
| launch_mass | | dimensions = <!--{{convert| |x| | | |abbr=on}}--> | ||
| payload_mass | | power = <!-- [[watt]]s --> | ||
| dimensions | | launch_date = 13 July 2023,2:30 local time <ref name="launch date">{{Cite news|title=Isro's Chandrayaan-3 launch likely on July 12 | ||
| power | |date=2023-05-22|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-space-agency-plans-to-launch-chandrayaan-3-lunar-mission-on-july-12-with-indigenous-lander-and-rover-for-in-situ-analysis-101684694289735.html|access-date=2023-05-21|language=en}}</ref> | ||
| launch_rocket = [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]] | |||
| launch_date | | launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] | ||
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) | |||
| launch_site | | interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP | ||
| launch_contractor = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) | |||
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP | |||
| type = lander | | type = lander | ||
| object = [[Moon]] | | object = [[Moon]] | ||
| component = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]] | | component = [[Rover (space exploration)|Rover]] | ||
| arrival_date = | | arrival_date = 23 August 2023<ref name="launch date"/> | ||
| location = [[Lunar south pole]] | | location = [[Lunar south pole]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
| programme | | programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]] | ||
| previous_mission | | previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-2]] | ||
| next_mission | | next_mission = [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chandrayaan-3''' <!--Do not add any foreign script per WP:INDICSCRIPT-->({{IAST|candra-yāna}}, {{trans|"mooncraft"}};<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): | '''Chandrayaan-3''' <!--Do not add any foreign script per WP:INDICSCRIPT-->({{IAST|candra-yāna}}, {{trans|"mooncraft"}};<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams]], ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'' (1899): ''[[Chandra|candra]]'': "[...] m. the moon (also personified as a deity Mn. &c)" ''yāna'': "[...] n. a vehicle of any kind , carriage , wagon , vessel , ship , [...]"</ref><ref name="CY2_FAQ2">{{cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|title=Chandrayaan-2 FAQ|access-date=24 August 2019|quote=The name Chandrayaan means "Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle", – in Indian languages (Sanskrit and Hindi), – the lunar spacecraft|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629122319/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-faq|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{audio|Chandrayaan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a planned third [[lunar exploration]] mission by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Meet - Briefing by Dr. K. Sivan, Chairman, ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|website=isro.gov.in|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-03|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005155551/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-jan-2020/press-meet-briefing-dr-k-sivan-chairman-isro|url-status=dead}}</ref> It will consist of a lander and a rover similar to [[Chandrayaan-2]], but would not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module will behave like a communications relay satellite. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100km lunar orbit.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615--crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms |access-date=3 January 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3}}</ref> | ||
''[[Chandra|candra]]'': | [[File:Chandrayaan-3 Propulsion Module.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan 3 propulsion module, which will be used as a relay satellite]] | ||
Following [[Chandrayaan-2]], where a last-minute glitch in the soft landing guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission | The launch of Chandrayaan-3 has been scheduled for July 13, 2023, at 2:30 pm IST. | ||
The propulsion module, in addition to the lander, carries a payload called Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The spacecraft is scheduled to be launched on 12 July 2023.<ref name="expected launch">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-06 |title=ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 launch likely on July 12|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro's-chandrayaan-3-launch-likely-on-july-12-official-confirms-development-101683397788585.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Following [[Chandrayaan-2]], where a last-minute software glitch in the [[soft landing (aeronautics)|soft landing]] guidance software led to the failure of the lander's soft landing attempt after a successful orbital insertion, another lunar mission was proposed.<ref name="Failure report">{{cite news|last=Guptan|first=Mahesh|title=How did Chandrayaan 2 fail? ISRO finally has the answer|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2019/11/16/how-did-chandrayaan-2-fail-isro-answer.html|newspaper=The Week|date=2019-11-16|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | |||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
In the second phase of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] | In the second phase of the [[Chandrayaan programme]] to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched [[Chandrayaan-2]] on board a [[LVM 3 | Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3)]] [[launch vehicle]] consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to deploy the [[Pragyan (rover)|Pragyan rover]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-put-off-india-israel-in-lunar-race-for-4th-position/articleshow/65275012.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 launch put off: India, Israel in lunar race for 4th position|newspaper=The Times of India |first=Surendra|last=Singh|date=5 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/ISRO-chief-signals-Indias-readiness-for-Chandrayaan-II-mission/articleshow/51178528.cms|title=ISRO chief signals India's readiness for Chandrayaan II mission|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Jaideep|last=Shenoy|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | ||
