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{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
{{Short description|Indian national administrative subdivisions}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Further|Administrative divisions of India}}
{{Redirect2|State of India|Indian state|the Portuguese State of India (1505–1961, ''Estado da Índia'' in Portuguese)|Portuguese India|the U.S. state|Indiana|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{Redirect|State of India}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Indian state|the historical territory in the United States of America|Indian Territory}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name              = States and union territories of India
|name              = States and union territories of India
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|current_number    = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|current_number    = 28 States<br />8 Union territories <!-- as of January 2020 (see "Post 1956 section"), 28/8 is correct; do not change -->
|number_date        =  
|number_date        =  
|population_range  = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] - 610,577 (lowest); [[Uttar Pradesh]] - 199,812,341(highest)<br />
|population_range  = '''States''': [[Sikkim]] – 610,577 (lowest)<br/>[[Uttar Pradesh]] – 199,812,341 (highest)<br />
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] - 64,473 (lowest); [[Delhi]] - 16,787,941 (highest)
'''Union Territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – 64,473 (lowest)<br/>[[Delhi]] – 16,787,941 (highest)
|area_range        = '''States''': [[Goa]] - {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; [[Rajasthan]] - {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} <br />
|area_range        = '''States''': [[Goa]] – {{Convert|3702|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Rajasthan]] – {{Convert|342269|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)<br />
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] - {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}; [[Ladakh]] - {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}}
'''Union territories''': [[Lakshadweep]] – {{Convert|32|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest)<br/>[[Ladakh]] – {{Convert|59146|km2|sqmi||abbr=on}} (largest)
|government        = [[State governments of India|State governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union governments]] (union territories)
|government        = [[State governments of India|State governments]]<br />[[Government of India|Union governments]] (union territories)
|subdivision        = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
|subdivision        = [[List of divisions in India|Divisions]]<br />[[List of districts in India|Districts]]
}}
}}
{{Politics of India}}
{{Politics of India}}


[[India]] is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].
'''[[India]]''' is a [[federalism|federal]] union comprising 28 [[federated state|states]] and 8 [[union territory|union territories]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818054533/http://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2017|title=States and Union Territories|last=DelhiAugust 5|publisher=[[Know India Programme]]|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> with a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into [[List of districts in India|districts]] and smaller [[administrative divisions of India|administrative divisions]].


{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
{{India divisions by|Wildlife=Indian States by wildlife}}
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=== Pre-independence ===
=== Pre-independence ===
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
{{main|Presidencies and provinces of British India|Agencies of British India|Residencies of British India|Princely state}}
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqOxl5F?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-date= 1 November 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/bltxtindia7.htm |title=India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}} The [[British Raj]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies), directly governed by the British, and [[princely state]]s, which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held ''[[de facto]]'' sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) over the princely states.
The [[Indian subcontinent]] has been ruled by many different [[South Asian ethnic groups|ethnic groups]] throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.<ref name="Krishna Reddy 2003 A107">{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | year = 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-0-07-048369-9}}</ref><ref name="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977)">{{cite book | title=Ancient India | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1977 | isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref><ref name="Romila Thapar">{{cite book | title=A History of India: Part 1 | year=1966 | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia01thap | url-access=registration | author=Romila Thapar| publisher=[Harmondsworth] Penguin Books }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=History of medieval India|year=2007|publisher=S Chand|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8121903646|pages=121, 122|author=V.D. Mahajan|edition=10th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of India Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Progress Publishers|location=Moscow, USSR|first1=K.A.|last1=Antonova|author-link1=Koka Antonova|first2=G.|last2=Bongard-Levin|first3= G.|last3=Kotovsky}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/gupta_dynasty.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013809/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571624/Gupta_Dynasty.html |archive-date= 29 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/library/text/bltxtindia7.htm |title=India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha |publisher=Historymedren.about.com |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K.A.|title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|page=239|isbn= 978-0-19-560686-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals| page=202}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46984/Political-and-economic-decentralization-during-the-Mughal-decline#toc46986 |title=Regional states, c. 1700–1850 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="Grewal">{{cite book|last=Grewal|first=J. S.|title=The Sikh empire (1799–1849) |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=The Sikhs of the Punjab|chapter=Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)|chapter-url=http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521268844_CHOL9780521268844A008}}</ref>{{overcite|date=July 2018}} The [[British Raj]] mostly retained the administrative structure of the preceding [[Mughal Empire]]. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies), directly governed by the British, and [[princely state]]s, which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held ''[[de facto]]'' sovereignty ([[suzerainty]]) over the princely states.


