Jahangir: Difference between revisions

{{other uses|Jahangir (name)}}

| name        = Jahangir <br> جهانگیر

| title        = [[Padshah]] of The [[Mughal Empire]]

| image        = Indian - Single Leaf of a Portrait of the Emperor Jahangir - Walters W705 - Detail.jpg

| caption      = Portrait of fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir

| succession  = [[Mughal Emperors|4th Emperor of the Mughal Empire]]

| birth_date  = {{birth date|1569|8|31|df=y}}

| birth_place  = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref>Henry Beveridge, ''Akbarnama of Abu'l Fazl Volume II'' (1907), p. 503</ref>

| death_date  = {{death date and age|1627|10|28|1569|8|31|df=yes}}

| death_place  = [[Bhimber]], [[Kashmir]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Pakistan]])

| posthumous name = Jannat Makani ({{lit|Dwelling in Heaven}})

| house        = [[Timurid Dynasty]]

| religion    = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>Andrew J. Newman, ''Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam 632 to 1722'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), online version: p. 48: "Jahangir [was] ... a Sunni."</ref><ref>John F. Richards, ''The Mughal Empire'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 103</ref> ([[Hanafi]])

{{marriage|[[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]]<br/>|13 February 1585|16 May 1604|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780195127188|pages=12|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref>

|{{marriage|[[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani]]|21 September 1586|8 April 1619|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trimizi|first=S. A. I.|title=Mughal Documents|publisher=Manohar|year=1989|pages=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|title=Mughal Administration|publisher=M. C. Sarkar|year=1952|pages=156–57}}</ref>

|{{marriage|[[Khas Mahal]]<br/>|1596}}<ref name=Q>{{cite book|first=Sir William|last=Foster|title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619|publisher=AMS Press|year=1975|pages=100–101|isbn=978-0-404-54825-4}}</ref>

| spouses     = {{ubl

|{{Marriage|[[Sahib Jamal]]|1586|1599|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}

|{{marriage|[[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur-un-Nissa]]<br/>|1592}}

| spouses-type = Wives <br>[[#Marriages|''more...'']]

'''Nur al-Din Muhammad Salim''' ({{Lang-fa|نور الدين محمد سليم|translit=Nūr al-Dīn Muḥammad Salīm}}; 31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627),<ref name="Singh14">{{cite book |title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Pashaura |editor1-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |page=647 |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref> known by his imperial name '''Jahangir''' ({{lang-fa|{{nq|جهانگیر}}}}; {{IPA-fa|d͡ʒahɑːn'giːr}}; {{lit| Conqueror of the World}}),<ref name=Brit>{{cite web  |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |title=Jahāngīr |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724183907/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jahangir |archive-date=24 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> was the fourth [[Mughal Emperor]], who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627.

Prince Salim was the third son born to [[Akbar]] and his favorite Queen Consort,<ref name="farishta" >{{cite book|last1=Hindu Shah|first1=Muhammad Qasim|title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi|page=223}}</ref> [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] on 31 August 1569.<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri>{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909–1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had two elder full brothers, [[Mirza Hassan|Hassan Mirza]] and [[Hussain Mirza]], born as twins to his mother in 1564, both of whom died in infancy. Since these children had died in infancy, Akbar sought the blessing of holy men for an heir-apparent to his empire.

When Akbar was informed of the news that his chief Hindu wife was expecting a child again, an order was passed for the establishment of a royal palace in Sikri near the lodgings of [[Salim Chishti|Shaikh Salim Chisti]], where the Empress could enjoy the repose being in the vicinity of the revered saint. Mariam was shifted to the palace established there and during her pregnancy, Akbar himself used to travel to Sikri and used to spend half of his time in Sikri and another half in Agra. When Mariam-uz-Zamani was near her confinement, she was shifted to the humble dwelling of Shaikh Salim by Akbar where she gave birth to Prince Salim. He was named after the Shaikh Salim given the faith of Akbar in the efficacy of the prayers of the holy man.<ref name=tuzk-e-jahangiri /><ref>{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA171|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|page=171}}</ref> Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast on the occasion of his birth and ordered the release of criminals with the great offense. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on the account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his wife and son after forty-one days of his birth.

