Arunachal Pradesh: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox settlement

| name                     = Arunachal Pradesh

| type                     = [[States and union territories of India|State]]

| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage

| photo1a  = Golden Pagoda in Arunachal Pradesh (photo - Jim Ankan Deka).jpg

| image_map                = IN-AR.svg

| map_alt                  =  

| map_caption              =  

| coordinates              = {{coord|27.06|93.37|region:IN-AR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}

| coor_pinpoint            = Itanagar

| coordinates_footnotes    =  

| subdivision_type        = Country

| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}

| established_title        = Union territory

| established_date        = 21 January 1972

| established_title1      = Statehood

| established_date1        = 20 February 1987<ref>[http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm Government] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007041243/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/govt.htm |date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>

| parts_type              = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]

| parts_style              = para

| p1                      = [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|25]]

| seat_type                = Capital

| seat1_type              = Largest city

| seat1                    = Itanagar

| government_footnotes    =  

| leader_name              = [[B. D. Mishra]]<ref name="Retired Armyman BD Mishra Appointed New Arunachal Governor">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=BD |title=Retired Armyman BD Mishra Appointed New Arunachal Governor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/retired-brigadier-bd-mishra-appointed-new-arunachal-governor-1757081 |access-date=30 September 2017 |agency=NDTV News |date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930121444/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/retired-brigadier-bd-mishra-appointed-new-arunachal-governor-1757081|archive-date=30 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

| leader_title1            = [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]

| leader_name1            = [[Pema Khandu]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pema-khandu-sworn-in-as-chief-minister-of-arunachal-pradesh/article8862082.ece |title=Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Bharatiya Janata Party|(BJP)]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-forms-govt-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/article16969345.ece |access-date=31 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Arunachal Pradesh |date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303125941/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-forms-govt-in-Arunachal-Pradesh/article16969345.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

| leader_title2            = [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]

| leader_name2            = [[Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|60 seats]])

| leader_title3            = [[16th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]

| leader_name3            = [[Rajya Sabha]] 1<br /> [[Lok Sabha]] 2

| leader_title4            = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]

| leader_name4            = [[Gauhati High Court#The Itanagar bench for Arunachal Pradesh state|Guwahati High Court - Itanagar Bench]]

| unit_pref                = Metric

| area_footnotes          =  

| area_total_km2          = 83743

| area_note                =  

| area_rank                = [[List of states and territories of India by area|14th]]

| elevation_footnotes      =  

| elevation_m              =  

| population_footnotes    =  

| population_total         = 1382611

| population_as_of         = 2011

| population_rank         = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|27th]]

| population_density_km2  = auto

| population_note          =  

| population_demonym      = Arunachalis

| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1              = +05:30

| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AR]]

| blank_name_sec1          = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]

| blank_info_sec1          = {{increase}} 0.661 <ref>{{url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019%2B2014%2B2009%2B2004%2B1999%2B1994%2B1990}}</ref> (<span style="colour:#fc0">medium</span>)

| blank1_name_sec1        = HDI rank

| blank1_info_sec1        = 24th (2019)

| blank_name_sec2          = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]

| blank_info_sec2          = 66.95%

| blank1_name_sec2        = {{nowrap|Official languages}}

| blank1_info_sec2        = [[English language|English]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

| website                  = {{url|https://arunachalpradesh.gov.in}}

| module                  = {{Infobox place symbols

| embedded      =yes

| region        = Arunachal Pradesh

| country      = India

| emblem        = [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh]] [[File:Arunachal Pradesh Seal.svg|50px|left]]

| motto        =  

| language      =

| song          = [[Arunachal Hamara]]<br/>(''Our Arunachal'')<ref name="Arunachal Observer" />

| dance        =  

| mammal        = [[Gayal]][[File:B4 darjeling para-5 (cropped).jpg|50px|left]]<ref name="ap2">{{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/pdf/Basic_Statistical_Report_AP.pdf#page=2 |title=Basic Statistical Figure of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=27 January 2016 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202101141/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/pdf/Basic_Statistical_Report_AP.pdf#page=2 |archive-date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="kiap">{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#ap |title=Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh |publisher=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16 |archive-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{cite web |url=http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateBStatistics.htm |title=Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=15 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311201209/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/StateBStatistics.htm | archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref>

