Odisha: Difference between revisions

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{{redirect|Orissa|other uses|Orissa (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name                           = Odisha

| image_skyline                   = {{Photomontage

  | photo1a      = The sun temple at konark.jpg

  | photo1b      = Habalikhati Beach at Bhitarkanika.jpg

  | photo2a      = Gundichaghagi Waterfall, Keonjhar During monsoons.png

  | photo3a      = Shri Jagannatha Temple.jpg

  | position     = centre of india

  | spacing                   = 2

  | color                     = black

  | size                     = 300

| image_caption                   = ''Clockwise from top:'' Habalikhati Beach, [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteshvara Temple]], [[Bhitarkanika National Park]], [[Dhauli]], [[Chilika Lake]], [[Rajarani Temple]], [[Mahanadi]], [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]], Gundichaghagi Waterfall, [[Konark Sun Temple]]

| image_map                      = IN-OR.svg

| coordinates                    = {{coord|20.27|85.82|region:IN-OR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}

| coor_pinpoint                  = Bhubaneswar

| coordinates_footnotes          =  

| subdivision_type                = Country

| subdivision_name                = {{flag|India}}

| established_date                = 1 April 1936 <br />([[Odisha Day]])

| parts_type                      = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]

| parts_style                    = para

| p1                              = [[List of districts of Odisha|30]]

| seat_type                      = Capital and<br />Largest city

| seat                            = [[Bhubaneswar]]<ref name=CitiesAbove100,000>{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |access-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125040030/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2014 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

| seat1_type                      =  

| seat1                          =  

| government_footnotes            =  

| governing_body                  = {{nowrap|[[Government of Odisha]]}}

| leader_title                    = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]

| leader_name                    = [[Ganeshi Lal]]

| leader_title1                  = [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]

| leader_name1                    = [[Naveen Patnaik]]

| leader_title2                  = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]

| leader_name2                    = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|147 seats]])

| leader_title3                  = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]

| leader_name3                    = [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Odisha|21 seats]])<br />[[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Odisha|10 seats]])

| leader_title4                  = [[High courts of India|High Court]]

| leader_name4                    = [[Orissa High Court]]

| unit_pref                      = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->

| area_footnotes                  =  

| area_total_km2                  = 155,707

| area_note                      =  

| area_rank                      = [[List of states and union territories of India by area|8th]]

| elevation_footnotes            =  

| elevation_m                    =  

| population_footnotes            =  

| population_total                = 41974218<ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018"/>

| population_as_of                = 2011

| population_rank                = 11th

| population_density_km2          = auto

| population_note                =  

| population_demonym              = [[Odia people|Odia]]

| GDP Nominal                    =  

| utc_offset1                    = +05:30

| iso_code                        = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-OR]]

| demographics_type1              = GDP {{nobold|(2019–20)}}

| demographics1_footnotes        = <ref name="MOSPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/odisha-budget-analysis-2020-21|title=Odisha Budget analysis|date=18 February 2020|website=PRS India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>

| demographics1_info1            = {{INRConvert|5.34|t|lk=r}}

| demographics1_title2            = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|Per capita]]

| demographics1_info2            = {{INRConvert|116614|lk=r}}

| blank_name_sec2                = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2018)}}

| blank_info_sec2                = {{increase}} 0.606<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref><br />{{color|#FFA500|medium}} · [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|32nd]]

| blank1_name_sec2                = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]

| blank1_info_sec2                = 73.45%<ref name=CensusLiteracy>{{cite web |title=State of Literacy |website=[[Census of India]] |page=110 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |access-date=5 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706191931/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

| blank2_name_sec2                = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}

| blank2_info_sec2                = [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010) |pages=122–126 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |access-date=16 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513161847/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref><!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD "HINDI" OR "ENGLISH" HERE WITHOUT A REFERENCE, OR ELSE IT WILL BE REMOVED-->

| website                        = {{URL|www.odisha.gov.in/}}

| module                          = {{Infobox place symbols|embedded=yes

| region  = Odisha

| country  = India

| flag    =  

| mammal  = [[File:Sambhar deer.jpg|50px|left]] [[Sambar deer|Sambar]]<ref name="Orissareview"/>