Salim started his learning at the age of five. On this occasion, a big feast was thrown by Emperor Akbar, ceremonially initiating his son into education. His first tutor was Qutb-ud-din. After some time he was inaugurated into strategic reasoning and military warfare by several tutors. His maternal uncle, [[Bhagwant Das]] was supposedly one of his tutors on the subject of warfare tactics. Salim grew up fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]] and premodern [[Hindi]], with

pronounced knowledge of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]], the Mughal ancestral language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521267281|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|pages=99}}</ref>

He succeeded the throne on Thursday, 3 November 1605, eight days after his father's death. Salim ascended to the throne with the title of Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi, and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36. Jahangir, soon after, had to fend off his own son, Prince [[Khusrau Mirza]], when the latter attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will to become his next heir. Khusrau Mirza was defeated in 1606 and confined in the fort of [[Agra]]. Jahangir considered his third son, Prince Khurram (reign name [[Shah Jahan]]), his favourite. As punishment, Khusrau Mirza was handed over to his younger brother and was partially blinded and killed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |title=The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography |website=brown.edu |access-date=23 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514034521/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1622, Jahangir sent his son, [[Prince Khurram]], to fight against the combined forces of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur]] and [[Golconda]]. After his victory, Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. Khurram murdered his blind older brother, Khusrau Mirza, in order to smoothen his own path to the throne.<ref name="Findly1993">{{cite book |author=Ellison Banks Findly |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |url={{Google books|ugxFjVDk3I8C|page=PA171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date= 1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |pages=170–172}}</ref> As with the insurrection of his eldest son, Khusrau, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power.<ref name=Brit />

Salim's first and chief wife was the daughter of his maternal uncle [[Raja Bhagwant Das]], [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Shah Begum]] to whom he was betrothed at an age of 15. Salim was a [[mansabdar]] of ten thousand (Das-Hazari), the highest military rank of the empire (after the emperor), he independently commanded a regiment in the Kabul campaign of 1581 when he was barely twelve. His Mansab was raised to Twelve Thousand, in 1585, at the time of his betrothal to [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Man Bai]], princess of [[Amer, India|Amer]]. Bhagwant Das was the son of Raja [[Bharmal]] and the marriage was fixed by his mother [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Rahman |first=Munibur |encyclopedia=Encyclopédie de l'Islam |title=Salīm, Muḥammad Ḳulī |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_sim_6549}}</ref> Nizamuddin remarks that she was considered to be the best and most suitable princess as the first wife of Prince Salim.<ref>{{cite book|first=Nizamuddin|last=Ahmad|title=Tabaqat-i-Akbari|page=599|volume=2}}</ref> Abul Fazl in Akbarnama illustrates her as a ''jewel of chastity'' and describes her as an extremely beautiful woman whose purity adorned her high extraction and was endowed with remarkable beauty and graces.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=Ain-I-Akbari|year=1590|volume=3|pages=677–678}}</ref>

The marriage with Man Bai took place on 24 February 1585 in her native town Amer which was also the native town of his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Akbar alongside several other nobles of the court personally visited Amer and followed this marriage. A lavish ceremony took place and the bride's palanquin was carried by Akbar and Salim for some distance in her honor. She became one of his favorite wives. As stated by Jahangir himself in his autobiography he notes that he was extremely fond of her and designated her as his chief consort in the royal harem in his princely days. At the time of her death, Jahangir records his attachment and affection for her and makes notes of her unwavering devotion towards him.<ref name=Beveridge1909>{{cite book|title = The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr, Volume 2|year=1909|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first2= Henry|editor-last2=Beveridge|page=13}}</ref> Jahangir honored her with the title ''Shah Begum'' after she gave birth to [[Khusrau Mirza]], the eldest son of Jahangir.

In October 1590, he married Zohra Begum, daughter of Mirza Sanjar Hazara. He married Karamnasi Begum, daughter of Raja Kesho Das Rathore of Merta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II|pages=361}}</ref> On 11 January 1592, he married Kanwal Rani, daughter of Ali Sher Khan, by his wife, Gul Khatun. In October 1592, he married a daughter of Husain Chak of Kashmir. In January/March 1593, he married [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur un-Nisa Begum]], daughter of Ibrahim Husain Mirza, by his wife, Gulrukh Begum, daughter of [[Kamran Mirza]]. In September 1593, he married a daughter of Ali Khan Faruqi, Raja of Khandesh. He also married a daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch.

 

On 17 June 1608, he married Koka Kumari Begum, eldest daughter of Jagat Singh, Yuvraj of Amber. This marriage was held at the palace of Jahangir's mother, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]. On 11 January 1610, he married the daughter of Ram Chand Bundela.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of Hindustan|first=Jahangir|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/104/mode/2up?q=Shahryar|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution & Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=Washington, D. C. & New York|pages=104|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=Wheeler Mclntosh}}</ref>

Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nissa (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]) on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of [[Sher Afgan]]. Mehr-un-Nissa became his favorite wife after their marriage and was one of the chief consorts of Jahangir. She was witty, intelligent, and beautiful, which was what attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal ('Light of the Palace'). After the death of Saliha Bano Begum in 1620, she was designated the title of Padshah Begum and held it until the death of Jahangir in 1627. Her abilities are said to range from fashion designing to building architectural monuments.

