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{{Short description|Union territory of India}}
{{Short description|Region administered by India}}
{{About|the Union Territory of the Indian Union|the [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]]|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|the [[former state]] of India|Jammu and Kashmir (state)|}}
{{About|the region administered by India as a union territory|other uses|Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation){{!}}Jammu and Kashmir|and|Kashmir (disambiguation)}}
 
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2021}}<!---Please do not add Indian or Pakistani English here-->
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Jammu and Kashmir
| name                            = Jammu and Kashmir
| settlement_type                = [[States and union territories of India|UNION TERRITORY]]
| settlement_type                = Region administered by India as a [[States and union territories of India|union territory]]
| image_skyline                  = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline                  = {{Photomontage
| photo1a      = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
| photo1a      = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
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| image_caption                  =  
| image_caption                  =  
| image_flag                      =  
| image_flag                      =  
| flag_size                      =
| flag_type                      =
| image_blank_emblem              =  
| image_blank_emblem              =  
| blank_emblem_size              =  
| blank_emblem_size              =  
| blank_emblem_type              =  
| blank_emblem_type              =  
| image_map                      = [[File:Map of UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.jpg|1500px]]
| image_map                      = Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg
| map_alt                        = Jammu and Kashmir
| map_alt                        = Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption                    = A map of Jammu and Kashmir (union Territory) bordered with yellow colour
| map_caption                    = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region showing the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
| image_map1                      = [[File:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|250px]]
| image_map1                      =
| map_caption1                    = A map of the disputed [[Jammu and Kashmir]] region showing the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption1                    =
| coordinates                    = {{coord|33.5|75.0|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates                    = {{coord|33.5|75.0|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint                  =  
| coor_pinpoint                  =  
| coordinates_footnotes          =  
| coordinates_footnotes          =  
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_type                = Administering country
| subdivision_name                = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_name                = [[India]]<!--No flags per WP:INFOBOXFLAG-->
| established_title              = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| established_title              = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| established_date                = 31 October 2019
| established_date                = 31 October 2019
| seat_type                      = Capital
| seat_type                      = Capital
| seat                            = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br /> [[Jammu]] (Nov-April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |last=Desk |first=The Hindu Net |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| seat                            = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br /> [[Jammu]] (Nov-April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| parts_type                      = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|Districts]]
| parts_type                      = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|Districts]]
| parts_style                    = para
| parts_style                    = para
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| leader_name3                    = [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) <br /> [[Lok Sabha]] (5)
| leader_name3                    = [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) <br /> [[Lok Sabha]] (5)
| leader_title4                  = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_title4                  = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_name4                    = [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| leader_name4                    = [[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]]
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| unit_pref                      = Metric
| area_footnotes                  = {{efn|Jammu and Kashmir is a [[disputed territory]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km<sup>2</sup> of area administered by India and 13,297 km<sup>2</sup> of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}
| area_footnotes                  = {{efn|Jammu and Kashmir is a [[disputed territory]] between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km<sup>2</sup> of area administered by India and 13,297 km<sup>2</sup> of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}
| area_total_km2                  = 42,241
| area_total_km2                  = 42,241
| area_rank                      =  
| area_rank                      =  
| elevation_max_footnotes        = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri |journal= The American Alpine Journal (AAJ)|date=1975 |first1=Jogindar |last1=Singh |access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live |pages=67–67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages]</ref>
| elevation_max_footnotes        = <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri |journal= The American Alpine Journal (AAJ)|date=1975 |first1=Jogindar |last1=Singh |access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live |pages=67}} [https://aac-publications.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/aaj/1975/PDF/AAJ_1975_20_1_065.pdf pdf of original pages]</ref>
| elevation_max_m                = 7135
| elevation_max_m                = 7135
| elevation_max_ft                =  
| elevation_max_ft                =  
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| footnotes                      =  
| footnotes                      =  
| official_name                  =  
| official_name                  =  
| module                          =  
| module                          =
| leader_name5                    = (280 seats)
| leader_title5                  = [[District Development Council|DDC]]
}}
}}


'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by India as a [[union territory]] and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Jammu and Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br /> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The region of Jammu and Kashmir is separated by the [[Line of Control]] from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north, respectively. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]], which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.
'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by India as a [[union territory]] and consisting of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br /> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The [[Line of Control]] separates Jammu and Kashmir from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]], which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.


Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2" />
Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2" />
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The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to Jammu and Kashmir as a part of "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).<ref>{{cite web |first= Ali | last=Zain |url= http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |title= Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global |publisher= En.dailypakistan.com.pk |date= 13 September 2015 |access-date= 17 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114311/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |archive-date= 18 November 2015 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |title= Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir |website=Dunya News |date= 11 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India and Indian sources in turn, call the [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|territory under Pakistan control]] "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK") or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PHK").<ref name="Snedden 2013 p.2-3">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|title=The enigma of terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016082903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|archive-date=16 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to Jammu and Kashmir as a part of "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK).<ref>{{cite web |first= Ali | last=Zain |url= http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |title= Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global |publisher= En.dailypakistan.com.pk |date= 13 September 2015 |access-date= 17 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151118114311/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/pakistani-flag-hoisted-pro-freedom-slogans-chanted-in-indian-occupied-kashmir-567/ |archive-date= 18 November 2015 |url-status=live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/World/298421-Pakistani-flag-hoisted-once-again-in-Indian-Occupi |title= Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir |website=Dunya News |date= 11 September 2015 |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India and Indian sources in turn, call the [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir|territory under Pakistan control]] "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK") or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PHK").<ref name="Snedden 2013 p.2-3">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |pages=2–3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|title=The enigma of terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016082903/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-enigma-of-terminology/article5621801.ece|archive-date=16 October 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 January 2014}}</ref>
"Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources.<ref>South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37</ref>
"Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources.<ref>South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
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A resolution to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|repeal Article 370]] was passed by both the houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. At the same time, a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganisation act]] was also passed, which would reconstitute the state into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|title=Parliament Live &#124; Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70|date=6 August 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> The reorganisation took effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref>
A resolution to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|repeal Article 370]] was passed by both the houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. At the same time, a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|reorganisation act]] was also passed, which would reconstitute the state into two union territories, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-live-govt-to-move-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-for-passage-in-lok-sabha/article28831274.ece|title=Parliament Live &#124; Lok Sabha passes Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, Ayes: 370, Noes 70|date=6 August 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> The reorganisation took effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]}}</ref>


Thousands of Kashmiris, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were detained in prisons all across India,<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |work=Reuters |date=September 12, 2019}}</ref> the state was put under a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] and communication and internet services were suspended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49246434 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
In September 2019 nearly 4,000 people, including two former Chief Ministers and hundreds of other politicians, were arrested by the Indian authorities in Kashmir;<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |title=Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-detentions/thousands-detained-in-indian-kashmir-crackdown-official-data-reveals-idUSKCN1VX142 |work=Reuters |date=12 September 2019 |first1=Devjyot |last1=Ghoshal |first2=Alasdair |last2=Pal}}</ref> the state was put under a [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown|lockdown]] and communication and internet services were suspended.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kashmir in lockdown after autonomy scrapped |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49246434 |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=6 August 2019}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
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===Topography===
===Topography===
[[File:Kashmir top.jpg|thumb|[[Topographic map]] of Jammu and Kashmir, with visible altitude for the Kashmir valley and Jammu region.]]
[[File:Kashmir top.jpg|thumb|[[Topographic map]] of Jammu and Kashmir, with visible altitude for the Kashmir valley and Jammu region.]]
[[File:Tulian Lake.jpg|thumb|A high-altitude alpine lake in the Himalayan range in Jammu and Kashmir]]


Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]] and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL]</ref> The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir valley from the [[Tibetan plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1"/> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Tawi River|Tawi]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]] are the other important rivers flowing through the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>
Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] Valley, [[Sind Valley]] and [[Lidder Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Vij|first=Shivam|date=5 May 2017|title=Kashmir Is A Prison With Three Walls|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505073150/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/05/04/kashmir-is-a-prison-with-three-walls_a_22070340/|archive-date=5 May 2017|access-date=9 August 2019|work=[[HuffPost]]}} [https://shivamvij.in/2017/05/05/755/ Alt URL]</ref> The Kashmir valley is {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|15520.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in area.<ref name="AA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/columnists/indus-water-flow-can-t-be-stopped-721|title=Indus: The water flow can't be stopped|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=28 September 2016|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Himalayas]] divide the Kashmir valley from the [[Tibetan plateau]] while the [[Pir Panjal]] range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the [[Punjab Plain]] of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/a-tryst-of-the-heart-and-history-along-the-karakoram-highway/|title=A Tryst of the Heart and History along the Karakoram Highway|first=Asma|last=Khan|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=26 April 2018|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/india-pakistan-conflict-07032019/|title=Why India and Pakistan keep fighting over Kashmir – the history of the Kashmir conflict|first=Mihai|last=Andrei|work=GME Science|date=11 March 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> This valley has an average height of {{convert|1850|m|ft}} above sea-level,<ref name="AA1"/> but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of {{convert|10000|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/in-the-past-the-mountain-passes-were-entry-exit-points-for-travellers-and-invaders/article22136536.ece|title=Doorway of the gods: Himalaya crosses five countries|author1=Vrinda|author2=J. Ramanan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Jhelum River]] is the major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jhelum-River|title=Jhelum River|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=15 December 2015|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref> The [[Tawi River|Tawi]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]] are the other important rivers flowing through the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/29-Jul-2019/flooding-alert-issued-as-india-releases-water|title=Flooding alert issued as India releases water|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|author=Agencies|date=29 July 2019|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>
===Climate===
The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies with altitude and across regions. Southern and southwestern areas have a sub tropical climate, with hot summers and cool winters. This region receives most of its rainfall during the [[monsoon]] season. In the east and north, summers are usually pleasant. The effect of the monsoon diminishes in areas lying to the leeward side of the Pir Panjal, such as the Kashmir valley, and much of the rainfall happens in the spring season due to [[western disturbances]]. Winters are cold, with temperatures reaching sub-zero levels. [[Snowfall]] is common in the valley and the mountain areas.


==Administrative divisions==
==Administrative divisions==
[[File:J,K and L - Indian Union Territories.jpg|thumb|'''''Jammu and Kashmir union territory''''' (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. '''''Ladakh union territory''''' (L) is bordered in blue colour.]]
[[File:J,K and L - Indian Union Territories.jpg|thumb|'''''Jammu and Kashmir union territory''''' (J and K) is bordered in carmine colour. '''''Ladakh union territory''''' (L) is bordered in blue colour.]]
{{Main|List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Main|List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir}}


The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir consists of two [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: [[Jammu Division]] and [[Kashmir Division]], and is further divided into 20 [[Districts of India|districts]].<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>
The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir consists of two [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: [[Jammu Division]] and [[Kashmir Division]], and is further divided into 20 [[Districts of India|districts]].<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>
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||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}}<br />{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}<br />Part B page 12 says the are of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}}<br />{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020}}<br />Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>


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==Transport==
===Air===
Jammu and Kashmir has two major airports at the two capitals of the territory: [[Jammu Airport]] at Jammu and [[Sheikh ul Alam Airport]] at Srinagar, which is also the only international airport in the territory. These airports have regular flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh and other major cities of the country.
===Railway===
[[File:Srinagar railway station.jpg|thumb|Srinagar railway station]]
The under-construction [[Jammu-Baramulla line]] of the [[Northern Railways]] is the only railway line in the territory. Once complete, the line will connect the two regions of Jammu and Kashmir and will also provide a rail link to the Kashmir valley from other parts of the country.
===Road===
[[File:Srinagar Leh National Highway No 1.jpg|thumb|[[National Highway 1 (India)|NH1]] near [[Sonamarg]]]]
The [[Jammu-Srinagar National Highway]], a segment of the [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH44]], is the main highway in the territory connecting the two capitals by road. National Highways 1, 144, 144A, 444, 501, 701 and 701A are the other NHs in the territory.


