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{{short description|Indo-Islamic architecture from 16th to 18th century Indian subcontinent}}
{{short description|Indo-Islamic architecture from 16th to 18th century Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], India is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/|title=Taj Mahal World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage. Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|archive-date=2019-02-01|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>]]
[[File:Taj_Mahal,_Agra,_India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], India is the most famous example of Mughal Architecture and one of India's most recognisable landmarks in general.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252/|title=Taj Mahal World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage. Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201133603/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252|archive-date=2019-02-01|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> currently disputed<ref>{{Cite web |last=LucknowMay 10 |first=Abhishek Mishra Varun Sinha |last2=May 10 |first2=2022UPDATED |last3=Ist |first3=2022 17:33 |title=Taj Mahal controversy: Hearing of petition seeking to open 22 rooms pushed to May 12 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/lucknow/story/taj-mahal-controversy-petition-seeking-to-open-rooms-pushed-may-1947750-2022-05-10 |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Badshahi Mosque front picture.jpg|thumb|[[Badshahi Mosque]], in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals]]
[[File:Badshahi Mosque front picture.jpg|thumb|[[Badshahi Mosque]], in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]] was the largest mosque in the world for 313 years, and is the last of the imperial mosques built by the Mughals]]
[[File:Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate at [[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as “Alamgir”.]]
[[File:Lahore Fort view from Baradari.jpg|thumb|The Alamgiri Gate at [[Lahore Fort]], [[Lahore]], Pakistan, was named for Aurangzeb, who was sometimes referred to as “Alamgir”.]]
[[File:Bibi Ka Maqbara - The Taj Of Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is a tomb in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], which was built by [[Aurangzeb]] in the memory of his wife, [[Dilras Banu Begum|Dilras banu begum]]]]
[[File:Bibi Ka Maqbara - The Taj Of Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Bibi Ka Maqbara]] is a tomb in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra]], which was built by [[Aurangzeb]] in the memory of his wife, [[Dilras Banu Begum]]]]


'''Mughal architecture''' is the type of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] developed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It developed the styles of earlier [[Muslims|Muslim]] dynasties in India as an amalgam of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]], [[Iranian architecture|Persian]], Turkic and [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]]. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; Examples of the style can be found in modern-day India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
'''Mughal architecture''' is the type of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] developed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It developed from the architectural styles of earlier [[Muslims|Muslim]] dynasties in India and from [[Iranian architecture|Iranian]] and [[Central Asian art|Central Asian]] architectural traditions, particularly [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] architecture.{{Sfn|Asher|1992|pp=1-2}}<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |isbn=9781134613663 |location= |pages=199–205 |chapter=Mughals}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=M. Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan |location= |pages= |chapter=Architecture; VII. c. 1500–c. 1900; D. India. |editor-last2=S. Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Philippa |title=Islam: Art and Architecture |publisher=h.f.ullmann |year=2011 |isbn=9783848003808 |editor-last=Hattstein |editor-first=Markus |location= |pages=464–483 |chapter=Indian Subcontinent: from Sultanate to Mughal Empire |editor-last2=Delius |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Mughal architecture |issn=1873-9830 |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> It also further incorporated and syncretized influences from wider [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]], especially during the reign of [[Akbar]] (r. 1556–1605).{{Sfn|Asher|1992|pp=1-2}}<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0522" /> Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation; examples of the style can be found in modern-day Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.


The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of [[Babur]] at [[First Battle of Panipat|Panipat in 1526]]. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson [[Akbar]] built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were [[Agra Fort]], the fort-city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and the [[Buland Darwaza]]. Akbar's son [[Jahangir]] commissioned the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir]].
The Mughal dynasty was established after the victory of [[Babur]] at [[First Battle of Panipat|Panipat in 1526]]. During his five-year reign, Babur took considerable interest in erecting buildings, though few have survived. His grandson [[Akbar]] built widely, and the style developed vigorously during his reign. Among his accomplishments were [[Agra Fort]], the fort-city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], and the [[Buland Darwaza]]. Akbar's son [[Jahangir]] commissioned the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir]].


Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], who constructed [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Jama Masjid (Delhi)|Jama Masjid]], the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens of Lahore]], the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], and who renovated the [[Lahore Fort]]. The last of the great Mughal architects was [[Aurangzeb]], who built the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]] etc.
Mughal architecture reached its zenith during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], who constructed [[Taj Mahal]], the [[Jama Masjid (Delhi)|Jama Masjid]], the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens of Lahore]], the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], and who renovated the [[Lahore Fort]]. The last of the great Mughal architects was [[Aurangzeb]], who built the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]], [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]] etc.
Mughal Inlay art is a remarkable feature of Mughal architecture in India and Inlay art was an instrument of dynamic expression in the great age of the Mughal Empire. The Monuments of Agra (India) provide the different stages of the development of Mughal Inlay art in a progressive sequence during sixteenth to seventeenth century as practiced under Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Jahangir (r. 1605-1627), and Shah Jahan (r. 1628-1658). Marble inlay-‘Pachchikari’ or ‘Parchinkari’ is one of the most beautiful and popular forms of Mughal art developed indigenously in India. It is to be believed that it is typically Italian in origin and some contend it to be of the Indian origin itself. Inlay technically known as Pietra dura (Italian for "hard stone") is marble inlaid with designs in precious or semi-precious stonework. The Mughal Inlay art's origin is in India and it developed indigenously as it relied on several key aspects. Ram Nath, Ebba Koch, E.W Smith, V.A. Smith and Major Kole explore some elements of the origin and development of inlay work. The findings show that it is not only an indigenous Indian art and but also that it developed rapidly during the reign of Jahangir. The points came from the visit of Jahangir in Mandu (India). When Jahangir visited Mandu, the fascinated inlay work there impressed him and as the continuous refinement of inlay work can be seen in the Jahangir buildings i.e. from Akbar's Tomb to Salim Chisti's Tomb and ultimately a remarkable change in the Tomb of Itmad-ud doulah. Mughal Inlay art is a remarkable feature of Mughal architecture in India and Inlay art was widely appreciated and debated with respect to its origin and development.<ref>http://www.kgnmarbleinlay.com/blog-post-history-of-mughal-inlay.html</ref>


== Features ==
== Features ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at [[Lahore Fort]] reflects [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu influences]] on Mughal Architecture during the reign of [[Akbar]]]]
[[File:Elephant-shaped column brackets at Lahore Fort.jpg|thumb|The use of elephant-shaped column brackets at [[Lahore Fort]] reflects [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu influences]] on Mughal Architecture during the reign of [[Akbar]]]]
Mughal architecture incorporates [[Architecture of India|Indian]] elements with [[Persian architecture|Persian]] and [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] elements. Some features common to many buildings are:
Mughal architecture incorporates [[Architecture of India|Hindu]] elements with [[Persian architecture|Persian]] and [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] elements. Some features common to many buildings are:
Large bulbous [[onion dome|onion domes]], sometimes surrounded by four smaller domes.
Large bulbous [[onion dome]]s, sometimes surrounded by four smaller domes.
* Use of white marble and red sandstone.
* Use of white marble and red sandstone.
* Use of delicate ornamentation work, including [[Pietra dura|''pachin kari'']] decorative work and ''[[jali]]''-latticed screens.
* Use of delicate ornamentation work, including [[Pietra dura|''pachin kari'']] decorative work and ''[[jali]]''-latticed screens.
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* Large gateways leading up to the main building.
* Large gateways leading up to the main building.
*[[Iwan|''Iwans'']] on two or four sides.
*[[Iwan|''Iwans'']] on two or four sides.
*Use of decorative [[Chhatri|chhatris]].
*Use of decorative [[chhatri]]s.
*Use of [[Jali|jalis]] and [[Jharokha|jharokhas]].
*Use of [[jali]]s and [[jharokha]]s.
Mughal architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles, including the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] of the [[British Raj]], the [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajput style]] and the [[Sikh architecture|Sikh style]].
Mughal architecture has also influenced later Indian architectural styles, including the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] of the [[British Raj]], the [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajput style]] and the [[Sikh architecture|Sikh style]].