In the year 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, the Emperor [[Akbar]], alongside [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]], also known as Mirza Jafar Beg son of [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Mirza Ghiyas Beg Isfahani]] and brother of [[Nur Jahan]], and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], to defeat the renegade [[Vir Singh Deo]] of [[Bundela]] and to capture the city of [[Orchha]], which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry, but he feared Mughal retaliation and remained a fugitive until his death. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.

Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], an Afghan rebel in Bengal, in 1608. Jahangir also  captured [[Kangra Fort]] in 1615, whose rulers came under mughal vassalship during the reign of Akbar. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which "resulted in the submission of the Raja of Chamba who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region." The district of [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], in the state of [[Kashmir]], was also conquered.

Jahangir was trying to restore his health by visiting Kashmir and Kabul. He went from Kabul to Kashmir but decided to return to [[Lahore]] because of a severe cold.

On the journey from Kashmir to Lahore, Jahangir died near [[Bhimber]] in 1627.<ref name="Allan 1934 p. 398">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=Sir T. Wolsely |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA398 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=398}}</ref> To embalm and preserve his body, the entrails were removed; these were buried inside [[Baghsar Fort]] near Bhimber in Kashmir. The body was then conveyed by palanquin to Lahore and was buried in [[Shahdara Bagh]], a suburb of that city. The [[Tomb of Jahangir|elegant mausoleum]] is today a popular tourist attraction site.

Jahangir was succeeded by his third son, Prince Khurram, who took the regnal name [[Shah Jahan]].

* [[Shah Jahan|Muhammad Khurram]] (5 January 1592  – 22 January 1666) — with [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] Of [[Marwar]].

* [[Shahryar Mirza]] (16 January 1605 – 23 January 1628) — with a concubine or [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar]].

* Begum Sultan Begum (born 9 October 1590) — with [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] Of [[Marwar]].<ref name=":1" />

* [[Luzzat-un-Nissa Begum]] (born 23 September 1597) — with [[Jagat Gosain|Bilqis Makani Begum]], daughter of [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]] Of [[Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl; Volume III|pages=1094}}</ref>

[[File:Jahangir with sufi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7| A [[Mughal miniature]] dated from the early 1620s depicting the [[Mughal emperor]] ''Jahangir'' preferring an audience with Sufi [[saint]] to his contemporaries, the [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Ahmed I]] and the [[King of England]] [[James I]] (d. 1625); the picture is inscribed in [[Persian language|Persian]]: "Though outwardly shahs stand before him, he fixes his gazes on dervishes."]]

Many contemporary chroniclers were not sure how to describe Jahangir's personal belief structure. Roe labelled him an [[atheist]], and although most others shied away from that term, they did not feel as though they could call him an orthodox [[Sunni]]. Roe believed Jahangir's religion to be of his own making, "for he envies [the Prophet] [[Muhammad]], and wisely sees no reason why he should not be as great a prophet as he and therefore professed himself so... he hath found many disciples that flatter or follow him."{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} At this time, one of those disciples happened to be the current English ambassador, though his initiation into Jahangir's inner circle was devoid of religious significance for Roe, as he did not understand the full extent of what he was doing. Jahangir hung "a picture of himself set in gold hanging at a wire gold chain" around Roe's neck. Roe thought it a "special favour, for all the great men that wear the King's image (which none may do but to whom it is given) receive no other than a medal of gold as big as six pence."<ref>

This should not imply that the multi-confessional state appealed to all, or that all [[Muslims]] were happy with the situation in India. In a book written on statecraft for Jahangir,{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} the author advised him to direct "all his energies to understanding the counsel of the sages and to comprehending the intimations of the '[[ulama]].'" At the start of his regime many staunch Sunnis were hopeful, because he seemed less tolerant of other faiths than his father had been. At the time of his accession and the elimination of Abu'l Fazl, his father's chief minister and the architect of his eclectic religious stance, a powerful group of orthodox noblemen had gained increased power in the Mughal court. This included nobles especially like [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari|Shaykh Farid]], Jahangir's trusted Mir Bakhshi, who held firmly the citadel of orthodoxy in Muslim India.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_of_India_and_Pakistan/OgpuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=highest%20post%20in%20mughal%20government%20is%20mir%20bakhshi |title= History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals |page= 342 |author= Muhammad Tariq Awan |publisher= University of Michigan |date= 1994 }}</ref>

