Odisha: Difference between revisions

{{about|the state of India|the flowering plant|Odisha cleistantha|other uses|Odisha (disambiguation)}}

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| demographics1_info2            = {{INRConvert|116614|lk=r}}

'''Odisha''' (<small>English</small>: {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|s|ə}},<ref>{{lexico|Odisha}}</ref> {{IPA-or|oɽiˈsa|lang|Or-ଓଡ଼ିଶା.oga}}), formerly '''Orissa''' ({{IPAc-en|ɒ|ˈ|r|ɪ|s|ə|,_|ɔː|-|,_|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |editor1-last=Roach |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Hartmann |editor2-first=James |editor3-last=Setter |editor3-first=Jane |year=2003 |orig-year=1917 |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref> [[List of renamed places in India|the official name until 2011]]), is an [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] located in [[East India|Eastern India]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|8th largest state by area]], and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|11th largest by population]]. The state has the third largest population of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|title=ST & SC Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare Department:: Government of Odisha|website=stscodisha.gov.in|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901131912/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/Aboutus.asp?GL=abt&PL=1|archive-date=1 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It neighbours the states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]] to the north, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south. Odisha has a coastline of {{convert|485|km}} along the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=CoastalSecurity>{{cite web |title=Coastal security |publisher=[[Odisha Police]] |url=http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node/163 |access-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206043803/http://odishapolice.gov.in/?q=node%2F163 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The region is also known as '''Utkala''' and is mentioned in India's national anthem, "[[Jana Gana Mana]]".<ref name=NationalAnthem>{{cite web|title=The National Anthem of India|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124230152/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/txt_janaganamana.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2012|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The language of Odisha is [[Odia language|Odia]], which is one of the [[Languages of India#Classical|Classical Languages of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/cabinet-approved-odia-as-classical-language-1392954604-1|title=Cabinet approved Odia as Classical Language|date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

The ancient kingdom of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], which was invaded by the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] Emperor [[Ashoka]] (which was again won back from them by King [[Kharavela]]) in 261 BCE resulting in the [[Kalinga War]], coincides with the borders of modern-day Odisha.<ref name=GovHistory>{{cite web|title=Detail History of Orissa|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112195307/http://www.orissa.gov.in/history1.htm|archive-date=12 November 2006}}</ref> The modern boundaries of Odisha were demarcated by the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] government when [[Orissa Province]] was established on 1 April 1936, consisting of the Odia-speaking districts of [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<ref name=GovHistory /> The first of April is celebrated as [[Odisha Day|Utkala Dibasa]].<ref name=FlavoursOfOdisha>{{cite news|title=Utkala Dibasa hails colours, flavours of Odisha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|access-date=1 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708211533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Utkala-Dibasa-hails-colours-flavours-of-Odisha/articleshow/33095967.cms|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cuttack]] was made the capital of the region by [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] in {{circa|1135}},<ref name="Chakraborty1985">{{cite book|author=Rabindra Nath Chakraborty|title=National Integration in Historical Perspective: A Cultural Regeneration in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|access-date=30 November 2012|year=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=17–|id=GGKEY:CNFHULBK119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515095045/http://books.google.com/books?id=PItbvfAvVggC&pg=PA17|archive-date=15 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> after which the city was used as the capital by many rulers, through the British era until 1948. Thereafter, [[Bhubaneswar]] became the capital of Odisha.<ref name="Kalia1994">{{cite book|author=Ravi Kalia|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|access-date=2 February 2015|year=1994|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC&pg=PA23|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The economy of Odisha is the 16th-largest state [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|economy]] in India with {{INRConvert|5.33|t|lk=r}} in gross domestic product and a per capita GDP of {{INRConvert|116614}}.<ref name="MOSPI" /> Odisha ranks [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|32nd]] among Indian states in [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=25 September 2018  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