'''Odisha''' (<small>English</small>: {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|s|ə}},<ref>{{lexico|Odisha}}</ref> {{IPA-or|oɽiˈsa|lang|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga}}), formerly '''Orissa''' ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɪ|s|ə|,_|ɔː|-|,_|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Setter |editor3-first=Jane |year=2003 |orig-year=1917 |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref> [[List of renamed places in India|the official name until 2011]]), is an [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] located in [[East India|Eastern India]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|8th largest state by area]], and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|11th largest by population]]. The state has the third largest population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|website=stscodisha.gov.in|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901131912/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|archive-date=1 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It neighbours the states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]] to the north, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south. Odisha has a coastline of {{convert|485|km}} along the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=CoastalSecurity>{{cite web |title=Coastal security |publisher=[[Odisha Police]] |url=http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node/163 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043803/http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node%2F163 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The region is also known as '''Utkala''' and is mentioned in India's national anthem, "[[Jana Gana Mana]]".<ref name=NationalAnthem>{{cite web|title=The National Anthem of India|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124230152/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2012|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The language of Odisha is [[Odia language|Odia]], which is one of the [[Languages of India#Classical|Classical Languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/cabinet-approved-odia-as-classical-language-1392954604-1|title=Cabinet approved Odia as Classical Language|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

The ancient kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], which was invaded by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]] (which was again won back from them by King [[Kharavela]]) in 261 BCE resulting in the [[Kalinga War]], coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.<ref name=GovHistory>{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] government when [[Orissa Province]] was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<ref name=GovHistory /> The first of April is celebrated as [[Odisha Day|Utkala Dibasa]].<ref name=FlavoursOfOdisha>{{cite news|title=Utkala Dibasa hails colours, flavours of Odisha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|access-date=1 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708211533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cuttack]] was made the capital of the region by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in {{circa|1135}},<ref name="Chakraborty1985">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|access-date=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095045/http://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, [[Bhubaneswar]] became the capital of Odisha.<ref name="Kalia1994">{{cite book|author=Ravi Kalia|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|access-date=2 February 2015|year=1994|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|5.33|t|lk=r}} in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of {{INRConvert|116614}}.<ref name="MOSPI" /> Odisha ranks [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|32nd]] among Indian states in [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

Prehistoric [[Acheulian]] tools dating to [[Lower Paleolithic]] era have been discovered in various places in the region, implying an early settlement by humans.<ref name=Ghosh2012>{{cite book|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|year=1990|publisher=BRILL|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&q=Acheulian%20orissa&pg=PA25|author=Amalananda Ghosh|isbn=9004092641|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wba-EZhZcfgC&lpg=PA25&ots=zRfcBno4vb&dq=Acheulian%20orissa&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q=Acheulian%20orissa&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kalinga has been mentioned in ancient texts like ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''Mahagovinda Suttanta''.<ref name=sonofvaruna>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Epic Philosophy: Epic Period, History, Literature, Pantheon, Philosophy, Traditions, and Mythology, Volume 3|year=2004|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=784|isbn=9788177558814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwHj-Z-dMcsC&q=Srutayudha&pg=PA784|editor=Subodh Kapoor|access-date=10 November 2012|quote=Finally Srutayudha, a valiant hero, was son Varuna and of the river Parnasa.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=uwHj-Z-dMcsC&lpg=PA784&dq=Srutayudha&pg=PA784#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=vayu>{{cite book|title=Cultural History from the Vāyu Purāna|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Pub.|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&q=bali%20sudesna&pg=PA46|author=Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil|isbn=9788120820852|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jmnm-smZm6oC&lpg=PA46&dq=bali%20sudesna&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q=bali%20sudesna&f=false|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sabar people]] of Odisha have also been mentioned in the Mahabharata.<ref name=DanceBow>{{cite web|title=Dance bow (1965.3.5)|url=http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|publisher=[[Pitt Rivers Museum]]|access-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202160400/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/weapons/index.php/tour-by-region/asia/asia/arms-and-armour-asia-141/index.html|archive-date=2 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Pati2008">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Pati|title=Family Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97|access-date=2 February 2015|date=1 January 2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0352-8|page=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5seKkk3GkIC&pg=PA97|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Baudhayana sutras|Baudhayana]] mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by [[Vedic]] traditions, implying it followed mostly tribal traditions.<ref name="Chatterjee1998">{{cite book|author=Suhas Chatterjee|title=Indian Civilization And Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68|access-date=11 February 2013|date=1 January 1998|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7533-083-2|page=68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515091723/http://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&pg=PA68|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city of [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]] in Odisha is also known to have been the capital of the [[Pauravas]] during the closing years of 4th Century CE. Nothing was heard from the Pauravas from about the 3rd Century CE, because they were annexed by the [[Yaudheya|Yaudheya Republic]], who in turn submitted to the [[Mauryans]]. It was only at the end of 4th century CE, that they established royalty at Brahmapur, after about 700 years.

