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Arunachal Pradesh: Difference between revisions
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| population_density_km2 = auto | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_note = | | population_note = | ||
| population_demonym = Arunachalis | |||
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 = +05:30 | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
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| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] | | blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] | ||
| blank_info_sec2 = 66.95% | | blank_info_sec2 = 66.95% | ||
| blank1_name_sec2 = {{nowrap| | | blank1_name_sec2 = {{nowrap|Official languages}} | ||
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> | | blank1_info_sec2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name=langoff>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, [[Government of India]] |access-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India |url=https://mdoner.gov.in/about-north-east/arunachal-pradesh |website=mdoner.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WORKING IN HINDI LANGUAGE |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2863engls.pdf |website=rajbhasha.gov.in |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> | ||
| website = {{url|https://arunachalpradesh.gov.in}} | | website = {{url|https://arunachalpradesh.gov.in}} | ||
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'''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ər|ʊ|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|ə|l|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>{{lexico|Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref> lit. 'Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains')<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4 am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeastern India]]. It was formed from the erstwhile [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] to the south. It shares international borders with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the [[McMahon Line]]. [[Itanagar]] is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[Northeast India]] by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping India and China's disputed borders |url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/mapping-india-and-china-disputed-borders/index.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | '''Arunachal Pradesh''' ({{IPAc-en|ər|ʊ|ˌ|n|ɑː|tʃ|ə|l|_|p|r|ə|ˈ|d|ɛ|ʃ}},<ref>{{lexico|Arunachal Pradesh}}</ref> lit. 'Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains')<ref>{{cite news |title='We Wake Up at 4 am': Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu Wants Separate Time Zone |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308 |work=Outlook |date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152928/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/we-wake-up-at-4am-arunachal-cm-pema-khandu-wants-separate-time-zone/299308|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[Northeastern India]]. It was formed from the erstwhile [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of [[Assam]] and [[Nagaland]] to the south. It shares international borders with [[Bhutan]] in the west, [[Myanmar]] in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the [[McMahon Line]]. [[Itanagar]] is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[Northeast India]] by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with [[China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ratnadip |title=Arunachal Residents Write To PM On Road Project, Quote National Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arunachal-pradesh-residents-quote-national-security-as-they-write-to-pm-modi-on-stalled-road-project-2299974 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mapping India and China's disputed borders |url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2020/mapping-india-and-china-disputed-borders/index.html |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=10 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of {{convert|83743|km2|mi2}}. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the | As of the [[2011 Census of India]], Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of {{convert|83743|km2|mi2}}. It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly [[Monpa people]] in the west, [[Tani people]] in the centre, [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] and [[Tai peoples|Tai people]] in the east, and [[Naga people]] in the southeast of the state. About 26 major tribes and 100 sub-tribes live in the state.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} The main tribes of the state are Adi, Nyshi, Singpho, Galo, Tagin, Apatani, and so forth. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi. | ||
A major part of the state is claimed by both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] as part of the region of [[Sino-Indian border dispute|South Tibet]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |editor-first1=M. |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first3=Nasima |editor-last3=Khatoon |page=155 |year=2020}}</ref> During the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> | A major part of the state is claimed by both the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Republic of China]] as part of the region of [[Sino-Indian border dispute|South Tibet]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |editor-first1=M. |editor-last1=Mayilvaganan |editor-first2=Sourina |editor-last2=Bej |editor-first3=Nasima |editor-last3=Khatoon |page=155 |year=2020}}</ref> During the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 Sino-Indian War]], most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]].<ref name="Neville_Maxwell"/><ref name="Noorani2"/><ref name="Joshi"/> | ||
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Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Sherdukpen]] keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. The remaining parts of the state, especially the foothills and the plains, were under the control of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] kings of [[Assam]]. | Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 BCE and 600 CE. The [[Monpa people|Monpa]] and [[Sherdukpen]] keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. The remaining parts of the state, especially the foothills and the plains, were under the control of the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] kings of [[Assam]]. | ||
Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples, such as the 14th-century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in [[West Siang]], indicate they were built during the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] reign. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar (built in the 8th century), has led to suggestions that the Chutia people had an advanced culture and administration. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old [[Tawang Monastery]] in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people. The sixth [[Dalai Lama]] [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] was born in [[Tawang]]. | Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples, such as the 14th-century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in [[West Siang]], indicate they were built during the [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia]] reign. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar (built in the 8th century), has led to suggestions that the [[Chutia people]] had an advanced culture and administration. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old [[Tawang Monastery]] in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people. The sixth [[Dalai Lama]] [[6th Dalai Lama|Tsangyang Gyatso]] was born in [[Tawang]]. | ||
The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Dr. Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref> | The main archaeological sites of the state include:<ref>{{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Dr. Swarnalata |title=Chutia Jaatir Buranji |year=2004 |publisher=Banalata Publications |location=Guwahati}}</ref> | ||
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! Site || Dated to || Built by | ! Site || Dated to || Built by | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Bhismaknagar| Bhismaknagar Fort]], Roing || 8th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|title=Tourism | District Lower Dibang Valley, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. | India}}</ref>|| Chutia kings | | [[Bhismaknagar| Bhismaknagar Fort]], Roing || 8th–15th century<ref name="roing.nic.in">{{Cite web|url=https://roing.nic.in/tourism/|title=Tourism | District Lower Dibang Valley, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. | India}}</ref>|| [[Chutia Kingdom|Chutia kings]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Bolung Fort, Bolung || 13th century || Chutia kings | | Bolung Fort, Bolung || 13th century || Chutia kings | ||
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=== Climate === | === Climate === | ||
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[Humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3500–5500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2000|to|5000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D}}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October. | The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. The low-altitude areas have a [[Humid subtropical climate]]. High-altitude areas (3500–5500 m) have a [[Oceanic climate|subtropical highland climate]] and alpine climate. Arunachal Pradesh receives {{convert|2000|to|5000|mm}} of rainfall annually,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dhar |first1=O. N. |last2=Nandargi |first2=S. |date=1 June 2004 |title=Rainfall distribution over the Arunachal Pradesh Himalayas |journal=Weather |language=en |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=155–157 |doi=10.1256/wea.87.03 |issn=1477-8696 |bibcode=2004Wthr...59..155D|s2cid=121748669 }}</ref> 70%–80% obtained between May and October. | ||
=== Biodiversity === | === Biodiversity === | ||
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The religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is diverse with no single religious group representing the majority of the population. A relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are nature worshippers ([[indigenous religions]]), and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the Rangfrah by the [[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]] & [[Nocte people|Nocte]], Medar Nelo by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the Kargu Gamgi by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]] and Donyi-Polo Dere by the [[Adi people|Adi]] under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the Donyi-Polo. A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as [[Hindu]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2017 |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna}}</ref> although the number may grow as animist traditions are absorbed into Hinduism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates in the districts of [[Tawang]], [[West Kameng]], and isolated regions adjacent to [[Tibet]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practised by groups living near the [[Myanmar]] border. Around 30% of the population are Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | The religious landscape of Arunachal Pradesh is diverse with no single religious group representing the majority of the population. A relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are nature worshippers ([[indigenous religions]]), and follow their own distinct traditional institutions like the Nyedar Namlo by the [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], the Rangfrah by the [[Tangsa Naga|Tangsa]] & [[Nocte people|Nocte]], Medar Nelo by the [[Apatani people|Apatani]], the Kargu Gamgi by the [[Galo tribe|Galo]] and Donyi-Polo Dere by the [[Adi people|Adi]] under the umbrella of the indigenous religion the Donyi-Polo. A small number of Arunachali people have traditionally identified as [[Hindu]]s,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms |title=How churches in Arunachal Pradesh are facing resistance over conversion of tribals|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201122855/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-churches-in-arunachal-pradesh-are-facing-resistance-over-conversion-of-tribals/articleshow/61703687.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=live |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 November 2017 |last1=Katiyar |first1=Prerna}}</ref> although the number may grow as animist traditions are absorbed into Hinduism. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] predominates in the districts of [[Tawang]], [[West Kameng]], and isolated regions adjacent to [[Tibet]]. [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practised by groups living near the [[Myanmar]] border. Around 30% of the population are Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=Census of India : C-1 Population By Religious Community|access-date=27 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
Buddhism arrived in Arunachal Pradesh in 8th century CE from Tibet.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sahapedia.org/theravada-buddhist-monasteries-arunachal-pradesh-study-art-and-visual-culture#:~:text=While%20Mahayana%20Buddhism%20arrived%20in,%2Dday%20Myanmar)%2C%20settled%20in | title=Theravada Buddhist Monasteries of Arunachal Pradesh: A Study of Art and Visual Culture }}</ref> | |||
According to the 2011 Indian Census, the religions of Arunachal Pradesh break down as follows:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}} | According to the 2011 Indian Census, the religions of Arunachal Pradesh break down as follows:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Religious Composition |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |access-date=27 August 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live}} | ||