| bird          = [[Buceros bicornis|Hornbill]] [[ File:Great-Hornbill.jpg|50px|left]]<ref name="ap2" /><ref name="kiap" /><ref name="ap" />

| drink        =  

| flower        = [[Rhynchostylis retusa|Foxtail orchid]] [[File:Rhynchostylis retusa, West Java.jpg|50px|left]]<ref name="ap2" /><ref name="kiap" /><ref name="ap" />

| tree          = [[Dipterocarpus macrocarpus|Hollong]][[File:Bhutan pine foliage.JPG|50px|left]]<ref name=flowers>{{Cite web |title=State Trees and Flowers of India |url=http://flowersofindia.net/misc/state_flora.html |website=flowersofindia.net|access-date = 27 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416180150/http://www.flowersofindia.net/misc/state_flora.html|archive-date = 16 April 2016|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bsienvis.nic.in/State_trees/Arunachal%20Pradesh%20State%20Tree%20-%20Final%20-%204.3.2014.pdf |title=State Tree of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=27 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050035/http://bsienvis.nic.in/State_trees/Arunachal%20Pradesh%20State%20Tree%20-%20Final%20-%204.3.2014.pdf | archive-date=3 February 2016 | url-status=live}}</ref>

| fish          = [[Golden Mahseer]] [[File:Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) Babai River.jpg|50px|left]]<ref>{{cite web|title=State Fishes of India|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%20&%20Fisheries%20of%20India/2.State%20Fishes%20of%20India.pdf|publisher=National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>

'''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ər|ʊ|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|ə|l|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>{{lexico|Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref> lit. 'Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains')<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4&nbsp;am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeastern India]]. It was formed from the erstwhile [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] to the south. It shares international borders with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the [[McMahon Line]]. [[Itanagar]] is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[Northeast India]] by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129&nbsp;km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping India and China's disputed borders |url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/mapping-india-and-china-disputed-borders/index.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of {{convert|83743|km2|mi2}}. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the centre, [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] and [[Tai peoples|Tai people]] in the east, and [[Naga people]] in the southeast of the state. About 26 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} The main tribes of the state are Adi, Nyshi, Singpho, Galo, Tagin, Apatani, and so forth. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi.

A major part of the state is claimed by both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] as part of the region of [[Sino-Indian border dispute|South Tibet]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |editor-first1=M. |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first3=Nasima |editor-last3=Khatoon |page=155 |year=2020}}</ref> During the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/>

Arunachal Pradesh means ''Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains'', which is the [[sobriquet]] for the state in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discovery of North-East India |author=Usha Sharma |isbn=978-81-8324-034-5 |page=65 |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2005}}</ref>

The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Dr. Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref>

| [[Ita Fort]], Itanagar || 14th–15th century<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://itanagar.nic.in/tourist-place/ita-fort/|title=Ita Fort &#124; ITANAGAR CAPITAL COMPLEX &#124; Official website of District Administration &#124; India}}</ref>|| Chutia kings

| [[Malinithan]] Temple, Likabali || 13th–14th century<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44144827|author=Thakur, A.K.|title=Pre-Historic Archaeological Remains of Arunachal Pradesh and People's Perception: An Overview|year=2004|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=65|pages=1185–1196|jstor=44144827|via=JSTOR}}</ref>|| Chutia kings

In 1913–1914, representatives of the [[Tibet (1912–1951)|''de facto'' independent state of Tibet]] and Britain met in India to define the borders of 'Outer Tibet' (with respect to China). British administrator [[Sir Henry McMahon]] drew the {{convert|550|mi|km}} [[McMahon Line]] as the border between [[British India]] and Tibet, placing [[Tawang]] and other areas within British India. The Tibetan and British representatives devised the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]] including the McMahon Line,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |title=Simla Convention |publisher=Tibetjustice.org |access-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215213927/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html |archive-date=15 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Chinese representatives did not concur.<ref name="Shakya1999">{{cite book |author=Tsering Shakya |title=The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |year=1999 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11814-9 |page=279 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330183541/https://books.google.com/books?id=dosnYnxzTD4C&pg=PA279 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Simla Accord denies other benefits to China while it declines to assent to the Accord.<ref>Lamb, Alastair, ''The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914'', London, 1966, p529</ref>