=== 1947–1950 ===
=== 1947–1950 ===
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The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states |publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>
The [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] was transferred to [[West Bengal]] in 1954. In the same year [[Pondicherry]], comprising the former French enclaves of [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], [[Karaikal district|Karikal]], [[Yanam district|Yanaon]] and [[Mahé district|Mahé]], was transferred to India; this became a union territory in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/42/reorganisation_of_statesthe_approach_and_arrangements.pdf|title=Reorganisation of states |publisher=Economic Weekly|access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref>


Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms?from=mdr |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession - The Economic Times |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=2 March 2020|last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>
Also in 1954, pro-India forces liberated the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese-held enclaves]] of [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadrá]] and [[Nagar Haveli|Nagar Aveli]], declaring the short-lived ''[[de facto]]'' state of [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. In 1961, India annexed it as the Union Territory of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-celebrated-its-60th-liberation-day-1375437166-1 |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day |publisher=Jagranjosh.com |date=2 August 2013 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Reshmi R. |date=10 August 2019 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadra-and-nagar-haveli-when-an-ias-officer-became-the-instrument-of-accession/articleshow/70611496.cms |title=Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/135865/ias-badlani-prime-minister-dadra-nagar-haveli-history-india/ |title=When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli |publisher=Thebetterindia.com |date=28 March 2018 |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archive.india.gov.in/govt/documents/amendment/amend10.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Archive.india.gov.in |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>


The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constitution of India|chapter=Article 1|chapter-url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|publisher=Law Ministry, GOI|access-date=31 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
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Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
Pondicherry was renamed [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in 2007 and Orissa was renamed [[Odisha]] in 2011. [[Telangana]] was created on 2 June 2014 from ten former districts of north-western [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|access-date=3 March 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|access-date=20 February 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref>


In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ&KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs - Government of India|date= 2019|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>
In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contains provisions to reorganise the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories; [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], effective from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/resources/article28823852.ece/Binary/FullTextofJ&KReorganisationBill.pdf | title=Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019 | publisher=Parliament of India | date=5 August 2019 | access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] into a single union territory to be known as [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], effective from 26 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/there-will-be-one-ut-less-as-modi-govt-plans-to-merge-dadra-nagar-haveli-and-daman-diu/261056/ | title=There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu | date=10 July 2019 | agency=The Print | access-date=22 August 2019 | author=Dutta, Amrita Nayak | location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/754685-govt-plans-to-merge-2-uts----daman-and-diu-dadra-and-nagar-haveli|title=Govt plans to merge 2 UTs – Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli|website=Devdiscourse|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/Asintroduced/366_2019_LS_Eng.pdf |title=The Dadra And Nagar Haveli And Daman And Diu (Merger Of Union Territories) Bill|website=Ministry of Home Affairs – Government of India|date= 2019|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref>