Earlier reports had emerged about a collaboration with [[Japan]] on a mission to the [[lunar south pole]] where [[India]] would be providing the lander while Japan would provide both launcher and rover. The mission may include site sampling and lunar night survival technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-next-moon-shot-will-be-bigger-in-pact-with-japan/articleshow/71030437.cms|title=India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan|date=2019-07-07|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|quote=For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with [[JAXA]] (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/|title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki|date=2019-01-04 |website=Astro talk UK|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | Earlier reports had emerged about a collaboration with [[Japan]] on a mission to the [[lunar south pole]] where [[India]] would be providing the lander while Japan would provide both launcher and rover. The mission may include site sampling and lunar night survival technologies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-next-moon-shot-will-be-bigger-in-pact-with-japan/articleshow/71030437.cms|title=India's next Moon shot will be bigger, in pact with Japan|date=2019-07-07|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03|quote=For our next mission — Chandrayaan-3 — which will be accomplished in collaboration with [[JAXA]] (Japanese Space Agency), we will invite other countries too to participate with their payloads.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-82-jaxa-and-international-collaboration-with-professor-fujimoto-masaki/|title=Episode 82: JAXA and International Collaboration with Professor Fujimoto Masaki|date=2019-01-04 |website=Astro talk UK|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | ||
The subsequent failure of the Vikram lander led to the pursuit of another mission to demonstrate the landing capabilities needed for the [[Lunar Polar Exploration Mission]] proposed in partnership with Japan for 2025.<ref name='Wire_Nov2019'>[https://thewire.in/space/isro-chandrayaan-3-lunar-lander-rover-gaganyaan ISRO Will Embark on Chandrayaan-3 by November 2020 for Another Landing Attempt] ''The Wire'', 14 November 2019</ref> During mission critical flight operations, the [[ESTRACK|European Space Tracking (ESTRACK)]] operated by [[European Space Agency|European Space Agency (ESA)]] will support the mission according to a contract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA and Indian space agency ISRO agree on future cooperation |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/ESA_Ground_Stations/ESA_and_Indian_space_agency_ISRO_agree_on_future_cooperation |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Objective== | |||
ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include | |||
1 Getting a lander safe and soft landing on the surface of the Moon. | |||
2 Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon | |||
3 In-situ scientific observation making scientific experiments on the chemical and natural elements, soil, wateretc. available on the surface of the Moon to better understand and practice the composition of the Moon. Interplanetary refers to the development and demonstration of new technologies required for missions between two planets.<ref>https://chandrayaan3.org/what-is-chandrayaan-3-mission-all-about/</ref> | |||
== Design == | == Design == | ||
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines <ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=15 September 2020|title=Chandrayaan-3: No 5th engine on lander |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915053013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|archive-date=15 September 2020|access-date=2020-09-15 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> unlike ''Vikram'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted | [[File:Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views.webp|thumb|Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module - Views]] | ||
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|date=15 September 2020|title=Chandrayaan-3: No 5th engine on lander |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915053013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-no-5th-engine-on-lander/articleshow/78117138.cms|archive-date=15 September 2020|access-date=2020-09-15 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> unlike ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'' on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 [[Newton (unit)|Newtons]] engines with a fifth one being centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV).<ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan-3 plans indicate failures in Chandrayaan-2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|last=Kumar|first=Chethan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121090445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-plans-indicate-failures-in-chandrayaan-2/articleshow/72128771.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 November 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2019|access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> The impact legs are made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and increased instrumentation redundancy. ISRO is working on improving the structural rigidity and adding multiple contingency systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shaurya |date=2022-10-21 |title=Chandrayaan-3 To Be More Robust, Have Contingency Systems Onboard, Says ISRO Chief |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/chandrayaan-3-to-be-more-robust-have-contingency-systems-onboard-says-isro-chief-6216451.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Funding == | == Funding == | ||
In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> | In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to {{INRConvert|75|c}}, out of which {{INRConvert|60|c}} will be for meeting expenditure towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining {{INRConvert|15|c}} is sought under revenue expenditure head.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-seeks-75-crore-more-from-centre-for-chandrayaan-3/articleshow/72421303.cms|title=ISRO seeks 75 crore more from Centre for Chandrayaan-3|date=2019-12-08|first=Chethan|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-12-08}}</ref> | ||
Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman [[K. Sivan]] stated that the cost would be around {{INRConvert|615|c|lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-3-to-cost-rs-615-crore-launch-could-stretch-to-2021/articleshow/73055941.cms|title=Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021 |date=2020-01-02|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
| Line 66: | Line 78: | ||
* [[Chandrayaan-2]] | * [[Chandrayaan-2]] | ||
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] | * [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] | ||
* [[List of missions to the Moon]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
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[[Category:Lunar rovers]] | [[Category:Lunar rovers]] | ||
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]] | [[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:2023 in spaceflight]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:2023 in India]] | ||
[[Category:ISRO space probes]] | [[Category:ISRO space probes]] | ||
<!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] --> | <!-- [[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]] --> | ||