Lucknow: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Metropolis and state capital in Uttar Pradesh, India}}

{{pp-semi-indef}}

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement

| official_name            = Lucknow

| native_name              =  

| native_name_lang        = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->

}}

| nickname                = The City of Nawabs, The Golden City of India, Constantinople of the East, Shiraz-e-Hind

| map_caption              = Interactive Map Outlining Lucknow

| pushpin_map              = #Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia#Earth

| subdivision_name2        = [[Lucknow Division|Lucknow]]

| subdivision_name3        = [[Lucknow District|Lucknow]]

| government_type          = [[Municipal Corporation]]

| governing_body          = [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]

| unit_pref                = Metric

| area_footnotes          = <ref name='Lucknow City'>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms|title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

| area_total_km2          = 631

| elevation_m              = 123

| population_total        = 3,500,000

| population_footnotes    = <ref name='Lucknow City'/><ref name="population">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

| population_density_km2  = auto

| population_demonym      = Lakhnawi, Lucknowite

| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| area_code_type          = Telephone code

| registration_plate      = UP-32

| website                  = {{official website|lucknow.nic.in}}

| unemployment_rate        =  

| name                    =  

}}

{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

Lucknow, along with [[Agra]] and [[Varanasi]], is in the [[Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc]], a chain of survey triangulations created by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] to boost tourism in the state.

== Etymology ==

==History==

For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor [[Humayun]] made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor [[Jahangir]] (1569–1627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the ''Sheikhzadas'', controlled the region.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/history.html|title = Introduction to Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|publisher = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107223010/https://lucknow.me/history.html|archive-date = 7 January 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Gates of Palace at Lucknow William Daniell 1801.jpg|thumb|Gates of the Palace at Lucknow by [[William Daniell|W. Daniell]], 1801]]

Until 1719, the [[Subah (country subdivision)|''subah'']] of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurer [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed [[Monarch|''Nizam'']] of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in [[Faizabad]], near Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |title=Faizabad, Town, India |access-date=27 August 2014 |website=Bartleby |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopaedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602140017/http://www.bartleby.com/65/fa/FaizabdInd.html |archive-date=2 June 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Residency-Lucknow.jpg|thumb|The ruins of the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] at Lucknow show the gunfire it took during the rebellion.]]

In 1856 the East India Company first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner – Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. [[Wajid Ali Shah]], the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|title = Wajid Ali Shah|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150429000451/http://lucknow.me/Wajid-Ali-Shah.html|archive-date = 29 April 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the subsequent [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], his 14-year-old son [[Birjis Qadra]], whose mother was [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|title = Begum Hazrat Mahal: forgotten icon of India's freedom movement|date = 12 September 2004|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = Deccan Herald|last = Sarkar|first = Sudeshna|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903124538/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep122004/fp3.asp|archive-date = 3 September 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow was one of the major centres of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and actively participated in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]], emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]] in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the [[Siege of Lucknow]]. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir [[Henry Havelock]] and Sir [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]], followed by a stronger force under Sir [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Colin Campbell]]. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the ''Shaheed Smarak'' offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|title = 1857 Memorial Museum, Residency, Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Archaeological Survey of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627101444/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_lucknow.asp|archive-date = 27 June 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The [[Khilafat Movement]] had an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lucknow |volume=17 |page=106}}</ref> In 1920 the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|provincial]] seat of government moved from [[Allahabad]] to Lucknow. Upon [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|title = History of Lucknow|access-date = 24 August 2014|website = Lucknow City|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141204180024/http://lucknowcity.com/history-of-lucknow.php|archive-date = 4 December 2014|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8083893 |title=Prostituting the Tawa'if: Nawabi Patronage and Colonial Regulation of Courtesans in Lucknow, 1847–1899 &#124; Zoya Sameen |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.academia.edu/8083893/Prostituting_the_Tawa_if_Nawabi_Patronage_and_Colonial_Regulation_of_Courtesans_in_Lucknow_1847-1899 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional [[Umrao Jaan Ada|Umrao Jaan]].

