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{{See also|Local self-government in India}} | |||
{{Self reference|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}} | {{Self reference|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} | ||
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It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | ||
Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and | Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and just |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-13 |page=93 |hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |url-status=live |title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28 |page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs: | ||
*the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level | *the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level | ||
*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and | *the Panchayat Samiti at block level and | ||
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In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | ||
The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the | The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |url-status=live |title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development |date=2017 |publisher=Odisha State Open University |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1999 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. | ||
In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi. | In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi. | ||
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On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> | On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> | ||
== Gram panchayat sabha == | == Gram panchayat sabha == | ||
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{{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}} | {{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}} | ||
[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref> | [[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]] | ||
Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level. | Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level. | ||
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* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s | * {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s | ||
* {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }} | * {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }} | ||
{{Local government in India}} | {{Local government in India}} | ||
[[Category:Constitution of India]] | [[Category:Constitution of India]] | ||