The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China and could not sign treaties, so the Accord was invalid, like the Anglo-Chinese (1906) and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions.<ref name="int">{{Cite book |title=Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World |author=Ray, Jayanta Kumar |series=History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization: Towards independence |publisher=[[Pearson PLC]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0834-7 |page=202}}</ref> British records show that the condition for the Tibetan government to accept the new border was that China must accept the Simla Convention. As Britain was not able to get an acceptance from China, Tibetans considered the MacMahon line invalid.<ref name="Shakya1999" />

What is now Arunachal Pradesh was established as the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) in 1954 and Sino-Indian relations were cordial until 1960. Resurgence of the border disagreement was a factor leading to the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, during which China captured most of Arunachal Pradesh. However, China soon declared victory, withdrew back to the [[McMahon Line]] and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.<ref name="Neville_Maxwell">{{cite book |title=India's China War |last=Maxwell |first=Neville |author-link=Neville Maxwell |year=1970 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn=978-0224618878 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaschinawar0000maxw |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Noorani2">A.G. Noorani, "{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174852/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2017/stories/20030829001604900.htm Perseverance in peace process]}}", ''India's National Magazine'', 29 August 2003.</ref><ref name="Joshi">Manoj Joshi, "Line of Defence", ''Times of India'', 21 October 2000</ref>

In 2003, the [[Dalai Lama]] said that Arunachal was actually part of Tibet. In January 2007, the Dalai Lama said that both Britain and Tibet had recognised the McMahon Line in 1914. In 2008, he said that "Arunchal Pradesh was a part of India under the [[Simla Accord (1914)|agreement]] signed by Tibetan and British representatives".<ref name="tpt">{{cite news |title=Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama |publisher=TNN |date=4 June 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |access-date=20 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125122218/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/articleshow/3097568.cms |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Dalai Lama, "In 1962 during the India-China war, the [[People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary".<ref>"Dalai Lama's visit to Arunachal nostalgic: Top aide" [[Hindustan Times]] dated Dharamsala, 8 November 2009</ref>

In recent years, China has occasionally asserted its claims on [[Tawang]]. India has rebutted these claims and informed the Chinese government that Tawang is an integral part of India. India reiterated this to China when the two prime ministers met in Thailand in October 2009. A report that the [[Chinese Army]] had briefly invaded Arunachal Pradesh in 2016 was denied by India's [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)#List_of_Ministers_of_State|Minister of State for Home Affairs]], [[Kiren Rijiju]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161003011521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/News-of-Chinese-incursion-in-Arunachal-Pradesh-incorrect-MoS-Rijiju/articleshow/54560708.cms|archive-date = 3 October 2016|title = Kiren Rijiju: News of Chinese incursion in Arunachal Pradesh incorrect: MoS Rijiju &#124; India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In April 2017, China strongly objected to a visit to Tawang by the Dalai Lama, as it had to an earlier visit by the US ambassador to India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |title=Dalai Lama in Tawang: What next |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090023/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/dalai-lama-in-tawang-what-next/391957.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=live |date=15 April 2017}}</ref> China had objected to the Dalai Lama's previous visits to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114542/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asia/india/2009/11/10/232126/Thousands-flock.htm|url-status=dead |title=Thousands flock to see Dalai Lama in Indian state. |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

Arunachal Pradesh has faced threats from insurgent groups, notably the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of [[Changlang district|Changlang]] and [[Tirap district|Tirap]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp |title=Apang rules out Chakma compromise |date=12 August 2003|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526000435/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030812/asp/northeast/story_2255514.asp|archive-date=26 May 2011 |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> These groups seek to decrease the influence of Indian government in the region and merge part of Arunachal Pradesh into [[Nagaland]].