  |archive-date=29 December 2005 |title=UNDP report  

  |access-date=26 September 2006 }}</ref>

===Climate===

| Jan humidity = 60

| Feb humidity = 47

| Nov humidity = 61

| Dec humidity = 62

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf

| date = December 2016

| page = M218

}}

==Economy==

{{Main|Economy of Lucknow}}

The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and [[Chikan (embroidery)|Chikan embroidery]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Economical Report of Lucknow|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319054233/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIP%20Lucknow.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2015|access-date=27 August 2014|website=Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> Lucknow is among the top cities of [[India]] by GDP.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 September 2012|title=The top 15 Indian cities by GDP &#124; India's top 15 cities with the highest GDP – Yahoo India Finance|url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703081833/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow/the-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807066.html#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-1348807591-slideshow%252Fthe-top-15-indian-cities-by-gdp-photo-1348807071.html|archive-date=3 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|publisher=In.finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation.<ref name="Lucknow Profile">{{cite web|title=Lucknow Profile|url=http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308061916/http://localbodies.up.nic.in/luck/chap2.pdf|archive-date=8 March 2014|access-date=27 August 2014|website=National Informatics Centre, Uttar Pradesh State Unit, Lucknow}}</ref> Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in [[India]] according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern,<ref>{{cite web|date=3 October 2010|title=The 10 fastest job-creating cities in India – Rediff.com Business|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609015312/http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/oct/01/slide-show-1-the-fastest-job-creating-cities-in-india.htm#7|archive-date=9 June 2011|access-date=17 February 2014|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like [[New Delhi]]. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as the [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] have set up their service centres in the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=12 July 2014|title=CII Young Indians unite Lucknow residents to empower women|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026215833/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/CII-Young-Indians-unite-Lucknow-residents-to-empower-women/articleshow/38268762.cms|archive-date=26 October 2015|access-date=27 August 2014|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economy of State.|url=http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224141248/http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Uttar-Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=24 December 2012|publisher=U.P economy}}</ref>

Companies such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]], [[Karam (company)|KARAM]], [[Tata Marcopolo]],  [[Exide Industries]], [[Tata Motors]] set up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=13 January 2021|title=Tata Motors' Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Pantnagar plants win National Energy Conservation Award 2020|url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors%E2%80%99-jamshedpur--lucknow-and-pantnagar-plants-win-national-energy-conservation-award-2020-78222|access-date=4 April 2021|magazine=Autocar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Nair|first1=Geeta|date=15 December 2020|title=Tata Motors' VRS may not interest workers at Pune plant|work=The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/tata-motors-vrs-may-not-interest-workers-at-pune-plant/2150094/|access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref> Additionally there is a plant of [[Tata Marcopolo]] in the city.

==Administration==

==== General administration ====

Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. [[District collector|The DM]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees&nbsp;the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. The district has five [[tehsil]]s, viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|title=Administration|website=Lucknow District|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828151031/http://lucknow.nic.in/administration/admin.html|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current [[District collector|DM]] is Abhishek Prakash.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM).<ref name=":2"/>

The [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]] oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kumari|first=Kiran|title=Urban Sprawl: A Case Study of Lucknow City|url=http://www.ijhssi.org/papers/v4(5)/Version-2/B0452011020.pdf|access-date=20 October 2020|website=International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention}}</ref> The first Indian mayor, [[Syed Nabiullah]], was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 November 2017|first=Isha |last=Jain|title=Lucknow to get its first woman mayor in 100 years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-get-its-first-woman-mayor-in-100-years/articleshow/61775473.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=31 March 2017|first=Priyanka|last=Singh|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: LMC targets Rs 22 crore surplus income |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-targets-rs-22-crore-surplus-income/articleshow/57927515.cms|access-date=2 November 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow Municipal Corporation: Revenue Receipts|url=https://openbudgetsindia.org/dataset/lucknow-municipal-corporation-revenue-receipts|access-date=2 November 2020|website=openbudgetsindia.org|language=en}}</ref> The municipal corporation has the following administrative departments: Health Department, House Tax Department, Engineering Department, Park Department, Advertisement Department, Accounting Department, Property Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://lmc.up.nic.in/|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Lucknow Municipal Corporation}}</ref> There is also an executive committee (कार्यकारिणी समिति) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2018|title=LMC gets its executive committee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lmc-gets-its-executive-committee/articleshow/62576912.cms|access-date=20 October 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==== Police administration ====

The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drone cameras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucknow Police Plans to Use Drones for Dispersing Mobs |url=http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525141756/http://www.ndtv.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-police-plans-to-use-drones-for-dispersing-mobs-751922 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2015 |title=Lucknow cops get 'pepper-drones' for mob control, surveillance |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208233238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-cops-get-pepperdrones-for-mob-control-surveillance/article7096242.ece |archive-date=8 February 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Lucknow Fire Brigade department is headed by the chief fire officer, who is subordinate to the district magistrate and is assisted by a deputy chief fire officer and divisional officers.