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
As per the 2011 census, Jammu and Kashmir has a total population of 12,267,013. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males. Around 7.6% of the population is [[List of Scheduled Castes in Jammu and Kashmir|scheduled caste]] and 10.9% belong to the [[scheduled tribes]], mainly [[Gujjar]], [[Bakerwal]], and [[Gaddi people|Gaddi]]. The SCs are mostly concentrated in the Jammu region.
===Religion===
===Religion===
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Islam]]|value1=68.8|color1=Green|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value2=28.8|color2=orange|label3=[[Sikhism]]|value3=1.9|color3=yellow|label4=[[Christianity]]|value4=0.28|color4=blue|label5=[[Buddhism]]|value5=0.03|color5=Gold|label6=[[Jainism]]|value6=0.01|color6=Maroon|label7=Others|value7=0.01|color7=Grey|label8=Not Stated|value8=0.15|color8=Black|caption=Religions in Jammu and Kashmir (2011)<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>}}
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Islam]]|value1=68.8|color1=Green|label2=[[Hinduism]]|value2=28.8|color2=orange|label3=[[Sikhism]]|value3=1.9|color3=yellow|label4=[[Christianity]]|value4=0.28|color4=blue|label5=[[Buddhism]]|value5=0.03|color5=Gold|label6=[[Jainism]]|value6=0.01|color6=Maroon|label7=Others|value7=0.01|color7=Grey|label8=Not Stated|value8=0.15|color8=Black|caption=Religions in Jammu and Kashmir (2011)<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>}}


Muslims constitutes the majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir with a significant Hindu minority.<ref name="2011 Census"/>
Muslims constitutes the majority of the population of Jammu and Kashmir with a large Hindu minority.<ref name="2011 Census"/>
 
The [[Kashmir Division]] is largely Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. Majority of the Muslims in Kashmir are Sunni Muslims. The [[Budgam district]] is the only district with a larger population of [[Shias]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|title=Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?|date=14 November 2013|access-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185324/http://www.tehelka.com/are-kashmiri-shias-the-next-pandits/|archive-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shias form 30–40% of Budgam district's population. <ref name=ThePrint-27Sep19>{{Cite news |last1=Iyer-Mitra |first1=Abhijit|date=27 September 2019 |title=After scrapping of Article 370, Shias in Kashmir are in a state of relief and caution |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/after-scrapping-of-article-370-shias-in-kashmir-are-in-a-state-of-relief-and-caution/297510/ |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref>
 
The [[Jammu Division]] is predominantly Hindu (66%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the Rajouri, Poonch, Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in Kathua, Samba, Jammu and Udhampur districts. Reasi district has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="2011 Census"/>
 
===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
| caption=Jammu & Kashmir: mother-tongue of population, according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="census2011-C16">{{cite report |title = C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir |url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date = 18 July 2020 |date =  |archive-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200112015559/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0100.XLSX |url-status = live }}</ref>
|label1 = Kashmiri |value1 = 51.72 |color1 = LightGreen
|label2 = Dogri |value2 = 20.04 |color2 = Indigo
|label3 = Gojri |value3 = 9.05 |color3 = MediumVioletRed
|label4 = Pahari |value4 = 7.80 |color4 = Salmon
|label5 = Others |value5 = 11.39 |color5 = Yellow
}}
The most widely spoken language in Jammu and Kashmir is [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the mother tongue of 52% of the population according to the 2011 census. The second most spoken language is [[Dogri]], spoken by 20% of the population. Other major languages include [[Gojri]] (9.1%) and [[Pahari language|Pahari]] (7.8%). The remaining population speaks languages such as Punjabi, Bhaderwahi, Siraji, Bauti, Purkhi etc. [[Urdu]] is also widely understood and spoken, particularly in the Kashmir region where it acts as the lingua franca alongside Kashmiri and also serves as a medium of instruction along with [[English language|English]], while [[Hindi]] is taught and understood in the southern areas of Jammu.


The [[Kashmir Division]] is largely Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. The [[Jammu Division]] is predominantly Hindu (66%) with a significant Muslim population (30%). The Muslims form a majority in the Rajouri, Poonch, Doda, Kishtwar and Ramban districts of Jammu, while the Hindus form a majority in Kathua, Samba, Jammu and Udhampur districts. Reasi district has an almost equal number of Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="2011 Census"/>
==Education==
{{main|List of institutions of higher education in Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[File:Kashmir University.jpg|thumb|University of Kashmir during autumn]]
According to the 2011 census, literacy rate in Jammu and Kashmir was 67.17%, male literacy was 75%, while female literacy was at 56.43%.
 