The [[Indian army]] is present along the Tibetan border to thwart any Chinese incursion. Under the [[Foreigners (Protected Areas) Order 1958 (India)]], [[Inner Line Permit]]s (ILPs) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with [[Assam]].{{cn|date=October 2021}}

Arunachal Pradesh suffered [[2015–16 Arunachal Pradesh political crisis|political crisis]] between April 2016 and December 2016. The [[Indian National Congress]] Chief Minister [[Nabam Tuki]] replaced [[Jarbom Gamlin]] as the [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]] on 1 November 2011 and continued until January 2016. After a political crisis in 2016, [[President's rule]] was imposed ending his tenure as the chief minister. In February 2016, [[Kalikho Pul]] became the Chief Minister when 14 disqualified MLAs were reinstated by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. On 13 July 2016, the Supreme Court quashed the Arunachal Pradesh Governor [[Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa|J.P. Rajkhowa]]'s order to advance the Assembly session from 14 January 2016 to 16 December 2015, which resulted in President's rule in Arunachal Pradesh. As a result, Nabam Tuki was reinstated as the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh on 13 July 2016. But hours before floor test, he resigned as the chief minister on 16 July 2016. He was succeeded by [[Pema Khandu]] as the INC Chief Minister who later joined PPA in September 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Pema Khandu further joined BJP in December 2016 along with majority of MLAs. Arunachal Pradesh becomes 2nd NE state to achieve [[Open defecation#Open defecation free|ODF]] status.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |title=Arunachal becomes 2nd NE state to achieve ODF status |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125030743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-becomes-2nd-ne-state-to-achieve-odf-status/articleshow/62348405.cms |archive-date=25 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[Humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3500–5500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2000|to|5000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D|s2cid=121748669 }}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October.

Arunachal Pradesh has among the highest diversity of mammals and birds in India. There are around 750 species of birds<ref name="Choudhury2006">{{cite book |author=A. U. Choudhury |title=A pocket guide to the birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India 109pp. [Party supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK]. ISBN 81-900866-5-0 |year=2006}}</ref> and more than 200 species of mammals<ref name="Choudhury2003">{{cite book |author=A. U. Choudhury |title=The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. Regency Publications, New Delhi. 140pp, illus, plates. ISBN 81-87498803, 9788187498803. |year=2003}}</ref> in the state.

[[File:Clean ziro green ziro.jpeg|left|thumb|Ziro valley]] Arunachal's forests account for one-third of habitat area within the Himalayan biodiversity hot-spot.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hotspots revisited. |last=Mittermeier |first=Russell A. |publisher=Cemex |year=2004}}</ref> In 2013, {{convert|31273|km2|abbr=on}} of Arunachal's forests were identified as part of a vast area of continuous forests ({{convert|65730|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}}, including forests in Myanmar, China and Bhutan) known as [[Intact forest landscape]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Potapov |first1=Peter |last2=Hansen |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Laestadius |first3=Lars |last4=Turubanova |first4=Svetlana |last5=Yaroshenko |first5=Alexey |last6=Thies |first6=Christoph |last7=Smith |first7=Wynet |last8=Zhuravleva |first8=Ilona |last9=Komarova |first9=Anna |date=1 January 2017 |title=The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013 |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=e1600821 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1600821 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5235335 |pmid=28097216 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E0821P}}</ref> There are two tiger reserves in the state: a reserve in [[Namdapha National Park]] and [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Arunachal Forest">{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Protected Areas |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/protected_areas.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref>

