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Chandra Shekhar: Difference between revisions
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{{ | {{Short description|Prime Minister of India from 1990 to 1991}} | ||
{{distinguish|Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)}} | {{distinguish|Chandra Shekhar (Uttarakhand politician)}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| name = Chandra Shekhar | | name = Chandra Shekhar | ||
| alt = Chandra Shekhar | | alt = Chandra Shekhar | ||
| image = Chandra Shekhar Singh | | image = Chandra Shekhar Singh 2010 stamp of India.jpg | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| office = 8th [[Prime Minister of India]] | | office = 8th [[Prime Minister of India]] | ||
| president = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]] | | president = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]] | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
| term_end2 = {{End date|1988||}} | | term_end2 = {{End date|1988||}} | ||
| predecessor2 = Position established | | predecessor2 = Position established | ||
| successor2 = | | successor2 = [[Ajit Singh (politician)|Ajit Singh]] | ||
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | | office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] | ||
| term_start3 = {{Start date|1989||}} | | term_start3 = {{Start date|1989||}} | ||
| Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
| term_start5 = {{Start date|1962||}} | | term_start5 = {{Start date|1962||}} | ||
| term_end5 = {{End date|1977||}} | | term_end5 = {{End date|1977||}} | ||
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1927| | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1927|04|17|df=y}} | ||
| birth_place = [[Ibrahimpatti]], [[Ballia]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]<br>( | | birth_place = [[Ibrahimpatti]], [[Ballia]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]] <br /> {{small|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}} | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|08|09|1927|04|17|df=yes}} | |||
| death_date = {{Death date and age| | | death_place = New Delhi, India | ||
| death_place = | | party = [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]<br />{{small|(1990 – 2007)}} | ||
| party = [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]<br>{{small|(1990 – 2007)}} | | otherparty = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Congress Socialist Party]]<br />{{small|(Before 1964)}}|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />{{small|(1964 – 1975)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />{{small|(1975 – 1977)}}|[[Janata Party]]<br />{{small|(1977 – 1988)}}|[[Janata Dal]]<br />{{small|(1988 – 1990)}}}} | ||
| otherparty = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Congress Socialist Party]]<br>{{small|(Before 1964)}}|[[Indian National Congress]]<br>{{small|(1964 – 1975)}}|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br>{{small|(1975 – 1977)}}|[[Janata Party]]<br>{{small|(1977 – 1988)}}|[[Janata Dal]]<br>{{small|(1988 – 1990)}}}} | |||
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] | | alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] | ||
| children = 2 ( | | children = 2 (including [[Neeraj Shekhar]] and Yogendra Singh) | ||
| spouse = Duja Devi | | spouse = Duja Devi | ||
| signature = Chandrashekhar-Prime-Minister.jpg | | signature = Chandrashekhar-Prime-Minister.jpg | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chandra Shekhar | '''Chandra Shekhar''' ( 17 April 1927 – 9 August 2015) was an Indian politician who served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|8th]] [[Prime Minister of India]], between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the [[Janata Dal]] with outside support from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?pagewanted=1 | title=Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | work=Sanjoy Hazarika | date=10 November 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/11/world/socialist-is-installed-as-india-s-eighth-prime-minister.html | title=Socialist Is Installed as India's Eleventh Prime Minister | publisher=[[The New York Times]] | work=Sanjoy Hazarika | date=11 November 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> | ||
His government was largely seen as a "puppet"<ref name="WC">{{cite book|title=The Working Class|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b6KKd8wut4C|access-date=20 December 2018|year=1990|publisher=Centre of Indian Trade Unions|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Puppet on a String|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVOAQAAIAAJ|date=October 1990|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|page=6}}</ref> and "lame duck", and the government was formed with the fewest party [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="IT">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19901215-chandra-shekhar-exploits-fears-weaknesses-of-congressi-and-janata-dals-813388-1990-12-15 | title=Chandra Shekhar exploits fears, weaknesses of Congress(I) and Janata Dal(S) | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Inderjit Badhwar,.Prabhu Chawla | date=15 December 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd7PAAAAIAAJ | title=The Interim Man | publisher=[[The Economist]] | year=1990 | pages=42}}</ref> His government could not pass the budget<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/1991-the-untold-story/article14513325.ece | title=1991, the untold story | publisher=The Hindu | work=[[Yashwant Sinha]] | date=29 July 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> at a crucial time when [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody]] had downgraded India, and it further went down after the budget was not passed, and global credit-rating agencies further downgraded India from investment grade, making it impossible to even get short-term loans, and in no position to give any commitment to reform, the [[World Bank]] and [[IMF]] stopped their assistance. Shekhar had to authorise mortgaging of gold to avoid default of payment, and this action came in for particular criticism, as it was done secretly in the midst of the election.