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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
The origin of the word "Kunchitiga" is uncertain, and there are two speculative theories about it. | The origin of the word "Kunchitiga" is uncertain, and there are two speculative theories about it. | ||
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The other is that Jaldhi Bapparaya of the following legend was holding a Kuncha (a tassel or bunch), a brush used by [[Kuruba]] weavers. Unde Yattaraya is said to have named his community Kunchitiga in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=18}}</ref> | The other is that Jaldhi Bapparaya of the following legend was holding a Kuncha (a tassel or bunch), a brush used by [[Kuruba]] weavers. Unde Yattaraya is said to have named his community Kunchitiga in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=18}}</ref> | ||
== Origin, legends, and history== | ==Origin, legends, and history== | ||
While the exact origins of the community are disputed to date, there seems to be a consistent legend describing the migration of the community from the north to the south of India.<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/><ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=17–18}}</ref> | While the exact origins of the community are disputed to date, there seems to be a consistent legend describing the migration of the community from the north to the south of India.<ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/><ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="Nanjundayya p17–18">{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n41/mode/2up|location=Mysore |publisher=The Mysore University|pages=17–18}}</ref> | ||
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===The Legend of Veera Keturaya and Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma=== | ===The Legend of Veera Keturaya and Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma=== | ||
This legend tells the story of ‘Veera Keturaya', his son ‘Veera Nagappa’ and daughter-in-law 'Veera Nagamma’. | This legend tells the story of ‘Veera Keturaya', his son ‘Veera Nagappa’ and daughter-in-law 'Veera Nagamma’. | ||
Veera Keturaya is described as a divine ruler born in Warangal, that rose to power after the fall of the Kakatiya empire. He is said to have moved south to fulfill his legacy of killing an evil demon king. In his adventure, he meets the 48 clans of the Kunchitigas coming from Dwarka and becomes their leader. Veera Keturaya then moves to Vaddagere along with the Kunchitigas. He conquers Nelamangala by killing its demon king Baicha and then becomes the king of Penakonda. He is succeeded by his son Veera Nagappa. <ref name="Shri Veeranagamma">{{cite book|first=Rajanna|last=Hunisepalya|title=Mahasati Shivasharane Shri Veeranagamma Devi|url=http://ammaji.in/English/history.html}}</ref> | Veera Keturaya is described as a divine ruler born in Warangal, that rose to power after the fall of the Kakatiya empire. He is said to have moved south to fulfill his legacy of killing an evil demon king. In his adventure, he meets the 48 clans of the Kunchitigas coming from Dwarka and becomes their leader. Veera Keturaya then moves to Vaddagere along with the Kunchitigas. He conquers Nelamangala by killing its demon king Baicha and then becomes the king of Penakonda. He is succeeded by his son Veera Nagappa. <ref name="Shri Veeranagamma">{{cite book|first=Rajanna|last=Hunisepalya|title=Mahasati Shivasharane Shri Veeranagamma Devi|url=http://ammaji.in/English/history.html}}</ref> | ||
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====Historical significance==== | ====Historical significance==== | ||
Veera Keturaya is said to have ruled a part of the Warangal's [[Kakatiya]] kingdom in the 12th century. The archaeological evidences like a copper inscription/ script found in 'thadi' and 'heddla's martyr stone/ 'Veeragallu' helps us roughly approximate Veera Keturaya's period in history. Veera Keturaya was a contemporary of [[Penukonda]]'s ruler Jagaraya or Jaga Devaraya. The powerful Penukonda/'Mahanadu' rulers dominated parts of South India, roughly during and after the fall of [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of Warangal, and much before the uprise of [[Vijayanagara empire]]. After ruling Warangal for 12 years, Veera Keturaya who was looking to peacefully retire, reacting to a divinely call, moves and settles down in Varapura/Vaddagere, Tumkur.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95">{{cite book |last=M|first=Puttaiah|title= Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre|orig-year=1973|year=1973|page=95|location=Bangalore}}</ref> | Veera Keturaya is said to have ruled a part of the Warangal's [[Kakatiya]] kingdom in the 12th century. The archaeological evidences like a copper inscription/ script found in 'thadi' and 'heddla's martyr stone/ 'Veeragallu' helps us roughly approximate Veera Keturaya's period in history. Veera Keturaya was a contemporary of [[Penukonda]]'s ruler Jagaraya or Jaga Devaraya. The powerful Penukonda/'Mahanadu' rulers dominated parts of South India, roughly during and after the fall of [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of Warangal, and much before the uprise of [[Vijayanagara empire]]. After ruling Warangal for 12 years, Veera Keturaya who was looking to peacefully retire, reacting to a divinely call, moves and settles down in Varapura/Vaddagere, Tumkur.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95">{{cite book |last=M|first=Puttaiah|title= Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre|orig-year=1973|year=1973|page=95|location=Bangalore}}</ref> | ||