==Monuments==
==Monuments==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Mosque inside Bagh-e Babur in 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Gardens of Babur]] in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan.]]
[[File:Mosque inside Bagh-e Babur in 2013.jpg|thumb|[[Gardens of Babur]] in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan.]]


=== Akbar ===
=== Akbar ===
{{Main|Akbari Architecture}}{{see also|Allahabad Fort|Begum Shahi Mosque|Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah}}
{{Main|Akbari Architecture}}{{see also|Allahabad Fort|Begum Shahi Mosque|Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah|List of tombs of Mughal Empire}}
 
====Agra Fort====
====Agra Fort====
{{main article|Agra fort}}
{{main article|Agra fort}}
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==== Great White Mosque Islamia College Peshawar====
==== Great White Mosque Islamia College Peshawar====
{{article|White Mosque Islamia College Peshawar}}
{{main article|White Mosque Islamia College Peshawar}}
[[File:Islamia White Mosque (Islamia College Peshawar) photo interior.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right | alt= Photo by @asifalamkk]]
[[File:Islamia White Mosque (Islamia College Peshawar) photo interior.jpg|thumb|right|Islamia White Mosque]]
A glorious white mosque standing in the heart of historic [[Islamia College Peshawar]] surrounded by lush green lawns reminds us of its more than a hundred years old architectural magnificence and spiritual greatness.
A glorious white mosque standing in the heart of historic [[Islamia College Peshawar]] surrounded by lush green lawns reminds us of its more than a hundred years old architectural magnificence and spiritual greatness.
The mosque is also a reminder of [[Muslim architecture]] as it's a mixture of Mughal and British construction design. This lovely mosque has become the second tourist attraction in [[Peshawar]] after [[Mahabat Khan Mosque]] which was built during Mughal rule.
The mosque is also a reminder of [[Muslim architecture]] as it's a mixture of Mughal and British construction design. This lovely mosque has become the second tourist attraction in [[Peshawar]] after [[Mahabat Khan Mosque]] which was built during Mughal rule.
==== Humayun's Tomb ====
==== Humayun's Tomb ====
{{main article|Humayun's Tomb}}
{{main article|Humayun's Tomb}}
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{{main|Begum Shahi Mosque}}
{{main|Begum Shahi Mosque}}
[[File:Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg|thumb|Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque]]
[[File:Interior_of_Mariyam_Zamani_Begum_Mosque.jpg|thumb|Begum Shahi Mosque is Lahore's earliest dated Mughal period mosque]]
The [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the [[Walled City of Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in honour of his mother, and is Lahore's earliest surviving example of a Mughal-era mosque.<ref name=asher/><ref name=TQ>{{cite news|title=Begum Shahi Masjid|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/12/features/begum-shahi-masjid/|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Pakistan Today|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The mosque would later influence. construction of the larger [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] a few decades later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-6-2004_pg7_22|title=The mosque that Jodha Bai built|work=Daily Times|date=26 June 2004|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>
The [[Begum Shahi Mosque]] is an early 17th-century mosque situated in the [[Walled City of Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. The mosque was built between 1611 and 1614 during the reign of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]] in honour of his mother, and is Lahore's earliest surviving example of a Mughal-era mosque.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p={{page needed|date=March 2022}}}}<ref name=TQ>{{cite news|title=Begum Shahi Masjid|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/03/12/features/begum-shahi-masjid/|access-date=31 August 2016|agency=Pakistan Today|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> The mosque would later influence. construction of the larger [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] a few decades later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-6-2004_pg7_22|title=The mosque that Jodha Bai built|work=Daily Times|date=26 June 2004|access-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>


====Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah====
====Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah====
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{{see also|Red Fort|Tomb of Dai Anga}}
{{see also|Red Fort|Tomb of Dai Anga}}
[[File:Jahangir Tomb - 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] at [[Lahore]] does not have a [[dome]] as [[Jahangir]] forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.]]
[[File:Jahangir Tomb - 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Jahangir]] at [[Lahore]] does not have a [[dome]] as [[Jahangir]] forbade construction of a dome over his tomb.]]
Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, [[Shah Jahan ]] built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at [[Agra Fort|Agra]], [[Delhi Fort|Delhi]] and [[Lahore Fort|Lahore]]. Some examples include the [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], the tomb of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. The [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]] (Pearl Mosque) in the [[Agra Fort]] and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] at [[Delhi]] are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as the [[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)|Moti Masjid]], [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]] and [[Naulakha pavilion]], which are all enclosed in the [[Lahore Fort]]. He also built a mosque named after himself in [[Thatta]] called [[Shahjahan Mosque]] (not built in the Mughal architecture, but in [[Safavid empire|Safavid]] and [[Timurid empire|Timurid]] architecture that were influenced by the [[Persian architecture]]). Shah Jahan also built the [[Red Fort]] in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now [[Old Delhi]]. The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings-[[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Aam]] and [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]. Another mosque was built during his tenure in [[Lahore]] called [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface.
Rather than building huge monuments like his predecessors to demonstrate their power, [[Shah Jahan]] built elegant monuments. The force and originality of this previous building style gave way under Shah Jahan to a delicate elegance and refinement of detail, illustrated in the palaces erected during his reign at [[Agra Fort|Agra]], [[Delhi Fort|Delhi]] and [[Lahore Fort|Lahore]]. Some examples include the [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]], the tomb of his wife [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. The [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]] (Pearl Mosque) in the [[Agra Fort]] and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]] at [[Delhi]] are imposing buildings of his era, and their position and architecture have been carefully considered so as to produce a pleasing effect and feeling of spacious elegance and well-balanced proportion of parts. Shah Jahan also renovated buildings such as the [[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)|Moti Masjid]], [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]] and [[Naulakha pavilion]], which are all enclosed in the [[Lahore Fort]]. He also built a mosque named after himself in [[Thatta]] called [[Shahjahan Mosque]] (not built in the Mughal architecture, but in [[Safavid empire|Safavid]] and [[Timurid empire|Timurid]] architecture that were influenced by the [[Persian architecture]]). Shah Jahan also built the [[Red Fort]] in his new capital at Shah Jahanabad, now [[Old Delhi]]. The red sandstone Red Fort is noted for its special buildings-[[Diwan-i-Am (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Aam]] and [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-i-Khas]]. Another mosque was built during his tenure in [[Lahore]] called [[Wazir Khan Mosque]], by Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari who was the court physician to the emperor. It is famous for its rich embellishment which covers almost every interior surface.
 
====Taj Mahal====
====Taj Mahal====
{{main article|Taj Mahal}}
{{main article|Taj Mahal}}
The Taj Mahal, a [[World Heritage Site]] was built between 1630–49 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal .<ref name=":0" /> Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million [[Rupee|rupees]]. (corresponding to [[United States dollar|US$]] 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square [[plinth]] and consists of a symmetrical building with an ''[[iwan]]'' (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and [[finial]].  
The Taj Mahal, a [[World Heritage Site]] was built between 1630–49 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal .<ref name=":0" /> Its construction took 22 years and required 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants, at a cost of 32 million [[rupee]]s. (corresponding to [[United States dollar|US$]] 827 million in 2015) It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square [[plinth]] and consists of a symmetrical building with an ''[[iwan]]'' (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and [[finial]].