[[Kashmir University]] located in Srinagar is the main university in the territory. Other universities include [[Jammu University]], [[Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir]], [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University]], [[Islamic University of Science & Technology]], etc. Major institutions of higher education are [[NIT Srinagar]], [[IIT Jammu]], [[IIM Jammu]] and [[NIFT]] Srinagar. Medical colleges include [[SKIMS]], and the [[Government Medical College, Srinagar|Government Medical College]] in Srinagar and [[AIIMS Vijaypur]].


==Government and politics==
==Government and politics==
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== Economy ==
[[file:Kashmiri apple.jpg|thumb|right|Apples of Kashmir are famous for their taste]]
[[File:1700s Boteh Example from - a Dochalla Shawl in the WOVENSOULS collection.jpg|thumb|Boteh from an Antique Kashmiri Dochalla Shawl]]
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is primarily services-based and agriculture-oriented.<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[gross domestic product]] of Jammu and Kashmir is estimated at {{INRConvert|1.76|lc|year=2020}} in 2020–21.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_releases_statements/State_wise_SDP_15_03_2021.xls|title=MOSPI State Domestic Product, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|publisher=Government of India|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref>
The Kashmir Valley is known for its [[sericulture]] and cold-water fisheries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2021/03/16/time-for-skuast-jammu-to-start-horti-dairy-farming-agri-engineering-deptts-lg/|title=Time for SKUAST-Jammu to start Horti, Dairy Farming, Agri Engineering deptts: LG|date=16 March 2021|work=The Kashmir Images}}</ref> Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/nov/05/jalandhar-bats-with-pakistani-goods-1692212.html|title=Jalandhar bats with Pakistani goods|date=5 November 2017|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Major agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, pears, cherries, plums, saffron and walnuts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/jk-special-report-ready-reckoner-of-top-agri-product-manufacturers-and-industry-bodies-from-jammu--kashmir-1.1609037238326|title=J&K special report: Ready reckoner of top agri-product manufacturers and industry bodies from Jammu & Kashmir|date=27 December 2020|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> The traditional [[Kashmiri handicrafts]] industry employs a large workforce of around 340 thousand artisans and has potential for producing export goods.<ref name="IBEF"/> Small-scale cottage industries include carpet weaving, silks, shawls, basketry, pottery, copper and [[Silversmith|silverware]], [[Kashmir papier-mâché|papier-mâché]] and [[Kashmir walnut wood carving|walnut wood]].<ref name="IBEF"/> The [[horticulture]] sector is the next biggest source of income in the economy. The temperature of Jammu and Kashmir is also suited to [[floriculture]] and can support various species of flora.<ref name="IBEF"/>
Over 500 mineral blocks are present in Jammu and Kashmir, 261 of which are in the Kashmir Division alone.<ref name="TKIMin"/> [[Kishtwar]] is known as the 'land of sapphire and saffron'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/jammu-todays-paper/kishtwar-couple-globalising-local-produce-promoting-kashmiri-dogra-arts-and-crafts|date=11 July 2021|author=Syed Amjad Shah|work=Greater Kashmir|title=Kishtwar couple globalising local produce; promoting Kashmiri-Dogra arts and crafts}}</ref> Resources such as timber, herbs and medicinal shrubs, edibles such as mushroom, [[Pinus gerardiana|chilgoza]], [[Nigella sativa|black zeera]] and saffron are available in the forests.<ref name="KishEx"/> The sapphire reserve mines of Machail, [[Paddar]] are a source of mineral wealth.<ref name="KishEx">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/kishtwar-ignored-beauty/|date=15 March 2020|title=Kishtwar Ignored Beauty|work=Daily Excelsior}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir is the only administrative unit in India with a large amount of [[borax]] and sapphire resources.<ref name="TKIMin"/> It possesses 36 percent of the graphite, 21 percent marble and 14 percent of [[gypsum]] present in India.<ref name="TKIMin"/> Coal, limestone and [[magnesite]] are found scattered among the different districts of the union territory.<ref name="TKIMin"/>
Other minerals of significance that occur are [[bauxite]], [[ball clay]] and [[Kaolinite|china clay]] in Udhampur; [[bentonite]] in Jammu; [[diaspore]] in Rajouri and Udhampur; graphite in Baramulla; lignite and marble in Kupwara; quartz and silica sand in Anantnag, Doda and Udhampur; and quartzite in Anantnag district.<ref name="TKIMin"/> In addition, the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Department of Geology and Mining]] has determined the presence of minerals such as [[magnetite]], [[dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]], fuel mineral, decorative building stones, slate and gemstones, materials with commercial and industrial uses in many products and factories.<ref name="TKIMin">{{cite news|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2020/09/11/new-mining-policy-in-jk-interests-of-locals-are-paramount-not-revenue/|title=New Mining Policy in J&K: Interests of locals are paramount, not revenue|date=11 September 2020|work=The Kashmir Images}}</ref>