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===History=== | ===History=== | ||
Some believe Kunchitigas were [[Chalukya]] or [[Rashtrakuta]] warriors. It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'' which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word ''Chalki'' found in some of their records must have originated from ''salki'', an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref><ref name="root">The word ''Chalukya'' is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)</ref> Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top, the symbol of the [[Vokkaliga]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|author2=H. V. Nanjundayya|date=1930|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22885/page/n452/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|page=350-351}}:”Engraved on the ladle are the badges of the different castes composing this section, such as the plough of the Okkaliga, the scales of the Banajiga, the shears of a Kuruba, the spade of a Odda, the razor of a barber, the washing stone-slab and pot of an Agasa, and the wheel of a Kumbara.”</ref> There is a view that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning “cultivators”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shetty|first=Sadanand Ramakrishna|date=1994|title=Banavasi Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+rashtrakuta |location=Banavasi (India)|publisher=Printwell|page=121}}:“The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigational facilities were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top. There is a view that the | |||
Some believe Kunchitigas were [[Chalukya]] or [[Rashtrakuta]] warriors. It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'' which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word ''Chalki'' found in some of their records must have originated from ''salki'', an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref><ref name="root">The word ''Chalukya'' is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)</ref> Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top, the symbol of the [[Vokkaliga]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer|author2=H. V. Nanjundayya|date=1930|title=The Mysore Tribes And Castes|volume=3|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22885/page/n452/mode/1up?|location=Mysore|publisher=Mysore University|page=350-351}}:”Engraved on the ladle are the badges of the different castes composing this section, such as the plough of the Okkaliga, the scales of the Banajiga, the shears of a Kuruba, the spade of a Odda, the razor of a barber, the washing stone-slab and pot of an Agasa, and the wheel of a Kumbara.”</ref> There is a view that the | |||
Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning “cultivators”.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shetty|first=Sadanand Ramakrishna|date=1994|title=Banavasi Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUhuAAAAMAAJ&q=vokkaliga+rashtrakuta |location=Banavasi (India)|publisher=Printwell|page=121}}:“The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigational facilities | |||
were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top. There is a view that the | |||
Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning cultivators.”</ref> | Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning cultivators.”</ref> | ||
This theory is supported with evidence from the settlement and migration patterns of Kunchitigas which resemble a mobile army's way of setting up outposts in their conquests.<ref name="Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru"/> | This theory is supported with evidence from the settlement and migration patterns of Kunchitigas which resemble a mobile army's way of setting up outposts in their conquests.<ref name="Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru"/> | ||
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As a community of warriors<ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="Gundimeda"/> and cultivators,<ref name="Nanjundayya 1931 p26"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India)|last=Ludden|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053396|page=91}}</ref> they were historically associated with the Vijaynagar Empire,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India:Vijayanagara|last=Stein|first=Burton|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139055611|pages=96–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Polity+Vokkaliga|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=311}}</ref> Wodeyars of Mysore, among other rulers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gowda|first=H.H.Annaiah|date=5 September 1971|title=Vokkaligas|magazine=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110098/page/n617/mode/1up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bombay|publisher=Times of India Press|page=10}}:”Gowdas have been generals and vassals under dynasties such as the Kadambas , Gangas and Rashtrakutas”</ref><ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="kamath"/> Kunchitigas were the rulers of [[Sira Taluk|Sira]], [[Madhugiri]], and [[Koratagere]].