Later, the kings of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into a single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built the [[Lingaraj temple]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=GovHistory /> They were replaced by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Notable rulers of the dynasty were [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], who began reconstruction on the present-day Shri [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] (c. 1135), and [[Narasimhadeva I]], who constructed the [[Konark temple]] (c. 1250).<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|access-date=3 February 2015|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-396-7|page=559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IndianHistory">{{cite book|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|access-date=3 May 2013|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101141813/http://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Orissa famine of 1866]] caused an estimated 1 million deaths.<ref name="Dando2012">{{cite book|author=William A. Dando|title=Food and Famine in the 21st Century &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cat-5-NeIC&pg=RA1-PA47|access-date=3 February 2015|date=13 February 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-731-4|page=47|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4cat-5-NeIC&pg=RA1-PA47|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, large-scale [[irrigation]] projects were undertaken.<ref name="SamalNayak1996">{{cite book|author1=J. K. Samal|author2=Pradip Kumar Nayak|title=Makers of Modern Orissa: Contributions of Some Leading Personalities of Orissa in the 2nd Half of the 19th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA32|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-322-9|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ewpJNpCLJgC&pg=PA32|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>  In 1903, the [[Utkal Sammilani]] organisation was founded to demand the unification of [[Odia language|Odia]]-speaking regions into one state.<ref name="PADHY2011">{{cite book|author=K.S. Padhy|title=Indian Political Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVopB0GNPQC&pg=PA287|access-date=3 February 2015|date=30 July 2011|publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-203-4305-4|page=287|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=sZVopB0GNPQC&pg=PA287|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 1912, the [[Bihar and Orissa Province]] was formed.<ref name="Jha2003">{{cite book|author=Usha Jha|title=Land, Labour, and Power: Agrarian Crisis and the State in Bihar (1937–52)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHAMkZGI_OoC&pg=PA246|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-07-7|page=246|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHAMkZGI_OoC&pg=PA246|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April 1936, [[Bihar]] and Orissa were split into separate provinces.<ref name="Devi1992">{{cite book|author=Bandita Devi|title=Some Aspects of British Administration in Orissa, 1912–1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA214|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-072-0|page=214|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=lBQQHizn788C&pg=PA214|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The new [[Orissa Province|province of Orissa]] came into existence on a linguistic basis during the British rule in India, with Sir John Austen Hubback as the first governor.<ref name="Devi1992" /><ref name=Hubback>{{cite news|title=Hubback's memoirs: First Governor Of State Reserved Tone Of Mild Contempt For Indians|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101129/jsp/orissa/story_13234116.jsp|access-date=3 February 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=29 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204200041/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101129/jsp/orissa/story_13234116.jsp|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following [[India's independence]], on 15 August 1947, 27 [[princely state]]s signed the document to join Orissa.<ref name="Krishna2007">{{cite book|author=B. Krishna|title=India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLr7z6gNcV0C&pg=PA243|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2007|publisher=Indus Source|isbn=978-81-88569-14-4|pages=243–244|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=sLr7z6gNcV0C&pg=PA243|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the [[Orissa Tributary States]], a group of princely states, acceded to Orissa in 1948, after the collapse of the [[Eastern States Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merger of the Princely States of Odisha – History of Odisha|url=https://www.historyofodisha.in/merger-of-the-princely-states-of-odisha/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707&nbsp;km², which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450&nbsp;km.<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia>{{cite web|title=Geography of Odisha|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|website=Know India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204220248/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the [[Subarnarekha River]] in the north to the [[Rushikulya]] River in the south. The lake [[Chilika]] is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile [[silt]] deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]]: [[Subarnarekha river|Subarnarekha]], [[Budhabalanga]], [[Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Mahanadi]] and [[Rushikulya]].<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia /> The [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI), a [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]-recognised rice [[gene bank]] and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttack |url=http://odisha.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=6 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206115854/http://odisha.gov.in//portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL066&vchslinkid=SL050 |archive-date=6 December 2012 }}</ref> The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Alakananda |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Subhra |title=Why Odisha is a sitting duck for extreme cyclones |journal=Nature India |date=29 May 2019 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2019.69 |doi-broken-date=28 February 2022 |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2019.69}}</ref>

!colspan="13"|Mean Temp and Precipitation of Selected Weather Stations<ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901–2000 data |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2015 }}</ref>