There is a bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucknow/District Court in India {{!}} Official Website of District Court of India|url=https://districts.ecourts.gov.in/lucknow|access-date=2 November 2020|website=districts.ecourts.gov.in}}</ref>

== Central government offices ==

Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of the [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]] of the [[Indian Army]], before which it was the headquarters of [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]].<ref name="TOI-2009-05-03">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes|title=Central Command Raising Day concludes|date=3 May 2009|access-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010528/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-03/lucknow/28157520_1_ors-central-command-programmes|archive-date=5 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===

=== Politics ===

|[[Lucknow Central (Assembly constituency)|Lucknow Central]]

|[[Ravidas Mehrotra|Ravidas Mehotra]]

|-

|[[Lucknow Cantt. (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lucknow Cantt]]

|[[Mohanlalganj (Assembly constituency)|Mohanlal Ganj]]<ref name="lucknow1"/>

|Amresh Kumar

|}

==Transport==

===Roads===

[[File:Lucknow roads.jpg|thumb|The roads of Lucknow (Gomti Nagar in picture)]]

===Bus===

====City buses====

====Inter-state buses====

{{See also|Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service||Lucknow Upnagariya Parivahan Sewa}}

The major [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar]] Inter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) in [[Alambagh]] provides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow. Located on [[National Highway 25 (India)|National Highway 25]], it provides adequate services to ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station at [[Qaiserbagh]]. The bus terminal formally operated at [[Charbagh]], in front of the [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|main railway station]], has now been re-established as a city bus depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to decongest traffic in the railway station area. [[Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service]] is a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned "Royal Cruiser" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service are [[Allahabad]], [[Varanasi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Agra]], [[Delhi]], [[Gorakhpur]]. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus services are [[Jaipur]], [[New Delhi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Singrauli]], [[Faridabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Dausa]], [[Ajmer]], [[Dehradun]], and [[Haridwar]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|title = Inter State Bus Terminal opened|access-date = 27 August 2014|work = The Times of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025220425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Inter-state-bus-terminal-opened/articleshow/26300849.cms|archive-date = 25 October 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

===Railways===

[[File:Charbagh Railway Station, Lucknow.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]]]

[[File:Lucknow Junction.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lucknow Junction railway station]]]]

===Air transport===

[[File:CCS International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|Terminal-2, CCS International Airport]]]]

[[Dubai]], [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[Riyadh]], [[Bangkok]], [[Dammam]] and [[Jeddah]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|title = Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = World Airport Codes|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140830103007/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/india/lucknow-4260.html|archive-date = 30 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Cycling ===

==Demographics==

{{bar box

|titlebar=#Fcd116

|left1=Religion

|float=left

|bars=

{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|26.36}}

}}

According to the provisional report of [[2011 Census of India]], Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and 1,345,468 women.<ref name="Lko city census">{{cite web|title=Cities having population 100,000 and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Lucknow|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=7 June 2016|page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114013200/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0926_PART_B_DCHB_LUCKNOW.pdf|archive-date=14 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> This was an increase of 25.36% compared to the 2001 figures.

The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate.<ref name="Lko city census" /> The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole.<ref name="Lko city census" /> In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female.<ref name="Lko city census" /><ref name="literacy improvement">{{cite news|title=UP improves literacy rate, child sex ratio dips: Census|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|access-date=2 April 2011|date=2 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505082254/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-02/lucknow/29374065_1_female-literacy-literacy-rate-growth-rate|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%.<ref name="city literacy">{{cite news|title=Upsurge in state literacy|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|access-date=21 August 2001|date=21 August 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505085303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-08-21/lucknow/27248494_1_literacy-rate-basic-education-primary-schools|archive-date=5 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |title=Riding His Lucknow &#124; Sharat Pradhan |magazine=Outlook India |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227072926/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?284526 |archive-date=27 December 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a "Heritage Walk" for tourists covering the popular monuments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |title=Uttar Pradesh Tourism, Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh, India |publisher=UP Tourism |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620060925/http://www.up-tourism.com/heritage_lucknow.htm |archive-date=20 June 2014 }}</ref> Among the extant architecture, there are religious buildings such as [[Hussainia|Imambara]]s, mosques, and other [[Islam]]ic shrines as well as secular structures such as enclosed gardens, ''[[baradari (building)|baradaris]]'', and palace complexes.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|title = Architecture of Lucknow|access-date = 27 August 2014|website = Lucknow|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031637/http://www.lucknow.com/architecture3.html|archive-date = 4 March 2016|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

[[File:Old Lucknow.jpg|thumb|Ghanta Ghar, the tallest clock tower in India]]

The [[Chattar Manzil]], which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account of ''Chattar'' being the Hindi word for "umbrella".

Opposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by Nawab [[Saadat Ali Khan I]] between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.

[[File:Gomti Nagar.jpg|thumb|left|Multi-storey apartments]]

Lucknow's [[Bara Imambara|Asafi Imambara]] exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality.

=== Traditional Outfit ===

{{Main|Gharara}}

===Language and poetry===

Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is [[Hindi]], the most commonly spoken language is colloquial [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|title = Culture of Lucknow|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Lucknowcity|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150119025507/http://www.lucknow.org.uk/culture/index.html|archive-date = 19 January 2015|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Indian English]] is also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result of [[British Raj|India's British heritage]] and [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth tradition]], as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as in [[Urdu poetry]] and on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | title=Govt committed to promote Urdu: Akhilesh Yadav | date=30 November 2012 | access-date=30 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505064032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-30/lucknow/35484263_1_hindi-and-urdu-urdu-words-akhilesh-yadav | archive-date=5 May 2013 | url-status=dead | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], a dialect of the Hindi [[dialect continuum]], is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|title = About Lucknow Literary Festival|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Lucknow Literary Festival|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903085003/http://lucknowliteraryfestival.com/about/|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The revolutionary [[Ram Prasad Bismil]], who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry.<ref>Madan Lal Verma 'Krant' ''Krantikari Bismil Aur Unki Shayri'' page-28 ("याद आयेगा बहुत लखनऊ का जेल हमें")</ref> Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, [[Fatehpur, Barabanki|Fatehpur]], Barabanki, [[Rudauli]], and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi, [[Majaz]], [[Khumar Barabankvi]] and [[Josh Malihabadi]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|title = REVIEW: Josh Malihabadi|date = 18 May 2014|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Dawn|last = Piracha|first = Imtiaz|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816185103/http://www.dawn.com/news/1106916|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, the ''Bawarchis'' (chefs) and ''Rakabdars'' (royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (or ''Dum'' style cooking), which has become synonymous with "Awadhi" cuisine. These ''Bawarchis'' added elaborately prepared dishes like ''kababs'', ''kormas'', ''kaliya'', ''nahari-kulchas'', ''zarda'', ''sheermal'', ''roomali rotis'' and ''warqi parathas'' to the traditional "Awadhi" ''dastarkhwaan'' (feast of dishes).<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |title=Cuisine of Lucknow |publisher=Lucknow |access-date=26 March 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070819044302/http://lucknow.nic.in/cuisine.htm |archive-date = 19 August 2007}}</ref> The best-known dishes of this area consist of [[biryani]]s, [[kebab]]s and breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; ''kakori'', ''galawati'', ''shami'', ''boti'', ''patili-ke'', ''ghutwa'' and ''seekh'' are among the available varieties.<ref name="auto1"/> [[Tunde ke kabab]] restaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|title = History of the Tunday Kabab|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = indianfoodsguide|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114256/http://www.indianfoodsguide.com/food-articles/indian-food-articles/history-of-the-tunday-kabab.html|archive-date = 26 August 2014|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shubha Singh |url=http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |title=Lucknow for the love of Kebabs &#124; The Alternative |publisher=Thealternative |date=22 December 2012 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051723/http://www.thealternative.in/lifestyle/lucknow-for-the-love-of-kebabs/ |archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

===Festivals===

* [[Lucknow Mahotsav]]

* Lucknow Literature Festival

* [[Muharram]]

The classical Indian dance form ''[[Kathak]]'' originated from Lucknow.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|title = A North Indian Classical Dance Form: Lucknow Kathak|access-date = 25 August 2014|website = Journal for Anthropological Study of Human Movement|publisher = Illinois University|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140816084836/http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3ANorth_Lalli100-113.pdf|archive-date = 16 August 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of ''Kathak''. [[Lachhu Maharaj]], Acchchan Maharaj, [[Shambhu Maharaj]] and [[Birju Maharaj]] have kept this tradition alive.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|title = Pandit Birju Maharaj|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Pt. Birju Maharaj Kalashram|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091839/http://www.birjumaharaj-kalashram.com/pt-birju-maharaj.html|archive-date = 3 September 2014|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|title = Famous Kathak Dancers|access-date = 28 August 2014|website = Bhavalaya|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120423213717/http://www.bhavalaya.com/art%20and%20culture/famous_kathak_dancers.html|archive-date = 23 April 2012|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including [[Naushad]], [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Anup Jalota]] and [[Baba Sehgal]] as well as British pop celebrity Sir [[Cliff Richard]].