The building's longest [[plane (geometry)|plane]] of [[symmetry]] runs through the entire complex except for the [[sarcophagus]] of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror [[mosque]] in red sandstone, to complement the [[Mecca]]-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. [[pietra dura|''Parchin kari'']], a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and ''[[Jali]]'' work has been used to decorate the structure.
The building's longest [[plane (geometry)|plane]] of [[symmetry]] runs through the entire complex except for the [[sarcophagus]] of Shah Jahan, which is placed off centre in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry is extended to the building of an entire mirror [[mosque]] in red sandstone, to complement the [[Mecca]]-facing mosque placed to the west of the main structure. [[pietra dura|''Parchin kari'']], a method of decoration on a large scale-inlaid work of jewels and ''[[Jali]]'' work has been used to decorate the structure.
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{{main|Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta}}
{{main|Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta}}
[[File:Shah Jehan Mosque, Thatta, Sindh..jpg|thumb|The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.]]
[[File:Shah Jehan Mosque, Thatta, Sindh..jpg|thumb|The mosque's tile work exhibits Timurid influences introduced during Shah Jahan's campaigns in Central Asia.]]
The [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] is the [[Jama Masjid|central mosque]] for the city of [[Thatta]], in the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]]. The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude.<ref name=khazeni>{{cite book|last1=Khazeni|first1=Arash|title=Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History|date=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=9780520279070|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnclDQAAQBAJ&q=shah+jahan+thatta&pg=PA68|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near [[Balkh]] and [[Samarkand]].<ref name=khazeni/> The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in [[South Asia]],<ref name=khazeni/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/|title=Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003131103/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/|archive-date=2018-10-03|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques.<ref name=asher>{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521267281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=thatta&pg=PA349|access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref>
The [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] is the [[Jama Masjid|central mosque]] for the city of [[Thatta]], in the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Sindh]]. The mosque commissioned by Shah Jahan, who bestowed it to the city as a token of gratitude.<ref name=khazeni>{{cite book|last1=Khazeni|first1=Arash|title=Sky Blue Stone: The Turquoise Trade in World History|date=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520279070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mnclDQAAQBAJ&q=shah+jahan+thatta&pg=PA68 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> Its style is heavily influenced by Central Asian Timurid architecture, which was introduced after Shah Jahan's campaigns near [[Balkh]] and [[Samarkand]].<ref name=khazeni/> The mosque is considered to have the most elaborate display of tile work in [[South Asia]],<ref name=khazeni/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/|access-date=2018-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003131103/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1286/|archive-date=2018-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref> and is also notable for its geometric brick work - a decorative element that is unusual for Mughal-period mosques.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p={{page needed|date=March 2022}}}}


====Shahi Hammam====
====Shahi Hammam====
{{main|Shahi Hammam}}
{{main|Shahi Hammam}}
[[File:Central dome and fresco painting of Wazir Khan Hammam.jpg|thumb|The central chamber of the [[Shahi Hammam]] is decorated with frescoes]]
[[File:Central dome and fresco painting of Wazir Khan Hammam.jpg|thumb|The central chamber of the [[Shahi Hammam]] is decorated with frescoes]]
[[Shahi Hammam]] is a [[Turkish bath|Persian-style bath]] which was built in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], in 1635 [[Common era|C.E.]] during the reign of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. It was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court, Ilam-ud-din Ansari, who was widely known as [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]].<ref name="WKM">Asher, p.225</ref><ref>Shelomo Dov Goitein. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=cmn8U8uNtFAC&pg=PA170&dq=wazir+arabic+word&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMI28upua-LxgIVZivbCh0RbQDU#v=onepage&q=wazir%20arabic%20word&f=false ''Studies in Islamic History and Institutions''] BRILL, 2010 {{ISBN|9004179313}} p 170</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān|url=http://archnet.org/sites/1750|website=Archnet|access-date=25 August 2016|quote=The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.}}</ref> The baths were built to serve as a ''[[waqf]]'', or endowment, for the maintenance of the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment.|url=http://archnet.org/publications/6586|website=Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme|publisher=Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan|access-date=25 August 2016|date=2012|quote=The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.}}</ref>
[[Shahi Hammam]] is a [[Turkish bath|Persian-style bath]] which was built in [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], in 1635 [[Common era|C.E.]] during the reign of Emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. It was built by chief physician to the Mughal Court, Ilam-ud-din Ansari, who was widely known as [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]].{{Sfn|Asher|1992|p=225}}<ref>Shelomo Dov Goitein. [https://books.google.nl/books?id=cmn8U8uNtFAC&pg=PA170&dq=wazir+arabic+word&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMI28upua-LxgIVZivbCh0RbQDU#v=onepage&q=wazir%20arabic%20word&f=false ''Studies in Islamic History and Institutions''] BRILL, 2010 {{ISBN|9004179313}} p 170</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Masjid Vazir K̲h̲ān|url=http://archnet.org/sites/1750|website=Archnet|access-date=25 August 2016|quote=The mosque was founded by Hakim Ilmud Din Ansari, a distinguished physician from Chiniot who received the Ministerial title of 'Wazir Khan' under the reign of Shah Jahan, and was later promoted to the position of Viceroy of Punjab.}}</ref> The baths were built to serve as a ''[[waqf]]'', or endowment, for the maintenance of the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Background in Conservation of the Wazir Khan Mosque Lahore: Preliminary Report on Condition and Risk Assessment|website=Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme |publisher=Aga Khan Cultural Services - Pakistan |url=http://archnet.org/publications/6586 |access-date=25 August 2016|date=2012|quote=The spectacular monumental ensemble of the Wazir Khan Mosque in the Walled City of Lahore was built in 1634 during the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.}}</ref>