<ref>1600 Varshagala Vokkaligara Ithihasa (Pandukumar B)</ref> | As a community of warriors<ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="Gundimeda"/> and cultivators,<ref name="Nanjundayya 1931 p26"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India)|last=Ludden|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139053396|page=91}}</ref> they were historically associated with the Vijaynagar Empire,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India:Vijayanagara|last=Stein|first=Burton|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781139055611|pages=96–97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Polity+Vokkaliga|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=311}}</ref> Wodeyars of Mysore, among other rulers.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gowda|first=H.H.Annaiah|date=5 September 1971|title=Vokkaligas|magazine=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110098/page/n617/mode/1up?q=Vokkaligas|location=Bombay|publisher=Times of India Press|page=10}}:”Gowdas have been generals and vassals under dynasties such as the Kadambas , Gangas and Rashtrakutas”</ref><ref name="Gavunda"/><ref name="kamath"/> Kunchitigas were the rulers of [[Sira Taluk|Sira]], [[Madhugiri]], and [[Koratagere]].<ref>1600 Varshagala Vokkaligara Ithihasa (Pandukumar B)</ref> | ||
Kunchitigas are also found in interior parts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/> Wodeyars were frequently battling Madurai Nayakars and had briefly won Dindigal and Theni after [[Chanda Sahib]] got rid of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] (1736). | Kunchitigas are also found in interior parts of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4"/><ref name="The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community"/> Some of the [[Polygars]] in Madura district were Kunchitigas.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Herman Jensen|date=2002|title=Madura Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=cqAlHNTOWJgC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=true|location=Madurai, India|publisher=Cosmo Publications|page=319|isbn=9788170209690|quote=Some of the Poligars in this part of the country were Kappiliyans, and they doubtless brought with them a retinue of their own castemen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|editor=C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar|date=1921|title=The Hindu Law Journal|volume=2|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6m8vAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Kappiliyan|location=Coimbatore|publisher= C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar, [1918-1925] |page=5|oclc=7783197|quote=The Kombai Parivarams , who are the servants of the Kappiliyan Zamindars of Kombai and Tevaram in the Periyakulam taluk...}}</ref> Wodeyars were frequently battling Madurai Nayakars and had briefly won Dindigal and Theni after [[Chanda Sahib]] got rid of the [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] (1736). Some Kunchitigas are believed to have gotten land grants then.<ref>{{cite book|first=Saki|last=(social activist.)|date=1998|title=Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywNvAAAAMAAJ&q=Vokkaliga+mysore|location=Bangalore|publisher=Vimukthi Prakashana|page=420,536}}</ref> They are also associated with the expansion of the Dindigal fort. | ||
== Subdivisions == | ==Subdivisions== | ||
It is believed that Kunchitigas originally had 101 Gothras. Currently, people of the following 48 gothras are found in the Karnataka region. The Ithihasa Parishat/ Archaeological department found a stone inscription in nandana-hosuru, Chitradurga district with information about these 48 gothras of Kunchitigas.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95"/> Endogamous marriages within the same gothra are forbidden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n43/mode/2up|location=Mysore|publisher=The Mysore University|pages=20–21}}</ref> | It is believed that Kunchitigas originally had 101 Gothras. Currently, people of the following 48 gothras are found in the Karnataka region. The Ithihasa Parishat/ Archaeological department found a stone inscription in nandana-hosuru, Chitradurga district with information about these 48 gothras of Kunchitigas.<ref name="Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre p95"/> Endogamous marriages within the same gothra are forbidden.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjundayya|first1=H.V|first2=L.K Ananthakrishna|last2=Iyer|date=1931|title=The Mysore Tribes and Castes|volume=4|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38701/page/n43/mode/2up|location=Mysore|publisher=The Mysore University|pages=20–21}}</ref> | ||