In the fiscal year 2019–20, total exports from Jammu and Kashmir amounted to {{INRConvert|188.18|m|year=2020}}.<ref name="IBEF">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/states/jammu-and-kashmir-presentation|title=Jammu And Kashmir Presentation And Economic Growth Report|date=29 July 2021|publisher=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]}}</ref> The [[Jammu & Kashmir Bank]], which is listed as a [[NIFTY 500]] conglomerate, is based in the union territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/amp/market/stock-market/the-jammu-kashmir-bank-ltd-stock-price/|title=The Jammu & Kashmir Bank Ltd. - Stock Price|accessdate=2 August 2021|work=The Financial Express}}</ref>
Jammu and Kashmir is one of the largest recipients of grants from the central government annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jakfinance.nic.in/budget/budget2122/8%20Demands%20for%20Grants%202021-22.pdf|title=Demand for Grants of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 2021-22.|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Finance Department Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> According to the [[Sustainable Development Goals]] Index 2021, 10.35 percent of the population of Jammu and Kashmir live below the national poverty line, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate|third-highest among union territories]] in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/06/11/10-35-population-in-jk-living-below-poverty-line-survey/amp/|title=10.35% Population In J&K Living Below Poverty Line: Survey|date=11 June 2021|accessdate=11 June 2021|work=Kashmir Observer}}</ref>
== Media ==
{{main|Media in Jammu and Kashmir}}
The [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) regulates all major aspects pertaining to media and telecommunications in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gfeQc1ZBqIC&pg=PA112 |publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag |page=112 |id=GGKEY:BJ6HEPE0NRE}}</ref> In addition, the Jammu and Kashmir administration released their [[media policy]] in 2020 which enabled government officers to sanction journalists and media organisations for disseminating "[[fake news]]," and is valid for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-new-media-policy-press-freedom|title=Why Journalists Are Worried About the New Media Policy in Jammu and Kashmir|date=17 July 2020|website=The Wire}}</ref> The policy attracted criticism for allegedly reducing people to "passive recipients of the information the government intends to disseminate."<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/kashmir-media-policy-accentuating-curbs-freedom-press|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|title=Kashmir Media Policy: Accentuating the Curbs on the Freedom of Press|date=19 August 2020|pages=7–8}}</ref> The [[Press Council of India]] (PCI) expressed concern over the provisions of fake news in the policy, as it "interferes with the free functioning of the press."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/17/press-council-of-india-seeks-jk-govt--reply-on-fake-news-in-its-media-policy-2157594.html|title=Press Council of India seeks J&K govt reply on 'fake news' in its media policy|work=The New Indian Express|date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
Major periodicals in Jammu and Kashmir include ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'', ''[[Rising Kashmir]]'', ''Kashmir Times'',  ''[[Daily Excelsior]]'', ''Elite Kashmir'' and ''Kashmir Monitor''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPgADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT169|title=Mass Media in India - 2004|last=Communication|first=Compiled & Edited by Research, Reference and Training Division-National Documentation Centre on Mass Communication|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|year=2016|isbn=9788123023380|language=en}}</ref> [[DD Kashir]] is the state-owned television broadcaster.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kashmir gets its own version of KBC from today | website=The Tribune | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/kashmir-gets-its-own-version-of-kbc-from-today-765559}}</ref> Popular private television channels are [[ETV Urdu]] and Gulistan News.<ref>{{cite web | title=Amid Shutdown, a Private News Channel Connects Thousands in J&K | website=The Wire | date=2019-09-24 | url=https://thewire.in/media/kashmir-shutdown-gulistan-news}}</ref> In association with [[All India Radio]], DD Kashir has established high power transmitters along the [[India–Pakistan border]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/16pak2.htm |title=Rediff on the NeT: AIR, DD to counter Pak propaganda along border areas |work=Rediff.com |date=16 December 1999}}</ref> Radio Sharda, a worldwide community radio service for [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s, was started by Ramesh Hangloo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-borderline-cases-of-jammu-kashmir-116020501436_1.html|title=The borderline cases of Jammu & Kashmir|last=Mohan|first=Archis|date=6 February 2016|work=Business Standard India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108034459/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/the-borderline-cases-of-jammu-kashmir-116020501436_1.html|archive-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> FM Tadka 95.0, [[BIG FM 92.7]], [[Radio Mirchi]] and [[Red FM 93.5]] are private FM radio stations.<ref>{{cite web | title=FM radio stations and their audiences bloom in restive Kashmir | website=Asia Times | date=2018-09-25 | url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/09/fm-radio-stations-and-their-audiences-bloom-in-restive-kashmir/}}</ref>
Internet shutdowns are frequent in Jammu and Kashmir. As of February 2021, the region had 300 internet shutdowns since 2012. In 2020 alone, this number was 115, the highest of any year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India: number of internet shutdowns J&K 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1096574/india-number-of-internet-shutdowns-jammu-kashmir/|access-date=29 July 2021|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{Main|Sports in Jammu and Kashmir}}
[[File:First ever Khelo India Winter Games.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of the first Khelo India Winter Games]]
Sports tournaments in Jammu and Kashmir are organised by both the Indian army and police, as well as mainstream political parties and the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference]].<ref name=":5"/> Sportspersons who represent India in tournaments face stigmatisation from separatists.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Amit|date=16 October 2020|title=Sports in Kashmir: How 5 journalists run a magazine that focuses on local sports|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/to-be-a-sportsman-in-kashmir-in-these-grim-times-cant-be-easy/articleshow/78693513.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
Jammu and Kashmir has 18 stadiums, 23 training centres, three indoor sports complexes and 42 government-maintained playing fields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|title=Department of Youth Services & Sports|website=Department of Youth Services and Sports|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|url-status=dead|access-date=29 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129051640/http://dteyssjk.nic.in/youth-sports/infra.html|archivedate=29 November 2019}}</ref> Srinagar is home to the [[Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium]], a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.<ref name=cricinfo>{{cite web | url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=559;type=ground | title = Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals | publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]] | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232013/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2%3Bid%3D559%3Btype%3Dground |archivedate=13 August 2014}}</ref> The [[Maulana Azad Stadium]] in Jammu is one of the home venues for the [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team]].<ref name=ca>{{cite web|title=Molana Azad Stadium, Jammu|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1059.html|work=[[CricketArchive]]|accessdate=1 August 2021}}</ref> The [[Bakshi Stadium]] in Srinagar, named after [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]], hosts football matches.<ref name=bakshitoi>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | title = J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap | work = The Times of India | date = 16 July 2012 | access-date = 1 August 2021 | archive-date = 11 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130511194756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-16/india/32697338_1_football-clubs-bakshi-stadium-santosh-trophy | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Institutions such as the [[Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports]] provides mountaineering, skiing and adventure courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ut-govt-denies-pensionary-benefits-to-retired-employees-of-jimws/|title=UT Govt denies pensionary benefits to retired employees of JIM&WS|website=Daily Excelsior|date=5 July 2021}}</ref> The [[Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar]], located on the banks of [[Dal lake]], is considered one of the best golf courses of India.<ref name=golf>{{cite web|title=India|url=http://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|publisher=Robert Trent Jones&nbsp;– Golf Architects|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020422/https://www.rtj2.com/index.php?option=com_mtree&task=listcats&cat_id=55&Itemid=37|url-status=dead|archivedate=12 December 2013}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was also host to the first [[Khelo India Winter Games]], held in 2020 in Gulmarg.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=7 March 2020|title=Khelo India Winter Games kicked off in J&K|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/khelo-india-winter-games-kicked-off-in-jk/article31011206.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir came first with the most gold medals at 26, followed by the Indian Army team with 8 gold medals.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Iveson|first=Ali|date=15 March 2020|title=Hosts win 26 gold medals as first-ever Khelo India Winter Games conclude|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219123227/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1091948/khelo-india-winter-games|archive-date=19 December 2020|website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The second edition of the winter games were also held in Gulmarg in 2021, with Jammu and Kashmir coming first again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2 March 2021|title=Spectacular Closing Ceremony of 2nd Khelo India National Winter Games organized at Gulmarg|url=http://www.knskashmir.com/spectacular-closing-ceremony-of-2nd-khelo-india-national-winter-games-organized-at-gulmarg-65215|url-status=live|website=Kashmir News Service}}</ref>