The [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] in [[Kendrapara district]] covers 650&nbsp;km², of which 150&nbsp;km² are mangroves. The [[Gahirmatha Beach]] in Bhitarkanika is the world's largest nesting site for [[olive ridley sea turtle]]s.<ref name="Salagrama2006">{{cite book|author=Venkatesh Salagrama|title=Trends in Poverty and Livelihoods in Coastal Fishing Communities of Orissa State, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m6XG0WippUC&pg=PA16|access-date=5 February 2015|year=2006|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-105566-3|pages=16–17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=3m6XG0WippUC&pg=PA16|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Other major nesting grounds for the turtle in the state are [[Rushikulya]], in [[Ganjam district]],<ref name=Olive2>{{cite news|title=Olive Ridley turtles begin mass nesting|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/olive-ridley-turtles-begin-mass-nesting/article5678344.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164643/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/olive-ridley-turtles-begin-mass-nesting/article5678344.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and the mouth of the [[Devi river]].<ref name=Olive3>{{cite news|title=Mass nesting of Olive Ridleys begins at Rushikulya beach|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/15/stories/2004031505150300.htm|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/03/15/stories/2004031505150300.htm|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Bhitarkanika sanctuary is also noted for its large population of [[salt-water crocodile]]s.<ref name=CrocCensus>{{cite news|title=Bhitarkanika Park to be Closed for Crocodile Census|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bhitarkanika-Park-to-be-Closed-for-Crocodile-Census/2013/12/03/article1925220.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205162831/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bhitarkanika-Park-to-be-Closed-for-Crocodile-Census/2013/12/03/article1925220.ece|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In winter, the sanctuary is also visited by migratory birds. Among the species of birds spotted in the sanctuary are the [[black-crowned night heron]], [[darter]], [[grey heron]], [[Indian cormorant]], [[Oriental white ibis]], [[purple heron]], and [[sarus crane]].<ref name=BirdCount>{{cite news|title=Bird Count Rises in Bhitarkanika|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bird-Count-Rises-in-Bhitarkanika/2014/09/14/article2430718.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205162754/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Bird-Count-Rises-in-Bhitarkanika/2014/09/14/article2430718.ece|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The possibly endangered [[horseshoe crab]] is also found in this region.<ref name=horseshoe>{{cite news|title=Concern over dwindling horseshoe crab population|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/concern-over-dwindling-horseshoe-crab-population/article5435987.ece|access-date=5 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/concern-over-dwindling-horseshoe-crab-population/article5435987.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife Census - Odisha Wildlife Organisation |url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/WildlifeCensus.aspx}}</ref>

File:Black tailed Goodwit at Chilika I5 IMG 9350.jpg|Birds at [[Chilika Lake]]

Odisha is experiencing steady economic growth. The impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. Odisha's growth rate is above the national average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-most-states-grew-faster-than-national-rate-in-201213/1206770|title=GDP growth: Most states grew faster than national rate in 2012–13|work=The Financial Express|date=12 December 2013|access-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215183438/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/gdp-growth-most-states-grew-faster-than-national-rate-in-201213/1206770|archive-date=15 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The central Government's Urban Development Ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as [[smart cities]]. The state capital [[Bhubaneswar]] is the first city in the list of [[Smart Cities Mission|smart Cities]] released in January 2016, a pet project of the Indian Government. The announcement also marked with sanction of Rs 508.02&nbsp;billion over the five years for development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|title=Bhubaneswar leads Govt's Smart City list, Rs 50,802 crore to be invested over five years|date=29 January 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318020954/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|archive-date=18 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Odisha has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. [[Bhubaneswar]] is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odishalinks.com/Odishagrowth/topics/tnc-all/roads-and-highways-infrastructure-in-Odisha/national-highways/nh-42 |title=NH 42 |publisher=Odishalinks.com |date=16 June 2004 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125170225/http://www.orissalinks.com/orissagrowth/topics/tnc-all/roads-and-highways-infrastructure-in-orissa/national-highways/nh-42 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Plans for metro rail connecting Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack, a journey of 30&nbsp;km, have also started.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-plans-metro-signs-contract-for-detailed-project-report-preparation/articleshow/40781576.cms|title=Odisha plans metro, signs contract for detailed project report preparation|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831124032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Odisha-plans-metro-signs-contract-for-detailed-project-report-preparation/articleshow/40781576.cms|archive-date=31 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Biju Patnaik International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Biju Patnaik Airport]], [[Bhubaneswar]]]]