Most notorious was [[Guru Arjan Dev#Martyrdom|the execution]] of the [[Sikh]] [[Guru Arjan Dev]], whom Jahangir had had killed in prison. His lands were confiscated and his sons imprisoned as Jahangir suspected him of helping Khusrau's rebellion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wynbrandt |first=James |date=2009 |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |url={{Google books|xQGwgJnCPZgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=83–84 |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6}}</ref> It is unclear whether Jahangir even understood what a Sikh was, referring to Guru Arjan as a Hindu, who had "captured many of the simple-hearted of the Hindus and even of the ignorant and foolish followers of Islam, by his ways and manners... for three or four generations (of spiritual successors) they had kept this shop warm." The trigger for Guru Arjan's execution was his support for Jahangir's rebel son [[Khusrau Mirza]], yet it is clear from Jahangir's own memoirs that he disliked Guru Arjan before then: "many times it occurred to me to put a stop to this vain affair or bring him into the assembly of the people of Islam."<ref>Goel, The Story of Islamic Imperialism in India, 59.</ref>

 

Jahangir was fascinated with art and architecture. In his autobiography, the [[Jahangir-nama|Jahangirnama]], Jahangir recorded events that occurred during his reign, descriptions of flora and fauna that he encountered, and other aspects of daily life, and commissioned court painters such as [[Ustad Mansur]] to paint detailed pieces that would accompany his vivid prose.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|pages=90}}</ref> For example, in 1619, he put pen to paper in awe of a royal falcon delivered to his court from the ruler of Iran: “What can I write of the beauty of this bird's colour? It had black markings, and every feather on its wings, back, and sides was extremely beautiful,” and then recorded his command that Ustad Mansur paint a portrait of it after it perished.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Association with Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/314 314]|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W.M.}}</ref> Jahangir bound and displayed much of the art that he commissioned in elaborate albums of hundreds of images, sometimes organized around a theme such as zoology.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cleveland Beach|first=Milo|title=Mughal and Rajput Painting|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|location=Cambridge|pages=82}}</ref>

In the foreword to [[Wheeler Thackston|W. M. Thackston]]'s translation of the Jahangirnama, [[Milo C. Beach|Milo Cleveland Beach]] explains that Jahangir ruled during a time of considerably stable political control, and had the opportunity to order artists to create art to accompany his memoirs that were “in response to the emperor's current enthusiasms”.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Association with Oxford University Press|year=1999|location=New York|pages=vii|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W.M.}}</ref> He used his wealth and his luxury of free time to chronicle, in detail, the lush natural world that the Mughal Empire encompassed. At times, he would have artists travel with him for this purpose; when Jahangir was in Rahimabad, he had his painters on hand to capture the appearance of a specific tiger that he shot and killed, because he found it to be particularly beautiful.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Verma|first=Som Prakash|title=Mughal Painter of Flora and Fauna: Ustād Manṣūr|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1999|location=New Delhi|pages=25}}</ref>

Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F. |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |title=Asia in the Making of Europe Vol. III, Bk. 2: A Century of Advance, South Asia |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-46767-2 |page=629 |edition=Pbk.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Flores |first1=Jorge |title=The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir's Court and Household |date=2015 |publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004307537 |page=9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |editor-last=Waghmar |editor-first=Burzine K. |translator-last=Attwood |translator-first=Corinne |title=The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture |date=2005 |publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub. |location=Lahore |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 45] |edition=Revised |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/45 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Valerie |last2=Curtis |first2=Ken |title=Voyages in World History, Volume 1 to 1600 |date=2013 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-285-41512-3 |page=446 |language=en}}</ref> Orientalist [[Henry Beveridge (orientalist)|Henry Beveridge]] (editor of the ''[[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri]]'') compares Jahangir to the Roman emperor [[Claudius]], for both were "weak men... in their wrong places as rulers... [and had] Jahangir been head of a Natural History Museum,... [he] would have been [a] better and happier man."<ref name="Findly pg 311">{{cite book |last1=Findly |first1=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India |url=https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find |url-access=limited |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nurjahanempressm00find/page/n323 311]}}</ref> [[Sir William Hawkins]], who visited Jahangir's court in 1609, said: "In such short that what this man's father, called Ecber Padasha [Badshah Akbar], got of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccans]], this king, Selim Sha [Jahangir] beginneth to lose."<ref name="Findly pg 311" /> Italian writer and traveller, [[Niccolao Manucci]], who worked under Jahangir's grandson, [[Dara Shikoh]], began his discussion of Jahangir by saying: "It is a truth tested by experience that sons dissipate what their fathers gained in the sweat of their brow."<ref name="Findly pg 311" />

* In the 1966 Malyalam film ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]'', he was portrayed by [[Prem Nazir]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Vijaykumar |first=B. |title=Anarkali 1966 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/anarkali-1966/article788581.ece |date=31 May 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

* {{cite journal |last=Lefèvre |first=Corinne |year=2007 |title=Recovering a Missing Voice from Mughal India: The Imperial Discourse of Jahāngīr (r. 1605–1627) in his Memoirs |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=452–489 |doi=10.1163/156852007783245034|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00706230/file/Recovering%20a%20Missing%20Voice_JESHO.pdf }}