== Tourism ==
== Tourism ==
{{Main|Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Main|Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir}}
Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, [[Chenab Valley]], [[Sind Valley|Sindh Valley]] and [[Lidder Valley]]. Some major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are [[Srinagar]], the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Gardens]], [[Gulmarg]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Patnitop]] and [[Jammu]]. Every year, thousands of Hindu [[pilgrim]]s visit holy shrines of [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] which has had significant impact on the state's economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm | work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy | access-date=6 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=13 September 2007}}</ref>
Some major tourist attractions in Jammu and Kashmir are [[Srinagar]], the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Gardens]], [[Gulmarg]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Patnitop]] and [[Jammu]]. Every year, thousands of Hindu [[pilgrim]]s visit holy shrines of [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] which has had significant impact on the state's economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200709130350.htm | work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy | access-date=6 June 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=13 September 2007}}</ref>


The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> [[Gulmarg]], one of the most popular [[ski resort]] destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green [[golf course]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119332713217271534?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Fairway to Heaven|author=Cris Prystay|date=26 October 2007|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The decrease in violence in the state has boosted the state's economy, specifically tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071016/http://www.sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-16|title=Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy|work=Sify}}</ref>
The Kashmir valley is one of the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009}}</ref> [[Gulmarg]], one of the most popular [[ski resort]] destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green [[golf course]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119332713217271534?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Fairway to Heaven|author=Cris Prystay|date=26 October 2007|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The decrease in violence in the state has boosted the state's economy, specifically tourism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071016/http://www.sify.com/news/Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-16|title=Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy|work=Sify}}</ref>


Jammu and Kashmir is also famous for its scenic beauty, flower gardens, apple farms and more. It attracts tourists for its unique handicrafts and the world-famous [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmiri Shawls]].
Jammu and Kashmir is also famous for its scenic beauty, flower gardens, apple farms and more. It attracts tourists for its unique handicrafts and the world-famous [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmiri Shawls]].


<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:River Chenab Ramban.jpg|River Chenab in [[Chenab Valley]]
File:Vaishno.jpg|[[Vaishno Devi Temple]] in winter
File:Gund village.jpg|[[Sind Valley|Sindh Valley]]
File:Shalimar gardens.jpg|[[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Gardens]]
File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|[[Lidder Valley]]
File:Dal Lake Hazratbal Srinagar.jpg|[[Dal Lake]]
File:Shalimar Mughal Garden Srinagar 2.jpg|the [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Mughal Gardens]]
File:Cave Temple of Lord Amarnath.jpg|[[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath Cave]]
File:Pahalgam views 13.JPG|[[Pahalgam]] views
File:Gulmarg in 1969.jpg|[[Gulmarg]]
File:Sanasar Lake.jpeg|Sanasar Lake which is around 11&nbsp;km from [[Patnitop]]
File:Amarnath 4.jpg|View of [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath]] Valley.
</gallery>
</gallery>


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