=== Current proposals ===
=== Current proposals ===
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=== States ===
=== States ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|+
|+
! scope="col" width="5%" |State
! scope="col" |State
! scope="col" width="3%" |[[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
! scope="col" |[[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO]]
! scope="col" width="5%" |[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" |[[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle<br />code]]
! scope="col" width="1%" |[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col" |[[Zonal Council|Zone]]
! scope="col" width="1%" |Capital
! scope="col" |Capital
! scope="col" width="1%" |Largest city
! scope="col" |Largest city
! scope="col" width="5%" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" |Statehood
! scope="col" width="1%" |Population<br />(census 2011){{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
! scope="col" |Population<br />(2011){{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
! scope="col" width="1%" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" |[[List of states and union territories of India by area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" width="7%" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" |Official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>
! scope="col" width="8%" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
! scope="col" |Additional official<br />languages<ref name="langoff50" />
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| 1 November 1956
| 1 November 1956
| align="right" |49,506,799
| align="right" |49,506,799
| align="right" |160,205
| align="right" |162,975
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| —
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-03-23 |title=Bill recognising Urdu as second official language passed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bill-recognising-urdu-as-second-official-languagepassed/article65252966.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
! scope="row" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
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| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |25,545,198
| align="right" |135,194
| align="right" |135,194
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
|-  
|-  
! scope="row" |[[Goa]]
! scope="row" |[[Goa]]
Line 221: Line 221:
| HP
| HP
| Northern
| Northern
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|date=Mar 2, 2017|title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shimla]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Dharamshala]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2017 |title=Dharamsala: Himachal Pradesh gets its second capital in Dharamsala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/himachal-pradesh-gets-its-second-capital-in-dharamsala/articleshow/57432184.cms |access-date=26 July 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| [[Shimla]]
| [[Shimla]]
| 25 January 1971
| 25 January 1971
Line 237: Line 237:
| 15 November 2000
| 15 November 2000
| align="right" |32,988,134
| align="right" |32,988,134
| align="right" |74,677
| align="right" |79,716
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-05 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uniindia.com/jharkhand-gives-2nd-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithali/states/news/1175423.html|title=Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali |website=uniindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |work=The Avenue Mail |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
! scope="row" |[[Karnataka]]
Line 279: Line 279:
| MH
| MH
| Western
| Western
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=2021-07-26|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Nagpur]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} District Nagpur,Government of Maharashtra {{!}} India|url=https://nagpur.gov.in/history/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunatha |first1=TN |title=Monsoon session to start in Maha's winter Capital Nagpur from July 4 |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/monsoon-session--to-start-in-mahas-winter-capital-nagpur-from-july-4.html |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=Pioneer |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1 May 1960
| 1 May 1960
Line 307: Line 307:
| align="right" |22,720
| align="right" |22,720
| [[English language|English]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]{{efn|name=fn2}}
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]{{efn|Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.}}
|-
|-
! scope="row" |[[Mizoram]]
! scope="row" |[[Mizoram]]
Line 392: Line 392:
| TS
| TS
| Southern
| Southern
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|name=fn1}}
| colspan="2" |[[Hyderabad]]{{efn|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms|work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author= Sanchari Bhattacharya |date= 1 June 2014 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
| 2 June 2014
| 2 June 2014
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34}}</ref>
| align="right" |35,193,978<ref name="telangana">{{cite web|title=Telangana State Profile|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/State-Profile|publisher=Telangana government portal|access-date=11 June 2014|page=34}}</ref>
| align="right" |114,840<ref name="telangana" />
| align="right" |112,077<ref name="telangana" />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| [[Urdu]]<ref>{{Cite news|others=Special Correspondent|date=17 November 2017|title=Urdu is second official language now|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/urdu-is-second-official-language-now/article20493655.ece|access-date=6 July 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Line 425: Line 425:
| UK
| UK
| Central
| Central
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(winter)</small><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=2021-11-24|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Bhararisain]] <small>(Summer)</small><br/>[[Dehradun]] <small>(Winter)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhararisain declared as summer capital of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bhararisain-declared-as-summer-capital-of-uttarakhand/603160|access-date=24 November 2021|work=Times Now|date=8 June 2020}}</ref>
| [[Dehradun]]
| [[Dehradun]]
| 9 November 2000
| 9 November 2000
Line 441: Line 441:
| align="right" |91,276,115
| align="right" |91,276,115
| align="right" |88,752
| align="right" |88,752
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]{{efn|name=fn3}}
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]]{{efn|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}}
| [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Urdu]]
| [[Hindi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
|}
|}
{{Notelist}}


=== Union territories ===
=== Union territories ===
{{excerpt|Union territory#Current union territories}}
{{excerpt|Union territory#Current union territories}}


=== Autonomous areas ===
== Former states and union territories ==
{{main|Autonomous administrative divisions of India}}
The Sixth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]] allows for the formation of [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous councils]] to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/pdf1/S6.pdf |title=Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas  |website=www.mea.gov.in |access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> Most of these autonomous areas are located in [[Northeast India]].
 
=== Former states ===
=== Former states ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;"
Line 512: Line 510:
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|[[Srinagar]] <small>(Summer)</small><br />[[Jammu]] <small>(Winter)</small>
|1954–2019
|1952–2019
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] UT and
[[Ladakh]] UT
[[Ladakh]] UT
Line 570: Line 568:
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
== Responsibilities and authorities ==
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
{{main|Federalism in India|Union List|State List|Concurrent List}}
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India], Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>
The [[Constitution of India]] distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.<ref>"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the ''Ramanaiah case'' that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is [[wikt:coextensive|coextensive]] and [[wikt:coterminous|coterminous]] with its respective legislative power." [http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm Territoriality of executive powers of states in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231013230/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/9801a2.htm |date=31 December 2009 }}, Balwant Singh Malik, ''Constitutional Law'', 1998</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 583: Line 581:
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|List of states of India by wildlife population]]
* [[List of Indian states by wildlife population|List of states of India by wildlife population]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
* [[Proposed states and union territories of India]]
== Notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, [[Telangana]] and a residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 2 June 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/T-party-today-Indias-29th-state-Telangana-is-born/articleshow/35912105.cms|work=The Times of India |title=Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State |date=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar1">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6Noppg4hz?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2014 | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 | publisher=Government of India | work=Ministry of Law and Justice | date=1 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref><ref name="APGazetteMar4">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf | title=The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section | date=4 March 2014 | access-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/andhra-pradesh-minus-telangana-10-facts-534339|title=Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts|author= Sanchari Bhattacharya |date= 1 June 2014 |work=NDTV}}</ref> The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city [[Amaravati]] in early 2017.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.}}
{{efn|name=fn3|Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.}}
}}


== References ==
== References ==
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