{{See also| List of educational institutions in Lucknow}}

Educational institutions in the city include seven [[List of educational institutions in Lucknow|universities]] including the [[University of Lucknow]], a [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University]], a [[Uttar Pradesh Technical University|technical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University)]], a [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University|law university (RMLNLU)]], an [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Islamic university (DUNU)]] and many [[Government Polytechnic Lucknow|polytechnics]], engineering institutes and industrial-training institutes.<ref name="Institutes">{{cite web|title=Institutes in Lucknow|url=http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|publisher=Central Bureau of Health Intelligence- Government of India|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043331/http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/91to100.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other research organisations in the state include the [[Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]], [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.<ref name=CFTR>{{cite web|title=Pursues in-depth research and development in food science and technology.|url=http://www.cftri.com/|publisher=Central Food Technological Research Institute|access-date=24 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801045035/http://www.cftri.com/|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PG">{{cite web|title=IUET-UG-PG-2012|url=http://www.successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|publisher=Success Cds|access-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627031623/http://successcds.net/Entrance-Exam/Integral-University-Lucknow-Entrance-Exam-IUET-UG-PG.html|archive-date=27 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">

File:La Martiniere College, Lucknow - by Ahmad Faiz Mustafa.jpg|[[La Martinière College, Lucknow|La Martiniere College]]

File:Lucknowuniversity.jpg|[[University of Lucknow]]

File:Chattar Manzil 2005.jpg|[[Central Drug Research Institute]]

File:Amity University Lucknow Campus.jpg|Amity University Lucknow Campus, also known as Mango Orchard Campus

</gallery>

==Sports==

[[File:K D Singh Babu Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow]]]]

[[File:Bbd-stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium]]]]

The main sports hub is the [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], which also has a swimming pool and indoor games complex. There are plans to develop KDSB stadium along the lines of Ekana Stadium. KDSB stadium needs Rs 2&nbsp;billion in funds to redesign and upgrade as per international standards. The other stadiums are Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |title=DR Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium, Faizabad Road, Lucknow &#124; Outdoor Stadiums in Faizabad Road, Lucknow &#124; buy tickets for venues |publisher=Buzzintown |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195744/http://www.buzzintown.com/lucknow/venues/dr-akhilesh-das-gupta-stadium-faizabad-road/segment--events/id--49482.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref> Babu Banarsi Das UP Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and the Sports College near the [[Integral University (Lucknow)|Integral University]].

Syed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Official website of Badminton Association of India {{!}} BadmintonIndia.org|url = http://www.badmintonindia.org/|website = badmintonindia.org|access-date = 25 May 2015|first = Your|last = Here|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150527223801/http://www.badmintonindia.org/|archive-date = 27 May 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|title = Badminton Association of India Announce Rewards for Saina, Kashyap|date = 17 March 2015|access-date = 2 July 2015|agency = [[Press Trust of India]]|publisher = [[NDTV]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150703031816/http://sports.ndtv.com/badminton/news/239204-badminton-association-of-india-announce-rewards-for-saina-kashyap|archive-date = 3 July 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of [[La Martiniere College|La Martinière College]].

! Founded

|-

[[Vijay Hazare Trophy]]

[[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy|Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy]]

|-

|-

| [[Awadhe Warriors]]

| [[Major Dhyan Chand Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]

| 2012

|-

| [[UP Yoddha]]

| [[Babu Banarasi Das Indoor Stadium]]

| 2017

|}

==Parks and recreation==

== Sister cities ==

* [[Rauza]] Kazmain

* [[The Residency, Lucknow|Residency]]

* [[All Saints Garrison Church, Lucknow]]

* [[Alambagh]]

* [[List of tallest buildings in Lucknow]]

* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in India]]

==References==

* {{cite book|author=Darogha Ubbas Alli|title=The Lucknow Album|url=https://archive.org/details/gri_000033125008608313|year=1874|publisher=Baptist Mission Press,Calcutta|author-link=Darogha Ubbas Alli}}

* {{cite book|author=Poorno Chunder Mookherji|title=The Pictorial Lucknow|url=https://archive.org/details/pictoriallucknow00pcmo|year=1883|publisher=P.C. Mookherji}}

* {{cite book|title=Discovering Lucknow|publisher=Lucknow Society|year=2014|isbn=978-81-928747-0-8|author1=Shamim A. Aarzoo|id= {{ASIN|8192874702|country=in}}}}

==External links==