===Aurangzeb===
===Aurangzeb===
In [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with [[stucco]] ornament. [[Srirangapatna]] and [[Lucknow]] have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him (Alamgir).
In [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign (1658–1707) squared stone and marble was replaced by brick or rubble with [[stucco]] ornament. [[Srirangapatna]] and [[Lucknow]] have examples of later Indo-Mughal architecture. He made additions to the Lahore Fort and also built one of the thirteen gates which were later named after him (Alamgir).
====Badshahi Mosque====
====Badshahi Mosque====
{{main|Badshahi Mosque}}
{{main|Badshahi Mosque}}
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The [[Tomb of Safdar Jang|Tomb of Safdar Jung]] completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture.
The [[Tomb of Safdar Jang|Tomb of Safdar Jung]] completed in 1754 is one of the last examples of Mughal Architecture.


== Mughal gardens ==
== Gardens ==
[[File:ShalimarLayout.jpg|thumb|The [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] of [[Lahore]] are divided into three distinct terraces. The area in red is the uppermost terrace, and was reserved for the Emperor's harem, while the area in blue was reserved for the Emperor. The area in green is the lowest terrace, and was occasionally open to the public.]]
{{main article|Mughal garden}}
{{main article|Mughal garden}}
[[Mughal gardens]] are gardens built by the Mughals in the [[Islamic garden|Islamic style]]. This style was influenced by [[Persian gardens]]. They are built in the [[Charbagh|''char bagh'']] structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the [[Jannah|four gardens of Paradise]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=REHMAN|first=ABDUL|title=Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times|date=2009|journal=Garden History|volume=37|issue=2|pages=205–217|issn=0307-1243|jstor=27821596}}</ref>
[[Mughal gardens]] are gardens built by the Mughals in the [[Islamic garden|Islamic style]]. This style was influenced by [[Persian gardens]]. They are built in the [[Charbagh|''char bagh'']] structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the [[Jannah|four gardens of Paradise]] mentioned in the [[Qur'an]]. This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=REHMAN|first=ABDUL|title=Changing Concepts of Garden Design in Lahore from Mughal to Contemporary Times|date=2009|journal=Garden History|volume=37|issue=2|pages=205–217|issn=0307-1243|jstor=27821596}}</ref>


The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.  
The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or flowing water into four smaller parts. Significant use of rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools, fountains and canals inside the gardens.


Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the [[Gardens of Babur|Bagh-e-Babur]] at [[Kabul]], [[Mehtab Bagh|Mehtab Bagh gardens]] at the Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb, [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] at [[Lahore]], [[Wah Gardens]] in [[Wah]] , [[Khusro Bagh]] at [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], as well as [[Pinjore Gardens]] at [[Haryana]].
Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the [[Gardens of Babur|Bagh-e-Babur]] at [[Kabul]], [[Mehtab Bagh|Mehtab Bagh gardens]] at the Taj Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb, [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]] at [[Lahore]], [[Wah Gardens]] in [[Wah]] , [[Khusro Bagh]] at [[Allahabad|Prayagraj]], as well as [[Pinjore Gardens]] at [[Haryana]].
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The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[Pari Mahal]], [[Nishat Bagh]], [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Chashme Shahi]], [[Verinag|Verinag Garden]], [[Achabal Gardens]]) are on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list of Heritage sites|tentative list]] of [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in India.
The ensemble of six Mughal Gardens of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ([[Pari Mahal]], [[Nishat Bagh]], [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]], [[Chashme Shahi]], [[Verinag|Verinag Garden]], [[Achabal Gardens]]) are on the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list of Heritage sites|tentative list]] of [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in India.


==Mughal bridges==
==Bridges==


[[Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur]] was constructed during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]].
[[Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur]] was constructed during the reign of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]].
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== Gallery ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" class="center">
<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" class="center">
File:Agra 03-2016 05 Taj Mahal complex.jpg|The [[Origins_and_architecture_of_the_Taj_Mahal#Great_gate_(Darwaza-i_rauza)|Darwaza-i-Rauza]] (Great Gate) of the [[Taj Mahal]].
File:Agra 03-2016 05 Taj Mahal complex.jpg|The [[Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal#Great gate (Darwaza-i rauza)|Darwaza-i-Rauza]] (Great Gate) of the [[Taj Mahal]].
File:Salim Chishti Tomb-2.jpg| ''[[Jali]]'' decorative work at the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]].
File:Salim Chishti Tomb-2.jpg| ''[[Jali]]'' decorative work at the [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]].
File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahori Gate]] of the [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]], India.
File:Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahori Gate]] of the [[Red Fort]], [[Delhi]], India.
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File:Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_(20673302596).jpg|[[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] in [[Thatta]], Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy [[Iranian architecture|Persian]] influence.
File:Shah_Jahan_Mosque_Center_(20673302596).jpg|[[Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta|Shah Jahan Mosque]] in [[Thatta]], Pakistan. The mosque is not built in the Mughal style, but reflects a heavy [[Iranian architecture|Persian]] influence.
File:Ustad's Tomb Nakodar, Punjab.jpg|One of the [[Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar|Tombs of Ustad-Shagird]], [[Nakodar]], India.
File:Ustad's Tomb Nakodar, Punjab.jpg|One of the [[Tombs of Ustad-Shagird, Nakodar|Tombs of Ustad-Shagird]], [[Nakodar]], India.
</gallery>  
</gallery>
 
==See also==
==See also==
{{portal|Architecture}}
{{portal|Architecture}}
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== Sources ==
== Sources ==
* {{cite book|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|author=Catherine Blanshard Asher|isbn= 9780521267281|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book |title=Architecture of Mughal India |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanshard |year=1992 |isbn=9780521267281 |series=The New Cambridge History of India, Part I |volume=4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA349|access-date=16 July 2017}}
* {{cite book|title=Mughal Architecture & Gardens|author=George Michell, Amit Pasricha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8-FZwEACAAJ|isbn=9781851496709|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|title=Mughal Architecture & Gardens|author=George Michell, Amit Pasricha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8-FZwEACAAJ|isbn=9781851496709|year=2011}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|last2=Irani|first2=Prakash|title=Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill|isbn=9789381523728|ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Fathepur Sikri:Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill}}|year=2013}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Subhadra Sen|last2=Irani|first2=Prakash|title=Fathepur Sikri: Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill|isbn=9789381523728|ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Fathepur Sikri:Akbar's Magnificent City on a Hill}}|year=2013}}
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{{Architecture of India}}
{{Architecture of India}}
{{Architecture of Bangladesh}}{{Authority control}}
{{Architecture of Bangladesh}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mughal architecture| ]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture| ]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
[[Category:Indian architectural styles]]
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