In the year 2000 Arunachal Pradesh was covered with {{convert|63093|km2|abbr=on}} of tree cover<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=M. C. |last2=Potapov |first2=P. V. |last3=Moore |first3=R. |last4=Hancher |first4=M. |last5=Turubanova |first5=S. A. |last6=Tyukavina |first6=A. |last7=Thau |first7=D. |last8=Stehman |first8=S. V. |last9=Goetz |first9=S. J. |s2cid=23541992 |date=15 November 2013 |title=High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change |journal=Science |language=en |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=850–853 |doi=10.1126/science.1244693 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=24233722 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..850H}}</ref> (77% of its land area).  It harbours over 5000 plants, about 85 terrestrial mammals, over 500 birds and many butterflies, insects and reptiles.<ref>Govt of Arunachal Pradesh. {{cite web |url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415005713/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/bio.htm |archive-date=15 April 2016}}</ref> At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with [[Assam]], are [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. Toward the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|Eastern]] and [[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] followed by [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]] and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. It supports many medicinal plants and within Ziro valley of Lower Subansiri district 158 medicinal plants are being used by its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=1315349 |pmid=16288657 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-1-11 |volume=1 |title=Ethnomedicinal botany of the Apatani in the Eastern Himalayan region of India |year=2005 |journal=J Ethnobiol Ethnomed |pages=11 |last1=Kala |first1=CP}}</ref> The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf [[rhododendron]], [[oak]], [[pine]], [[maple]] and [[fir]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A revised survey of the forest types of India(1968). |last=Champion, Sir HG, and Shiam Kishore Seth. |year=1968}}</ref> The state has [[Mouling National Park|Mouling]] and [[Namdapha National Park|Namdapha]] national parks.

The major animal species are Tiger, Leopard, snow leopard, Asian elephant, Sambhar deer, Chital deer, Barking deer, Sloth bear, Mithuna (''Bos frontalis''), Gaur, Dhole, Giant squirrel, Marbled cat, Leopard cat.<ref name="Arunachal Forestb">{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Flora and Fauna |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/wildlife_special.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests & Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> A new  subspecies of hoolock gibbon has been described from the state which has been named as the [[Mishmi Hills hoolock gibbon]] (''H. h. mishmiensis'').<ref name="Choudhury2013b">{{cite journal |first=A. U. |last=Choudhury |title=Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon ''Hoolock hoolock'' from North East India |journal=The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India |volume=9 |pages=49–59 |year=2013}}</ref> Three new giant flying squirrels were also described from the state during the last one and half-decade. These were, [[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2007">{{cite book |author=A. U. Choudhury |title=A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. Newsletter & J. Rhino Foundation NE India 7: 26–32, plates |year=2007}}</ref> [[Mishmi Hills giant flying squirrel]],<ref name="Choudhury2009">{{cite book |author=A. U. Choudhury |title=One more new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. Newsletter & J. Rhino Foundation NE India 8: 27-35, plates" |year=2009}}</ref> and [[Mebo giant flying squirrel]].<ref name="Choudhury2013a">{{cite book |author=A. U. Choudhury |title=Description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India. The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 9: 30–38" |year=2013}}</ref>

| West (HQ: Yazali, Lower Subansiri) || [[Tawang District]], [[West Kameng District]], [[East Kameng District]], [[Kurung Kumey District]], [[Kra Daadi District]], [[West Siang District]], [[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang District]], [[Upper Subansiri District]], [[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare District]], [[Kamle district|Kamle District]], [[Lower Subansiri District]], [[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang District]], [[Lepa-Rada district|Lepa-Rada District]], [[Shi-Yomi district|Shi-Yomi District]], [[Itanagar capital complex district | Itanagar]]

{{IndiaCensusPop

| title= Population Growth

| estimate=

| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />First census was carried out in 1961.

Moving southeast, the [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[Khamti people|Khamti]] are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachalese tribes. They follow the [[Theravada]] sect of Buddhism.  They also exhibit considerable convergence with the [[Singpho people|Singpho]] and [[Tangsa]] Naga tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. The Khamptis and Singphos have a huge demographic presence even in the neighbouring state of Assam, in places viz. [[Naharkatiya]], [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] of Lakhimpur districts of Assam. They one of the most recent people group migrated to Arunachal region from Burma and Assam. The [[Nocte language|Nocte]] Naga and [[Wancho language|Wancho]] Naga are another two major ethnic tribes. Both the tribes exhibit very much cultural similarities. Finally, the [[Deori people|Deori]] tribe is also a major community in the state, with their own distinctive identity. They are the descendants of the priestly class of [[Chutia kingdom|Chutia people]] who were allowed to continue their livelihood after the defeat of the Chutias. Deoris are one of the only Arunachal tribes in the historical records – which shows they are among the first ethnic groups to inhabit the Himalayas of the districts of Dibang Valley and Lohit, before the arrival of many other tribes in the region between 1600 and 1900.