Odisha has a total of two operational airports, 17 airstrips and 16 helipads.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/85381-ten-year-roadmap-for-states-civil-aviation.html|title=Ten-year roadmap for State's civil aviation|work=The Pioneer|location=India|year=2012|quote=at present there are 17 airstrips and 16 helipads in Odisha,|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530180524/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/85381-ten-year-roadmap-for-states-civil-aviation.html|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odishanow.in/story.aspx?s_id=5551|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015115504/http://www.odishanow.in/story.aspx?s_id=5551|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2014|title=10-year roadmap set up to boost Odisha civil aviation|work=odishanow.in|year=2012|quote=Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads.|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120803/2037069.html|title=Odisha initiate steps for intra and inter state aviation facilities|work=news.webindia123.com|year=2012|quote=Odisha has 17 airstrips and 16 helipads|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113150837/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20120803/2037069.html|archive-date=13 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport at Jharsuguda was upgraded to a full-fledged domestic airport in May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=J'suguda Airport fit for 320 Airbus flight|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/jsuguda-airport-fit-for-320-airbus-flight.html|work=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |date=2 August 2018|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref> The government of Odisha also plans five greenfield airports at [[Angul]], [[Dhamra]], [[Kalinganagar]], [[Paradeep]] and [[Rayagada]] in an effort to boost intrastate and inter-state civil aviation. Existing aerodromes at [[Barbil]], [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], [[Jharsuguda]] and [[Rourkela]] were also to be upgraded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/odisha-plans-five-new-airports/article3771546.ece|title=Odisha plans five new airports|work=[[Business Line]]|date=14 August 2012|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103100632/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/odisha-plans-five-new-airports/article3771546.ece|archive-date=3 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Dhamra Port Company Limited plans to build [[Dhamra Airport]] 20&nbsp;km from [[Dhamra Port]].<ref name="TOI9">{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/adani-group-plans-airport-at-dhamra/articleshow/66603746.cms |title= Adani Group plans airport at Dhamra |work=[[Times of India]] |date= 13 November 2018|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> [[Air Odisha]], is Odisha's sole [[air charter]] company based in [[Bhubaneswar]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

 

* [[Port of Subarnarekha]]

* [[Port of Astarang]]

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Odisha is 41,974,218, of which 21,212,136 (50.54%) are male and 20,762,082 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 270 per km².<ref name="CensusIndia2011PCA12018">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|title=Population, Size and Decadal Change|date=2018|work=Primary Census Abstract Data Highlights, [[Census of India]]|access-date=2020-06-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019035341/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-19|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a [[birth rate]] of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a [[mortality rate|death rate]] of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Odisha has a [[Human Development Index]] of 0.606 as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|access-date=2021-03-31|website=globaldatalab.org}}</ref><center>

{|class="wikitable sortable"

|caption = Religion in Odisha (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

|label2 = [[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]]

|value2 = 2.77

|label3 = [[Islam]]

|value3 = 2.17

|label4 = [[Sarnaism]]

|value4 = 1.14

|label5 = [[Sikhism]]

|value5 = 0.05

|label6 = [[Buddhism]]

|value6 = 0.03

|label7 = [[Jainism]]

|value7 = 0.02

|color8=Black|label8=Others|value8=.19}}

The majority (almost 94%<ref name="census2001">{{cite web |title=Census of India&nbsp;– Socio-cultural aspects |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520054852/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx |archive-date=20 May 2011 }}</ref>) of people in Odisha are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Odisha is home to several Hindu figures. [[Bhima Bhoi|Sant Bhima Bhoi]] was a leader of the [[Mahima Dharma|Mahima sect]]. [[Sarala Das]], a Hindu [[Khandayat]], was the translator of the epic [[Mahabharata]] into Odia. Chaitanya Das was a [[Vaishnavism|Buddhistic-Vaishnava]] and writer of the ''Nirguna Mahatmya''. [[Jayadeva]] was the author of the ''[[Gita Govinda]]''.

