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{{Self reference|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}} | {{Self reference|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}} | ||
{{See also|Local self-government in India}} | {{See also|Local self-government in India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date= | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}} | ||
{{Politics of India}} | {{Politics of India}} | ||
[[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]] | [[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]] | ||
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In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" /> | ||
The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the | The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73<sup>rd</sup> constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{cn|date=January 2021}} Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |url-status=live |title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development |date=2017 |publisher=Odisha State Open University |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20<sup>th</sup> century,{{cn|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1993 as the 73<sup>rd</sup> Amendment to the Constitution,{{cn|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. | ||
In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi. | In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi. | ||
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{{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}} | {{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}} | ||
[[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in kottayam | [[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in kottayam<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece</ref>.]] | ||
Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level. | Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India, notably ''mandal'' and ''taluka'', there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat. For example, it is known as ''Mandal Praja Parishad'' in [[Andhra Pradesh]], ''Taluka Panchayat'' in [[Gujarat]] and [[Karnataka]], and ''Panchayat Samiti'' in [[Maharashtra]]. In general, the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level. | ||
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=== Composition === | === Composition === | ||
Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are | Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are directly elected, just like grama panchayat and district panchayat members. | ||
The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.[https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/] | The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.[https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/] | ||
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* Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas | * Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas | ||
* Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics | * Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages; start vaccination drives against epidemics | ||
* Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram | * Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes; run ashram for Adivasi children; set up free hostels for them. | ||
* Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes. | * Encourage entrepreneurs to start small-scale industries and implement rural employment schemes. | ||
* Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance | * Construct bridges, roads and other public facilities and their maintenance | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
{{Commons category|Panchayati Raj}} | {{Commons category|Panchayati Raj}} | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India] | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India] | ||
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[[Category:Constitution of India]] | [[Category:Constitution of India]] | ||