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/How-the-economy-found-its-feet/article14506275.ece | title=How the economy found its feet | publisher=The Hindu | work=Deepak Nayar | date=18 October 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-how-govts-pledged-gold-to-pull-economy-back-from-the-brink/ | title=In fact: How govts pledged gold to pull economy back from the brink | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Shaji Vikraman | date=5 April 2017 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="CorbridgeHarriss2013">{{cite book|author1=Stuart Corbridge|author2=John Harriss|title=Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERgoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|access-date=20 December 2018|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-7456-6604-4|pages=144–}}</ref> The [[1991 Indian economic crisis]] and the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] plunged his government into crisis. But according to [[Subramanian Swamy]], finance minister [[Yashwant Sinha]] mortgaged gold reserves without informing the Commerce Ministry (which was headed by Swamy).<ref name=":1" /> But granting the permission for US military planes to refuel in Indian airports during the [[Gulf War]] | His government was largely seen as a "puppet"<ref name="WC">{{cite book|title=The Working Class|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b6KKd8wut4C|access-date=20 December 2018|year=1990|publisher=Centre of Indian Trade Unions|page=86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Puppet on a String|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVOAQAAIAAJ|date=October 1990|publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review|page=6}}</ref> and "lame duck", and the government was formed with the fewest party [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] in the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="IT">{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19901215-chandra-shekhar-exploits-fears-weaknesses-of-congressi-and-janata-dals-813388-1990-12-15 | title=Chandra Shekhar exploits fears, weaknesses of Congress(I) and Janata Dal(S) | publisher=[[India Today]] | work=Inderjit Badhwar,.Prabhu Chawla | date=15 December 1990 | access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd7PAAAAIAAJ | title=The Interim Man | publisher=[[The Economist]] | year=1990 | pages=42}}</ref> His government could not pass the budget<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/1991-the-untold-story/article14513325.ece | title=1991, the untold story | publisher=The Hindu | work=[[Yashwant Sinha]] | date=29 July 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> at a crucial time when [[Moody's Investors Service|Moody]] had downgraded India, and it further went down after the budget was not passed, and global credit-rating agencies further downgraded India from investment grade, making it impossible to even get short-term loans, and in no position to give any commitment to reform, the [[World Bank]] and [[IMF]] stopped their assistance. Shekhar had to authorise mortgaging of gold to avoid default of payment, and this action came in for particular criticism, as it was done secretly in the midst of the election.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/How-the-economy-found-its-feet/article14506275.ece | title=How the economy found its feet | publisher=The Hindu | work=Deepak Nayar | date=18 October 2016 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-how-govts-pledged-gold-to-pull-economy-back-from-the-brink/ | title=In fact: How govts pledged gold to pull economy back from the brink | publisher=The Indian Express | work=Shaji Vikraman | date=5 April 2017 | access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="CorbridgeHarriss2013">{{cite book|author1=Stuart Corbridge|author2=John Harriss|title=Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERgoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144|access-date=20 December 2018|date=28 May 2013|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-7456-6604-4|pages=144–}}</ref> The [[1991 Indian economic crisis]] and the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] plunged his government into crisis. But according to [[Subramanian Swamy]], finance minister [[Yashwant Sinha]] mortgaged gold reserves without informing the Commerce Ministry (which was headed by Swamy).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Welcome to www.Janata Party.org |url=http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216042039/http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> But granting the permission for US military planes to refuel in Indian airports during the [[Gulf War]] improved the Prime Minister's image with the west.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Crossette|first1=Barbara|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=13 November 1990|title=Man in The News; India's Freewheeling Leader: Chandra Shekhar|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/13/world/man-in-the-news-india-s-freewheeling-leader-chandra-shekhar.html|access-date=26 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | ||
==Personal life== | ==Personal life== | ||
=== Early years and Education === | === Early years and Education === | ||
Chandra Shekhar | Chandra Shekhar was born on 17 April 1927 in a [[Rajput]] family at [[Ibrahimpatti]], a village in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He came from a farming family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YY4I36ZbJ7gC&pg=PA59|title=The Long March: Profile of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar|publisher=Mittal|first=Attar |last=Chand |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-17099-272-1|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghai|first=Rajat|date=7 May 2014|title=The office of Prime Minister: A largely north Indian upper-caste, Hindu affair|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/the-office-of-prime-minister-a-largely-north-indian-upper-caste-hindu-affair-114050700846_1.html|access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref> He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts (graduate) degree at Satish Chandra P.G. College. He attended [[Allahabad University]], obtaining his master's degree in political science in 1950.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dubey |first=Scharada |date=2009 |title=Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dgqNH6uKUsC&pg=PT67 |publisher=Westland |isbn= 9788189975548|access-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref> He was known as a firebrand in student politics and started his political career with Dr. [[Ram Manohar Lohia]]. After completing his graduation, he became active in socialist politics.<ref>The rise of Socialist politics under Chandra Shekhar. ''In the Janata-coalition government that came to power in the aftermath of that election, Chandra Shekhar willingly gave up his claim to a Cabinet ministerial role that he was offered in favour of his fellow-Young Turk Mohan Dharia. That was just one instance of Chandra Shekhar’s deep commitment and loyalty towards his friends which is a recurring theme in the book. A rare occurrence in an opportunistic political world—Chandra Shekhar was also upright and forthright, not prone to hypocrisy like the commonplace politicians. Sometimes his straight talk stunned even seasoned politicians like Ram Manohar Lohia and Indira Gandhi.'' | ||
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Buy Chandra Shekhar :The Last Icon of Ideological Politics Book at 32% off.|url=https://paytmmall.com/chandra-shekhar-the-last-icon-of-ideological-politics-9789353334017_30212-pdp|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Paytm Mall|language=en}}</ref> | </ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Buy Chandra Shekhar :The Last Icon of Ideological Politics Book at 32% off.|url=https://paytmmall.com/chandra-shekhar-the-last-icon-of-ideological-politics-9789353334017_30212-pdp|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Paytm Mall|language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Family === | === Family === | ||
Chandra Shekhar married Duja Devi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YY4I36ZbJ7gC&pg=PA13|title=The Long March: Profile of Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar|publisher=Mittal|first=Attar |last=Chand |year=1991 |isbn=978-8-17099-272-1|page=13}}</ref> He had two sons with her, Pankaj Shekhar Singh and [[Neeraj Shekhar]]. | |||
==Political life== | == Political life == | ||
===Start of career=== | === Start of career === | ||
He joined the socialist movement and was elected secretary of the district [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), Ballia. Within a year, he was elected joint secretary of the PSP's State unit in Uttar Pradesh. In 1955–56, he took over as general secretary of the party in the State. His career as a parliamentarian began with his election to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1962. He came under the spell of [[Acharya Narendra Dev]], a fiery Socialist leader at the beginning of his political career. From 1962 to 1977, Shekhar was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh on 3 April 1962 as an independent candidate and completed his tenure on 2 April 1968. After this, he was re-elected twice to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh as an INC candidate from 3 April 1968 to 2 April 1974 and from 3 April 1974 to 2 April 1980. He resigned from [[Rajya Sabha]] on 2 March 1977 after he had been elected to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ballia]]. When the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] was declared, even though he was a Congress party politician, he was arrested and sent to [[Patiala]] jail.<ref>Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India by Scharada Dubey – 2009 | He joined the socialist movement and was elected secretary of the district [[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP), Ballia. Within a year, he was elected joint secretary of the PSP's State unit in Uttar Pradesh. In 1955–56, he took over as general secretary of the party in the State. His career as a parliamentarian began with his election to the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh in 1962. He came under the spell of [[Acharya Narendra Dev]], a fiery Socialist leader at the beginning of his political career. From 1962 to 1977, Shekhar was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]], the Upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]. He was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh on 3 April 1962 as an independent candidate and completed his tenure on 2 April 1968. After this, he was re-elected twice to [[Rajya Sabha]] from Uttar Pradesh as an INC candidate from 3 April 1968 to 2 April 1974 and from 3 April 1974 to 2 April 1980. He resigned from [[Rajya Sabha]] on 2 March 1977 after he had been elected to [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Ballia]]. When the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]] was declared, even though he was a Congress party politician, he was arrested and sent to [[Patiala]] jail.<ref>Movers and Shakers Prime Minister of India by Scharada Dubey – 2009 | ||
During the emergency, Chandra Shekhar was among the very few individuals from the ruling Congress party to be sent to jail.</ref> | During the emergency, Chandra Shekhar was among the very few individuals from the ruling Congress party to be sent to jail.</ref> | ||
===Join Congress=== | ===Join Congress=== | ||
Chandra Shekhar was a prominent leader of the socialists. He joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1964. From 1962 to 1967, he was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He first entered the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1977. He came to be known as a 'young Turk' for his conviction and courage in the fight against the vested interests. The other 'young Turks', who formed the 'ginger group' in the Congress in the fight for egalitarian policies, included<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjpchandrashekhar.org/samajwadijantaparty-founder-chandra-shekhar/ |title= | Chandra Shekhar was a prominent leader of the socialists. He joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1964. From 1962 to 1967, he was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]. He first entered the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1977. He came to be known as a 'young Turk' for his conviction and courage in the fight against the vested interests. The other 'young Turks', who formed the 'ginger group' in the Congress in the fight for egalitarian policies, included<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sjpchandrashekhar.org/samajwadijantaparty-founder-chandra-shekhar/ |title=Chandra Shekhar – Samajwadi janta party |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531230455/http://www.sjpchandrashekhar.org/samajwadijantaparty-founder-chandra-shekhar/ |archive-date=31 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> leaders like [[Feroze Gandhi]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], [[Mohan Dharia]] and [[Ram Dhan]]. As a member of the Congress Party, he vehemently criticised Indira Gandhi for her declaration of emergency in 1975. Chandrashekhar was arrested during the emergency and sent to prison along with other "young turks".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Coomi|title=The Emergency: A Personal History, Chapter 4|date=2015|publisher=Penguin/Viking|isbn=9789352141197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABbLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6}}</ref> | ||
=== Bharat Yatra (1983) === | |||
Chandra Shekhar went on a nationwide ''[[padayatra]]'' in 1983 from Kanyakumari to New Delhi,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-chandra-shekhar/|title=Shri Chandra Shekhar}}</ref> to know the country better, which he claimed gave jitters to Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-parallels-between-congresss-bharat-jodo-yatra-and-ex-pm-chandra-shekhars-padayatra|title=The Parallels Between Congress's 'Bharat Jodo Yatra' and Ex-PM Chandra Shekhar's 'Padayatra'}}</ref> He was called a "Young Turk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/bharat-yatri-long-march-short-run-chandra-shekhar-8141578/|title=Rewind & Replay That other 'Bharat Yatri': The long march, but short run, of Chandra Shekhar}}</ref> He travelled nearly 4,260 km and nearly six months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/photos-by-tumari-man-on-display-at-pms-museum-in-new-delhi/article65373284.ece|title=Photos by Tumari man on display at PMs' Museum in New Delhi|website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/article30192288.ece|title=A rebel's journey}}</ref> Chandra Shekhar started his Bharat Yatra from [[Kanyakumari]] on 6, the same day that his party, [[Janata Party]] was swept to power in [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|Karnataka]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830215-janata-party-chief-chandra-shekhar-embarks-on-bharat-yatra-from-kanyakumari-to-new-delhi-770459-2013-07-26|title=Janata Party chief Chandra Shekhar embarks on Bharat Yatra from Kanyakumari to New Delhi}}</ref> He finished his march at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] in New Delhi on 25 June, the eighth anniversary of the declaration of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] and also the day India won the [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19830715-janata-party-president-chandra-shekhar-completes-his-4000-km-bharat-yatra-770814-2013-07-18|title=Janata Party President Chandra Shekhar completes his 4,000 km Bharat Yatra}}</ref> | |||
Chandra Shekhar established Bharat Yatra Centres in various parts of the country and set up a Bharat Yatra Trust in [[Gurugram Airstrip|Bhondsi village]] in Haryana's Gurgaon to focus on rural development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910630-bharat-yatra-trust-prime-minister-chandra-shekhar-expands-his-real-estate-empire-814477-1991-06-29|title=Bharat Yatra Trust: Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar expands his real estate empire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/remembering-chandrashekhar-soldier-of-the-socialist-cause/story-WESCEuZiAssecZ3cfv492O.html|title=Remembering Chandrashekhar: soldier of the socialist cause}}</ref> "Bharat Yatra Kendra" "Bhondsi ashram" was set up by the Chandra Shekhar in 1983 on 600 acre of [[panchayat]] land,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19910115-bhondsi-ashram-ecologists-foreigners-bonfires-make-for-high-farce-813902-1991-01-14|title=Bhondsi Ashram: Ecologists, foreigners, bonfires make for high farce}}</ref> where godman [[Chandraswami]] and godman's associate [[Adnan Khashoggi]] (a Saudi Arabian billionaire international arms dealer embroiled in various scandals) use to visit him.<ref name=bhond7>1996, [https://books.google.com/books?id=l05DAAAAYAAJ "India Today"], - Volume 21, Issues 7-12, p. 122.</ref><ref name=bhond8>[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/visit-of-notorious-middleman-adnan-khashoggi-leaves-a-trail-of-perplexing-questions/1/317902.html "Creating a stir."], [[India Today]], 28 February 1991.</ref><ref name=bhond11>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/gurgaon/an-escape-to-nature-in-the-backyard-of-gurgaon/story-lasdCPsyY2jIS8UXIwV2dP.html "An escape to nature in the backyard of Gurgao."], [[Hindustan Times]], 20 June 2017.</ref> Before 2002, some of the government land of the ashram was taken back by the [[Government of Haryana]] on the instructions of then Chief Minister [[Om Prakash Chautala]] (in office 1989-91 and 1999-2004).<ref name=bhond9>2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=g_EvAQAAIAAJ "Outlook."], Volume 43, Issues 47-51, p. 102.</ref> In 2002, [[Supreme Court of India]] returned most of the land, barring some land, to the Bhondsi [[gram panchayat]].<ref name=bhond10>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/name-ashram-after-former-pm-vardhan/articleshow/59185541.cms "Name ashram after former PM Chandra Shekhar: Harsh Vardhan.], [[Times of India]], 17 June 2017.</ref> | |||
===In Janata Party=== | ===In Janata Party=== | ||
Chandrasekhar was jailed during the emergency and after, he became the President of [[Janata Party]]. In the parliamentary elections, [[Janata Party]] formed the government after the [[1977 Indian general election]] headed by [[Morarji Desai]]. However the party lost the 1980 elections and were routed in [[1984 Indian general election]] winning just 10 seats and Chandrasekhar losing his own [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia seat]] to [[Jagannath Chowdhary]].<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> | Chandrasekhar was jailed during the emergency and after, he became the President of [[Janata Party]]. In the parliamentary elections, [[Janata Party]] formed the government after the [[1977 Indian general election]] headed by [[Morarji Desai]]. However the party lost the 1980 elections and were routed in [[1984 Indian general election]] winning just 10 seats and Chandrasekhar losing his own [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia seat]] to [[Jagannath Chowdhary]].<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> | ||
In 1988, his party merged with other parties and formed the government under the leadership of [[V.P. Singh]]. Again his relationship with the coalition deteriorated and he formed another party, Janata Dal | In 1988, his party merged with other parties and formed the government under the leadership of [[V.P. Singh]]. Again his relationship with the coalition deteriorated and he formed another party, [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Janata Dal (Socialist)]] faction. With the support of Congress (I) headed by [[Rajiv Gandhi]], he replaced V.P. Singh as the Prime Minister of India in November 1990. After 1977, he was elected to Lok Sabha in all the elections, except in 1984 when the Congress swept the polls after Indira Gandhi's assassination. The post of Prime Minister, which he thought he genuinely deserved, eluded him in 1989 when V. P. Singh pipped him at the post and was chosen to head the first coalition government at the centre. | ||
===Deposing V. P. Singh=== | ===Deposing V. P. Singh=== | ||
Chandra Shekhar seized the moment and left the Janata Dal with several of his own supporters to form the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party/Janata Dal (Socialist)]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/world/dissidents-split-indian-prime-minister-s-party.html?scp=16&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse Dissidents Split Indian Prime Minister's Party]. ''New York Times''. (6 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.</ref> He won a confidence motion with the support of his 64 MPs and [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the leader of the Opposition, and was sworn in as Prime Minister.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?scp=17&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier]. ''New York Times''. (10 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.</ref> Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted for this motion were disqualified by the speaker [[Rabi Ray]].{{ | Chandra Shekhar seized the moment and left the Janata Dal with several of his own supporters to form the [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party/Janata Dal (Socialist)]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/06/world/dissidents-split-indian-prime-minister-s-party.html?scp=16&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse Dissidents Split Indian Prime Minister's Party]. ''New York Times''. (6 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.</ref> He won a confidence motion with the support of his 64 MPs and [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the leader of the Opposition, and was sworn in as Prime Minister.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/10/world/rival-of-singh-becomes-india-premier.html?scp=17&sq=%22v%20p%20singh%22&st=cse Rival of Singh Becomes India Premier]. ''New York Times''. (10 November 1990). Retrieved 14 September 2011.</ref> Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted for this motion were disqualified by the speaker [[Rabi Ray]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 1991|title=Decision of the Speaker under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution Disqualification of Members on Ground of Defection|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|url-status=live|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093106/https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse |archive-date=13 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Order, order! Disorder too!|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/prasannan/order-order-disorder-too.html|access-date=12 January 2022|website=theweek.in}}</ref> | ||
===In Parliament=== | ===In Parliament=== | ||
Chandra Shekhar was a member of Rajya Sabha from 1962 to 1977, 1962 to 1968 as an independent supported by Socialist Party and later as member of Congress. He was jailed during the Emergency. After his release from jail in 1977, he joined Janata Party. He was elected to Lok Sabha from [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as a member of various incarnations of Janata Party in 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2004. He lost that seat only once in that span, in 1984 election. After his death, his son Neeraj Shekhar won the ensuing by-poll in 2008. | Chandra Shekhar was a member of Rajya Sabha from 1962 to 1977, 1962 to 1968 as an independent supported by Socialist Party and later as member of Congress. He was jailed during the Emergency. After his release from jail in 1977, he joined Janata Party. He was elected to Lok Sabha from [[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)]] as a member of various incarnations of Janata Party in 1977, 1980, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2004. He lost that seat only once in that span, in 1984 election. After his death, his son Neeraj Shekhar won the ensuing by-poll in 2008.1989 he was also elected from maharajganj Bihar ,but given resignation due to also elected from balia . | ||
== Other Ministries == | == Other Ministries == | ||
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==Prime Minister== | ==Prime Minister== | ||
{{main|Chandra Shekhar ministry}} | {{main|Chandra Shekhar ministry}} | ||
Chandra Shekhar was prime minister for seven months, the second shortest period after that of [[Charan Singh]]. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was instrumental in forming this government with the support of Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2008 | [[File:Mohammad Mosaddak Ali met with Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar Singh at Zia International Airport in Dhaka.jpg|thumb|Mohammad Mosaddak Ali met with Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar Singh at Zia International Airport in Dhaka]] | ||
Chandra Shekhar was prime minister for seven months, the second shortest period after that of [[Charan Singh]]. [[Subramanian Swamy]] was instrumental in forming this government with the support of Congress.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2008 |title=Welcome to www.Janata Party.org |url=http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |access-date=24 December 2021 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216042039/http://www.janataparty.org/articledetail.asp?rowid=15 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He also handled the portfolios of Defence and Home Affairs during this period. However, his government could not introduce a full budget because on 6 March 1991 Congress withdrew support during its formulation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chandra-Shekhar|title=Chandra Shekhar {{!}} prime minister of India|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> As a result, Chandra Shekhar resigned the office of the prime minister after 15 days on 21 June.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=8 July 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar critical |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/chandra-shekhar-critical/article1868892.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | |||
[[Manmohan Singh]] was his Economic Advisor.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Manmohan Singh|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/manmohan-singh|access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref> [[Subramanian Swamy]] along with [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] prepared a series of documents on economic liberalization but could not pass in parliament because Congress withdrew support.<ref>{{Cite book|title=BACKSTAGE: The Story behind India's High Growth Years|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2020|isbn=978-93-5333-821-3|pages=119–120}}</ref> [[Jairam Ramesh]] in his book ''To the Brink and Back: India’s 1991 Story'' has written that "Chandrashekhar's Cabinet Committee on Trade and Investment (CCTI) itself had on 11 March 1991 approved the new export strategy which contained the main elements of the 4 July package".<ref>{{Cite book|title=To the Brink and Back: India's 1991 Story|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2015|isbn=9788129137807}}</ref> | |||
===Post-premiership=== | ===Post-premiership=== | ||
After handing the [[Prime Minister|premiership]] to [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Chandra Shekar's political importance was reduced, although he was able to retain his seat in the Lok Sabha for many years afterward | After handing the [[Prime Minister|premiership]] to [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], Chandra Shekar's political importance was reduced, although he was able to retain his seat in the Lok Sabha for many years afterward. | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
[[File:Priyaranjan Dasmunsi laying wreath at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on July 09, 2007.jpg|thumb|Priyaranjan Dasmunsi laying wreath at the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]] | |||
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on July 08, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on 8 July 2007]] | |||
[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying homage to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on July 09, 2007.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying homage to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar at the funeral pyre, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]] | |||
[[File:The former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on July 08, 2007.jpg|thumb|The former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee paying tribute to the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister Shri Chandra Shekhar, in New Delhi on 8 July 2007]] | |||
[[File:The carriage carrying the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar making its way to Ekta Sthal for the state funeral, in Delhi on July 09, 2007 (1).jpg|thumb|The carriage carrying the mortal remains of the former Prime Minister, Shri Chandra Shekhar making its way to Ekta Sthal for the state funeral, in Delhi on 9 July 2007]] | |||
Chandra Shekhar died on 8 July 2007 | Chandra Shekhar died on 8 July 2007. He had been suffering with [[multiple myeloma]] for some time and had been in the [[Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha|Apollo Hospital]] at New Delhi since May. He was survived by two sons.<ref name="hindu20070709">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/chandra-shekhar-dead/article1869301.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
Politicians from across the spectrum of Indian parties paid tribute to him<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=Leaders mourn Chandra Shekhar's death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/leaders-mourn-chandra-shekhars-death/article1869563.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> and the government of India declared seven days of state mourning.<ref name="hindu20070709" /> He was cremated with full state honours on a traditional [[funeral pyre]] at '''Jannayak Sthal''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-PM-Chandrashekhars-samadhi-to-be-called-Jannayak-Sthal/articleshow/47022230.cms|title=Former PM Chandrashekhar's samadhi to be called Jannayak Sthal|work=The Times of India}}</ref> on the banks of the river [[Yamuna]], on 10 July.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=10 July 2007 |title=Dignitaries bid adieu to Chandra Shekhar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dignitaries-bid-adieu-to-chandra-shekhar/article1870197.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> In August, his ashes were immersed in the river [[Siruvani]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar's ashes immersed in Siruvani |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chandra-shekhars-ashes-immersed-in-siruvani/article1890992.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | Politicians from across the spectrum of Indian parties paid tribute to him<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2007 |title=Leaders mourn Chandra Shekhar's death |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/leaders-mourn-chandra-shekhars-death/article1869563.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> and the government of India declared seven days of state mourning.<ref name="hindu20070709" /> He was cremated with full state honours on a traditional [[funeral pyre]] at '''Jannayak Sthal''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Former-PM-Chandrashekhars-samadhi-to-be-called-Jannayak-Sthal/articleshow/47022230.cms|title=Former PM Chandrashekhar's samadhi to be called Jannayak Sthal|work=The Times of India}}</ref> on the banks of the river [[Yamuna]], on 10 July.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=10 July 2007 |title=Dignitaries bid adieu to Chandra Shekhar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dignitaries-bid-adieu-to-chandra-shekhar/article1870197.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> In August, his ashes were immersed in the river [[Siruvani]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |date=13 August 2007 |title=Chandra Shekhar's ashes immersed in Siruvani |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/chandra-shekhars-ashes-immersed-in-siruvani/article1890992.ece |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | |||
* [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhar, Chandra}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Shekhar, Chandra}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]] | ||
[[Category:Ministers of Internal Affairs of India]] | [[Category:Ministers of Internal Affairs of India]] | ||
[[Category:1927 births]] | [[Category:1927 births]] | ||
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[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
[[Category:Defence Ministers of India]] | [[Category:Defence Ministers of India]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]] | [[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]] | ||
[[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] | |||