The terms ''Odisha'' and ''Orissa'' ({{Lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା}}) derive from the ancient [[Prakrit]] word  ''"Odda Visaya"'' (also "''Udra Bibhasha''" or "''Odra Bibhasha''") as in the [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] inscription of [[Rajendra Chola I]], which is dated to 1025.<ref name=orissareview>{{cite book|last1=Patel|first1=C.B|title=Origin and Evolution of the Name ODISA|date=April 2010|publisher=I&PR Department, Government of Odisha|location=Bhubaneswar|pages=28, 29, 30|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/28-30.pdf|access-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619163833/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/28-30.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sarala Das]], who translated the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' into the [[Odia language]] in the 15th century, calls the region 'Odra Rashtra' as Odisha. The inscriptions of [[Kapilendra Deva]] of the [[Gajapati Kingdom]] (1435–67) on the walls of temples in [[Puri]] call the region ''Odisha'' or ''Odisha Rajya''.<ref name="Acharya2008">{{cite book|author=Pritish Acharya|title=National Movement and Politics in Orissa, 1920–1929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LoaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|access-date=3 February 2015|date=11 March 2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0001-0|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LoaHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the English rendering of {{Lang-or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା|label=none}} was changed from "Orissa" to "Odisha", and the name of its language from "Oriya" to "Odia", by the passage of the ''Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010'' and the ''Constitution (113th Amendment) Bill, 2010'' in the [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]]. The Hindi rendering {{Lang-hi|उड़ीसा|label=none}} ({{transl|hi|ISO|uṛīsā}}) was also modified to {{Lang-hi|ओड़िशा|label=none}} ({{transl|hi|ISO|or̥iśā}}). After a brief debate, the lower house, [[Lok Sabha]], passed the bill and amendment on 9 November 2010.<ref name=AmidClashBillPass>{{cite news|title=Amid clash, House passes Bills to rename Orissa, its language|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-clash-house-passes-bills-to-rename-orissa-its-language/article876145.ece|access-date=2 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017164642/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-clash-house-passes-bills-to-rename-orissa-its-language/article876145.ece|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> On 24 March 2011, [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Parliament]], also passed the bill and the amendment.<ref name=ChangeOrissaName>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes bill to change Orissa's name|url=http://www.ndtv.com/bhubaneshwar-news/parliament-passes-bill-to-change-orissas-name-451027|access-date=2 February 2015|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=24 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203144151/http://www.ndtv.com/bhubaneshwar-news/parliament-passes-bill-to-change-orissas-name-451027|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The changes in spelling were made with the intention of having the English and Hindi renditions conform to the Odia transliteration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Orissa wants to change its name to Odisha|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/10orissa.htm|access-date=23 June 2020|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 June 2008}}</ref> However, the underlying Odia texts were nevertheless transliterated incorrectly as per the [[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian system]], the official national transliteration standard, in which the transliterations would be {{transl|or|hunterian|Orisha}} and {{transl|or|hunterian|Oria}} instead.

By c. 150 BCE, Emperor [[Kharavela]], who was possibly a contemporary of [[Demetrius I of Bactria]],<ref name="Texas2006">{{cite book|author=Austin Patrick Olivelle Alma Cowden Madden Centennial Professor in Liberal Arts University of Texas|title=Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA78|access-date=3 February 2015|date=19 June 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977507-1|page=78|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA78|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> conquered a major part of the Indian sub-continent. Kharavela was a [[Jain]] ruler. He also built the monastery atop the [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] hill.<ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book|author=Reddy|title=Indian Hist (Opt)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA253|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 December 2006|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-063577-7|page=A254|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA253|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the region was ruled by monarchs, such as [[Samudragupta]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian History|year = 1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA74|access-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4|page=74|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA74|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Shashanka]].<ref name="Davidson2013">{{cite book|author=Ronald M. Davidson|title=Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC&pg=PT60|access-date=3 February 2015|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50102-6|page=60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyeIyWTlEMC&pg=PT60|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also a part of [[Harsha]]'s empire.<ref name="Majumdar1996">{{cite book|author=R. C. Majumdar|title=Outline of the History of Kalinga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA28|access-date=3 February 2015|year=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1194-8|page=28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNCcpkqesJ0C&pg=PA28|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later, the kings of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty began to unite the region. By the reign of Yayati II, c. 1025 CE, they had integrated the region into a single kingdom. Yayati II is supposed to have built the [[Lingaraj temple]] at [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name=GovHistory /> They were replaced by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Notable rulers of the dynasty were [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]], who began reconstruction on the present-day Shri [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]] (c. 1135), and [[Narasimhadeva I]], who constructed the [[Konark temple]] (c. 1250).<ref name="Dalal2014">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|access-date=3 February 2015|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-396-7|page=559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT559|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IndianHistory">{{cite book|title=Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|access-date=3 May 2013|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101141813/http://books.google.com/books?id=X4j7Nf_MU24C&pg=SL2-PA3|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Eastern Ganga Dynasty was followed by the [[Gajapati Kingdom]].  The region resisted integration into the [[Mughal empire]] until 1568, when it was conquered by [[Sultanate of Bengal]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=121–122}}</ref> Mukunda Deva, who is considered the last independent king of Kalinga, was defeated and was killed in battle by a rebel Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja himself was killed by [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|access-date=3 February 2015|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-574-5|page=27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110846/https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1591, [[Man Singh I]], then governor of [[Bihar]], led an army to take Odisha from the [[List of rulers of Bengal#Karrani dynasty (Mughal vassals)|Karranis of Bengal]]. They agreed to treaty because their leader Qutlu Khan Lohani had recently died. But they then broke the treaty by attacking the temple town of [[Puri]]. Man Singh returned in 1592 and pacified the region.<ref name="O'malley2007">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'Malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA33|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|page=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105110847/https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA33|archive-date=5 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Odisha lies between the latitudes 17.780N and 22.730N, and between longitudes 81.37E and 87.53E. The state has an area of 155,707&nbsp;km², which is 4.87% of total area of India, and a coastline of 450&nbsp;km.<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia>{{cite web|title=Geography of Odisha|url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|website=Know India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204220248/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=81|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In the eastern part of the state lies the coastal plain. It extends from the [[Subarnarekha River]] in the north to the [[Rushikulya]] River in the south. The lake [[Chilika]] is part of the coastal plains. The plains are rich in fertile [[silt]] deposited by the six major rivers flowing into the [[Bay of Bengal]]: [[Subarnarekha river|Subarnarekha]], [[Budhabalanga]], [[Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Mahanadi]] and [[Rushikulya]].<ref name=GeographyKnowIndia /> The [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI), a [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]-recognised rice [[gene bank]] and research institute, is situated on the banks of Mahanadi in [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttack |url=http://odisha.gov.in/ |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=6 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206115854/http://odisha.gov.in//portal/ViewDetails.asp?vchglinkid=GL010&vchplinkid=PL066&vchslinkid=SL050 |archive-date=6 December 2012  }}</ref> The stretch between Puri and Bhadrak in Odisha juts out a little into the sea, making it vulnerable to any cyclonic activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Alakananda |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Subhra |title=Why Odisha is a sitting duck for extreme cyclones |journal=Nature India |date=29 May 2019 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2019.69 |doi-broken-date=28 February 2022 |url=https://www.natureasia.com/en/nindia/article/10.1038/nindia.2019.69}}</ref>