Perhaps the oldest scripture of Odisha is the ''[[Madala Panji]]'' from the Puri Temple believed from 1042&nbsp;AD. Famous Hindu Odia scripture includes the 16th-century ''Bhagabata'' of [[Jagannatha Dasa]].<ref>P. 77 ''Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 30'' By Scholastic Library Publishing</ref> In the modern times [[Madhusudan Rao]] was a major Odia writer, who was a [[Brahmo Samaj]]ist and shaped modern Odia literature at the start of the 20th century.<ref>''Madhusudan Rao'' By Jatindra Mohan Mohanty, Sahitya Akademi</ref>

[[Christianity in Odisha|Christians in Odisha]] account for about 2.8% of the population while [[Odia Muslims]] account for 2.2% as per census figures of 2001. The [[Sikh]], [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] communities together account for 0.1% of the population.<ref name="census2001" />

{{Pie chart| thumb = right

|caption=Languages of Odisha (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14 |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] <small>(incl [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]])</small> |value1 = 81.32 |color1 = gold

|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 2.06 |color3 = olive

[[Odia language|Odia]] is the official language of Odisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawodisha.gov.in/pages/viewYearActOrdinances/1954|title=:: Law Department (Government of Odisha) ::|website=lawodisha.gov.in|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302165024/http://lawodisha.gov.in/pages/viewYearActOrdinances/1954|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is spoken by 81.32% of the population according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]].<ref name="census2011-langreport" /> It is also one of the [[Languages of India#Classical languages of India|classical languages of India]]. English is the official language of correspondence between state and the union of India.  Spoken Odia is not homogeneous as one can find different dialects spoken across the state. Some of the major dialects found inside the state are Sambalpuri, Cuttacki, Puri, Baleswari, Ganjami, Desiya and Phulbani. In addition to Odia, significant population of people speaking other major Indian languages like [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] are also found in the state.<ref name=LSI-Orissa>{{cite book|last=Mahapatra|first=B. P.|title=Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa|year=2002|publisher=Language Division, Office of the Registrar General|location=Kolkata, India|pages=13–14|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_Orissa.html|access-date=20 February 2014|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113153328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/ling_Orissa.html|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The different ''[[Adivasi|adibasi]]'' communities who mostly reside in [[Western Odisha]] have their own languages belonging to [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family of languages. Some of these major ''adibasi'' languages are [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] and [[Ho language|Ho]]. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Atlas of languages in danger {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/|access-date=19 October 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

The Odisha Sahitya Academy Award was established in 1957 to actively develop Odia language and literature. The Odisha government launched a portal https://ova.gov.in/en in 2018 to promote Odia language and literature.

* [[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]](IIT BBS) at Bhubaneswar

* [[Khallikote University]] at Brahmapur

* [[North Orissa University]] at Baripada

* [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]] at Bhubaneswar

* [[Xavier University, Bhubaneswar]]

The "Odisha [[Rasgulla|Rasagola]]" was awarded a GI tag 29 July 2019 after a long battle about the origin of the famous sweet with West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/odisha-rasagola-receives-gi-tag-two-years-after-west-bengal/story/368775.html|title=Odisha Rasagola receives geographical indication tag; here's what it means|website=www.businesstoday.in|access-date=2019-11-17}}</ref>

The state of Odisha has hosted several international sporting events, including the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]], and will host matches for the [[2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] and the [[2023 Men's Hockey World Cup]].

#[[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Suffian|first=Mohammad|date=February 16, 2021|title=Odisha CM Lays Foundation of India's Largest Hockey Stadium named after 'Birsa Munda' In Rourkela|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/odisha-cm-lays-foundation-of-india-s-largest-hockey-stadium-named-after-birsa-munda-in-rourkela-1769860-2021-02-16}}</ref>

* [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]] (ONTHHPC) <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/naval-tata-hockey-academy-inaugurated-in-odisha-capital/ |title=Naval Tata Hockey Academy Inaugurated In Odisha Capital |website=Kalinga TV |access-date= August 13, 2019}}</ref>

*[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Regional Badminton Academy<ref>{{Cite web|author=Minati Singha|date=May 15, 2017|title=Odisha-SAI Regional Badminton Academy inaugurated in Bhubaneswar {{!}} Bhubaneswar News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-sai-regional-badminton-academy-inaugurated-in-bhubaneswar/articleshow/58686446.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

*Udaan Badminton Academy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaan Badminton Academy-HOME|url=https://www.theudaan.net/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.theudaan.net}}</ref>

*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Performance Centre deal a big boost for Odisha and AIFF {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-aiff-high-performance-centre-big-boost/1cwe57j3pqvvu14c7f7q7a8r0d|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>

The share of foreign tourists’ arrival in the state is below one percent of total foreign tourist arrivals at all India level.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.odisha.gov.in/pc/Download/Economic_Survey_2014-15.pdf |title=Odisha - Economic Survey 2014-15 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215005858/http://www.odisha.gov.in/pc/Download/Economic_Survey_2014-15.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120418110744/http://www.odisha.gov.in/portal/default.asp Odisha Government Portal]

 

* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Odisha Odisha] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry