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Mughal architecture: Difference between revisions
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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} | ||
[[File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], India is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general | [[File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]] is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/|title=Taj Mahal World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage. Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|archive-date=2019-02-01|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>]] | ||
[[File:Badshahi Mosque front picture.jpg|thumb|[[Badshahi Mosque]], in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals]] | [[File:Badshahi Mosque front picture.jpg|thumb|[[Badshahi Mosque]], in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals]] | ||
[[File:Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate at [[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as | [[File:Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate at [[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as "Alamgir".]] | ||
[[File:Bibi Ka Maqbara - The Taj Of Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is a tomb in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], which was built by [[Aurangzeb]] in the memory of his wife, [[Dilras Banu Begum]]]] | [[File:Bibi Ka Maqbara - The Taj Of Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is a tomb in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], which was built by [[Aurangzeb]] in the memory of his wife, [[Dilras Banu Begum]]]] | ||
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* Monumental buildings surrounded by [[Charbagh|gardens on all four sides]]. | * Monumental buildings surrounded by [[Charbagh|gardens on all four sides]]. | ||
* Mosques with large courtyards. | * Mosques with large courtyards. | ||
* [[Persian | * [[Persian calligraphy|Persian]] and [[Arabic calligraphy|Arabic calligraphic]] inscriptions, including verses from the [[Quran]]. | ||
* Large gateways leading up to the main building. | * Large gateways leading up to the main building. | ||
*[[Iwan|''Iwans'']] on two or four sides. | *[[Iwan|''Iwans'']] on two or four sides. | ||
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{{main article|Agra fort}} | {{main article|Agra fort}} | ||
Agra fort is a [[UNESCO]] world heritage site in [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh. The major part of Agra fort was built by [[Akbar]] from 1565 to 1574. The [[architecture]] of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the [[Rajput]] planning and construction. Some of the important buildings in the fort are [[Jahangiri Mahal]] built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangiri Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms. | Agra fort is a [[UNESCO]] world heritage site in [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh. The major part of Agra fort was built by [[Akbar]] from 1565 to 1574. The [[architecture]] of the fort clearly indicates the free adoption of the [[Rajput]] planning and construction. Some of the important buildings in the fort are [[Jahangiri Mahal]] built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars. The Jahangiri Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms. | ||
==== Humayun's Tomb ==== | ==== Humayun's Tomb ==== | ||
{{main article|Humayun's Tomb}} | {{main article|Humayun's Tomb}} | ||
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{{main|Begum Shahi Mosque}} | {{main|Begum Shahi Mosque}} | ||
[[File:Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg|thumb|Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque]] | [[File:Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg|thumb|Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque]] | ||
The [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the [[Walled City of Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in honour of his mother, and is Lahore's earliest surviving example of a Mughal-era mosque.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p={{page needed|date=March 2022}}}}<ref name=TQ>{{cite news|title=Begum Shahi Masjid|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/12/features/begum-shahi-masjid/|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Pakistan Today|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The mosque would later influence | The [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the [[Walled City of Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in honour of his mother, and is Lahore's earliest surviving example of a Mughal-era mosque.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p={{page needed|date=March 2022}}}}<ref name=TQ>{{cite news|title=Begum Shahi Masjid|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/12/features/begum-shahi-masjid/|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Pakistan Today|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The mosque would later influence construction of the larger [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] a few decades later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-6-2004_pg7_22|title=The mosque that Jodha Bai built|work=Daily Times|date=26 June 2004|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> | ||
====Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah==== | ====Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah==== | ||
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====Taj Mahal==== | ====Taj Mahal==== | ||
{{main article|Taj Mahal}} | {{main article|Taj Mahal}} | ||
The Taj Mahal, a [[World Heritage Site]] was built between | The Taj Mahal, a [[World Heritage Site]] was built between 1630 and 1649 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal .<ref name=":0" /> Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million [[rupee]]s. (corresponding to [[United States dollar|US$]] 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square [[plinth]] and consists of a symmetrical building with an ''[[iwan]]'' (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and [[finial]]. | ||
The building's longest [[plane (geometry)|plane]] of [[symmetry]] runs through the entire complex except for the [[sarcophagus]] of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror [[mosque]] in red sandstone, to complement the [[Mecca]]-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. [[pietra dura|''Parchin kari'']], a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and ''[[Jali]]'' work has been used to decorate the structure. | The building's longest [[plane (geometry)|plane]] of [[symmetry]] runs through the entire complex except for the [[sarcophagus]] of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror [[mosque]] in red sandstone, to complement the [[Mecca]]-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. [[pietra dura|''Parchin kari'']], a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and ''[[Jali]]'' work has been used to decorate the structure. | ||
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{{See also|Bibi Ka Maqbara|Tomb of Safdar Jang}} | {{See also|Bibi Ka Maqbara|Tomb of Safdar Jang}} | ||
Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of the elegant [[Zinat al-Masjid]] in [[Daryaganj]] was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter [[Zinat-al-Nissa]]. Aurangzeb's sister [[Roshanara Begum|Roshan-Ara]] who died in 1671. The tomb of [[Roshanara Begum]] and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay. | Additional monuments from this period are associated with women from Aurangzeb's imperial family. The construction of the elegant [[Zeenat-ul-Masajid|Zinat al-Masjid]] in [[Daryaganj]] was overseen by Aurangzeb's second daughter [[Zinat-un-Nissa Begum|Zinat-al-Nissa]]. Aurangzeb's sister [[Roshanara Begum|Roshan-Ara]] who died in 1671. The tomb of [[Roshanara Begum]] and the garden surrounding it were neglected for a long time and are now in an advanced state of decay. | ||
====Bibi ka Maqbara==== | ====Bibi ka Maqbara==== | ||
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* {{cite book|title=Mughal Architecture & Gardens|author=George Michell, Amit Pasricha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8-FZwEACAAJ|isbn=9781851496709|year=2011}} | * {{cite book|title=Mughal Architecture & Gardens|author=George Michell, Amit Pasricha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8-FZwEACAAJ|isbn=9781851496709|year=2011}} | ||
* {{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|last2=Irani|first2=Prakash|title=Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill|isbn=9789381523728|ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Fathepur Sikri:Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill}}|year=2013}} | * {{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|last2=Irani|first2=Prakash|title=Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill|isbn=9789381523728|ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Fathepur Sikri:Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill}}|year=2013}} | ||
{{Islamic architecture}} | {{Islamic architecture}} | ||
{{Islamic art}} | {{Islamic art}} | ||