|color1 = DodgerBlue

|color2 = Orange

|color4 = Yellow

| caption = Languages of Arunachal Pradesh in 2011<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

| color1 = darkblue

| color2 = deepskyblue

| label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

| color3 = sienna

| color4 = steelblue

| value5 = 4.51

| value7 = 3.90

| label8 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]

| color8 = yellow

| color12 = darkslategrey

| color14 = firebrick

| value16 = 1.03

| value17 =13.18

The speakers of major languages of the state according to the 2011 census are [[Nishi language|Nyishi]] (20.74%), [[Adi people#Language|Adi]] (17.35%, includes Adi and [[Gallong language|Gallong]]), [[Nepali language|Nepali]] (6.89%), [[Bangni-Tagin language|Tagin]] (4.54%), [[Bhotia language|Bhotia]] (4.51%), [[Wancho language|Wancho]] (4.23%), [[Assamese language|Assamese]] (3.9%), [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (3.66%), [[Hindi]] (3.45%), [[Chakma language|Chakma]] (3.40%), [[Apatani language|Apatani]] (3.21%), [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] (3.04%), Tangsa (2.64%), Nocte (2.19%), [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (2.04%) and [[Sadri language|Sadri]] (1.03%).

 

Modern-day Arunachal Pradesh is one of the linguistically richest and most diverse regions in all of Asia, being home to at least 30 and possibly as many as 50 distinct languages in addition to innumerable dialects and subdialects thereof. Boundaries between languages very often correlate with tribal divisions—for example, the [[Apatani people|Apatani]] and [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]] are tribally and linguistically distinct—but shifts in tribal identity and alignment over time have also ensured that a certain amount of complication enters into the picture—for example, the [[Galo language]] is and has seemingly always been linguistically distinct from [[Adi language|Adi]], whereas the earlier tribal alignment of Galo with Adi (i.e., "Adi Gallong") has only recently been essentially dissolved.

The vast majority of languages indigenous to modern-day Arunachal Pradesh belong to the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman family]]. The majority of these in turn belong to a single branch of Tibeto-Burman, namely Abo-Tani language. Almost all [[Tani languages]] are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the [[Tagin people|Tagin]], the [[Galo people|Galo]], the [[Bokar language|Bokar]], the [[Adi people|Adi]], the [[Padam people|Padam]], the Pasi, and the [[Minyong people|Minyong]]. The Tani languages are noticeably characterised by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most of the [[Tani languages]] are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a [[dialect chain]], as was once found in much of Europe; only [[Apatani language|Apatani]] and [[Milang language|Milang]] stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region.

To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "[[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]" group of Tibeto-Burman: [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]], [[Digaro Mishmi language|Digaru]] and [[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju]]. A number of speakers of these languages are also found in [[Tibet]]. The relationships of these languages, both amongst one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the [[Jingpho language|Singpho (Kachin) language]], which is primarily spoken by large populations in [[Myanmar]]'s [[Kachin State]], and the [[Nocte language|Nocte]] and [[Wancho language]]s, which show affiliations to certain [[Naga languages]] spoken to the south in modern-day [[Nagaland]].

To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four [[Bodic languages]], including [[Dakpa language|Dakpa]] and [[Tshangla language]]; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and [[Memba people|Memba]]. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring [[Bhutan]] and [[Tibet]], and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions.

Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie many almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]], [[Bugun language|Bugun]], [[Hrusish languages|Hruso]], [[Koro language (India)|Koro]], [[Miji languages|Miji]], [[Bangru language|Bangru]] and [[Puroik language|Puroik]]/[[Sulung]]. The high linguistic significance these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives, and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print.

Finally, other than the Bodic and Tani groups, there are also certain migratory languages that are largely spoken by migratory and central government employees serving in the state in different departments and institutions in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh. They are classified as Non-Tribal as per the provisions of the [[Constitution of India]].

Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the [[Tai languages|Tai family]], spoken by [[Khamti people|Tai Khamti tribe]], which is closely affiliated to the [[Shan language]] of [[Myanmar]]'s [[Shan State]]. Seemingly, Khampti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates to 18th and/or early 19th-century migrations from northern [[Myanmar]].