In 2009 Odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with [[Gujarat]] first and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in third place according to an analysis of [[ASSOCHAM]] Investment Meter (AIM) study on corporate investments. Odisha's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received an investment proposal worth {{INRConvert|2.01|t|year=2010}} in 2010. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=2303 |title=Gujarat, Odisha and Andhra top 3 Domestic Investment Destinations of 2009 |publisher=Assocham |date=21 January 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723170222/http://www.assocham.org/prels/shownews.php?id=2303 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>

|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] <small>(incl [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]])</small> |value1 = 81.32 |color1 = gold

|label2 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] |value2 = 2.24 |color2 = deepskyblue

|label3 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value3 = 2.06 |color3 = olive

|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 1.60 |color4 = green

|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 1.59 |color5 = maroon

|label6 = [[Hindi]] |value6 = 1.23 |color6 = orange

|label7 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value7 = 1.20 |color7 = orangered

|label8 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value8 = 1.09 |color8 = hotpink

|label9 = Others |value9 = 7.67 |color9 = grey

|style=align="left"

}}

[[File:Bilingual signboard for Registration at a Hospital in Bhubaneswar.jpg|thumb|Bilingual signboard in English and Odia]]

The different ''[[Adivasi|adibasi]]'' communities who mostly reside in [[Western Odisha]] have their own languages belonging to [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family of languages. Some of these major ''adibasi'' languages are [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] and [[Ho language|Ho]]. Due to increasing contact with outsiders, migration and socioeconomic reasons many of these indigenous languages are slowly getting extinct or are on the verge of getting extinct.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Atlas of languages in danger {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/|access-date=19 October 2019|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

The variety of dances includes [[Ghumura dance]], [[Chhau dance]], [[Jhumair]], [[Mahari dance]], [[Dalkhai]], [[Dhemsa]] and [[Gotipua]].

In the southern part of Odisha, The [[Taratarini Temple]] on the Kumari hills at the bank of the Rushikulya River near [[Berhampur]] city in [[Ganjam district]]. Here worshiped as the Breast Shrine (Sthana Peetha) and manifestations of Adi Shakti. The Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha is one of the oldest pilgrimage centers of the Mother Goddess and is one of four major ancient Tantra Peetha and [[Shakti Peethas]] in India. [[Deomali]] is a mountain peak of the [[Eastern Ghats]]. It is located in [[Koraput district]]. This peak with an elevation of about 1,672 m, is the highest peak in Odisha.