In addition to these non-[[Indo-European languages]], the Indo-European languages [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and especially [[Hindi]] are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system—in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking migrant teachers from [[Bihar]] and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India, a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-[[Creolization|creolised]] variety of Hindi as a mother tongue. Hindi acts as a lingua franca for most of the people in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |title=How Hindi became the language of choice in Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211120138/http://scroll.in/article/675419/how-hindi-became-the-language-of-choice-in-arunachal-pradesh |archive-date=11 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognised in the state.

State-owned [[Arunachal Pradesh State Transport Services]] (APSTS) runs daily bus service from [[Itanagar]] to most district headquarters including [[Tezpur]], [[Guwahati]] in Assam, [[Shillong]] in Meghalaya, and [[Dimapur]] in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |title=Itanagar-Dimapur bus service flagged off |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208223430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/itanagar-dimapur-bus-service-flagged-off/articleshow/56168153.cms |archive-date=8 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170752/http://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/csp_ap_portal/night-bus-service-again.html|url-status=dead |title=Night coach bus services introduced |archive-date=3 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |title=PSTS |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170146/http://www.indiamapped.com/public-transports-in-india/arunachal-pradesh/ |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040347/http://www.icar.org.in/nrcyak/background.html |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

In 2014, two additional east–west highways were proposed: an [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|Industrial Corridor Highway]] in the lower foothills, and a [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Frontier Highway]] along the [[McMahon Line]].<ref name=BR1>{{cite web |title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms |work=Dipak Kumar Dash |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018192037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web |title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106 |publisher=dnaindia |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027082007/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live |date=20 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web |title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/ |work=Ankit Panda |publisher=thediplomat.com |access-date=27 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018054055/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|archive-date=18 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title=Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |newspaper=Live Mint |access-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202035956/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |archive-date= 2 December 2014 |url-status= live}}</ref> The proposed alignment of the Frontier Highway has been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225424/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> China has warned India against paving the road.<ref name=BR5>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nation.htm |title=China warns India against paving road in Arunachal |work=Ajay Banerjee |publisher=tribuneindia.com |access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027064234/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nation.htm|archive-date=27 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Arunachal Pradesh got its first railway line in late 2013 with the opening of the new link line from Harmuti on the main [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section|Rangpara North–Murkongselak railway line]] to Naharlagun in Arunachal Pradesh. The construction of the 33-kilometre {{track gauge|1676mm}} {{track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad-gauge railway]] line was completed in 2012, and the link became operational after the gauge conversion of the main line from Assam. The state capital Itanagar was added to the Indian railway map on 12 April 2014 via the newly built 20-kilometre Harmuti-Naharlagun railway line, when a train from Dekargaon in [[Assam]] reached [[Naharlagun railway station]], 10 kilometres from the centre of Itanagar, a total distance of 181 kilometres.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html |title=Arunachal Pradesh Capital Itanagar Put on India's Railway Map |work=indiatimes.com|access-date=29 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429092408/http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/arunachal-pradesh-capital-itanagar-put-on-indias-railway-map-139950.html|archive-date=29 April 2014|url-status=live |date=8 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh |title=Arunachal Pradesh now on railway map, train reaches Naharlagun, a town near capital Itanagar |work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090627/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/news/49080232_1_harmuti-railway-map-arunachal-pradesh|archive-date=19 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has two polytechnic institutes: [[Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic]] in Itanagar established in 2002 and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar established in 2006. There is two law colleges, namely, the private-owned Arunachal Law Academy at Itanagar and the government-owned Jarbom Gamlin Government Law College at Jote, Itanagar. The College of Horticulture and Forestry is affiliated to the [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Imphal]].

| [[Emblem of Arunachal Pradesh]] || [[File:..Arunachal Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png|50px]]

| [[Hollong]] (''Dipterocarpus macrocarpus'')<ref name="State Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |title=Arunachal Pradesh Symbols |website=knowindia.gov.in |access-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127114512/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol.php |archive-date=27 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> || [[File:Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Hollong young leafIMG 1920 05.jpg|50px]]