Kunchitiga

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Kunchitiga
Kunchitiga People.jpg
Kunchitigas
Regions with significant populations
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, India
Languages
Kannada
Religion
Vaishnavism, Shaivism
Related ethnic groups
Dravidian · Kannadiga
A group of Kunchitiga women and children

Kunchitiga[1] (also transliterated as Kunchatiga, Kanchitiga, Kanchitigar, Kunchitigar, Kunchidigar, Kunchigar, Kunchu Okkaliga, Kunju Okkaliga, Kurichigar, Kunchiliyan) are a community of people from Karnataka, India. They are mostly concentrated in Tumkur, Bangalore, Mysore, and Chitradurga districts.[2][3] They are also found in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.[4][5]

While considered a sub-division of Vokkaligas[6][2][7] the Kunchitigas are listed separately by the government.[1][8][9] They are classified under the General/Unreserved Category by the Central Government of India.[10][11][12]

Historically the Kunchitigas were a landholding community of cultivators and merchants.[13] They formed part of the administrative[14][15] and warrior classes[16][17][18] in ancient times. Their chiefs were called “Gowda”[19] and “Nayaka”[20] in Karnataka and "Gounder"[21] in Tamil Nadu.

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the word "Kunchitiga" is uncertain, and there are two speculative theories about it.

One is that the word “Kunchiti" is a combination of two words Kuncha (Referring to the brush-like crest on a soldier's helmet) + Iti (Meaning Spear). Kunchiti described soldiers with spears ['Iti' or 'Barji'].[22]

The other is that Jaldhi Bapparaya of the following legend was holding a Kuncha (a tassel or bunch), a brush used by Kuruba weavers. Unde Yattaraya is said to have named his community Kunchitiga in his honour.[23]

Origin, legends, and history[edit]

While the exact origins of the community are disputed to date, there seems to be a consistent legend describing the migration of the community from the north to the south of India.[5][4][24]

The Legend of Jaladhi Bapparaya[edit]

Legend has it that the Kunchitigas were originally from North India and were forced to migrate south due to various circumstances prevailing in that region. In most legends concerning this migration a Muslim ruler is involved, who is said to have coveted the daughter of the community's chief “Unde Yattaraya”. Unde Yattaraya who whilst fleeing the said Muslim ruler, was unable to cross an overflowing river (Some accounts say Godavari, others say Tungabhadra) and was helped by a Kuruba[5][24][4] called "Jaldhi Bapparaya" who was one of the two divine foundlings (the other being “Avinakamaraya”) discovered by a Kuruba help of Unde Yattaraya, named Birapna.[24] Jaldhi Bapparaya is said to have offered himself as a sacrifice to the river goddess at which an easy passage was created for the fleeing people. Unde Yattaraya is said to have given his daughter in marriage to the corpse of Jaldhi Bapparaya, who was then revived by divine grace. These three characters, Unde Yattaraya, Jaldi Bapparaya, and Avinakamaraya are ranked among the progenitors of the Kunchitigas. After crossing the river, the Kunchitigas first settled in Vijaynagar country, and subsequently removed further south to Nandana Hosur in Chitradurga District, whence they migrated to Sira, which is still considered as their headquarters.[24][25][4]

Historical significance[edit]

There seems to be evidence to link the Kunchitigas with the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty.[5][26][27] The Seunas called “Yadavas of Devagiri”[28] often proudly claimed their pastoral ancestry.[29][30] It is believed the Vokkaligas had pastoral origins.[31][32] The Legend of Kuruba[27] Jaldhi Bapparaya has a clear theme of being chased south by Muslim invaders. Even the timing (13th century AD) of the arrival of the Kunchitigas at Nandana Hosur is in sync with Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri. Alauddin Khalji sent Malik Kafur to recapture Devagiri in 1313.[33] Singhana III was killed in the ensuing battle and Alaud-Dīn Khaljī army occupied Devagiri.[34][35] Seunas were once the feudatories of the Rashtrakutas who were dispatched to rule the northern regions [35]and later became feudatories of the Western Chalukyas.[36][37] Further Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Seuna dynasty likely emerged from a Kannada-speaking background.[38]Many Seuna rulers had Kannada names and titles such as "Dhadiyappa", "Bhillama", "Rajugi", "Vadugi", "Vasugi" and "Kaliya Ballala".[22] Kunchitigas could be Yadavas that migrated south with the fall of their dynasty.[5]

According to Edgar Thurston, the Vokkaligas claimed to be descendants of the Ballāl Rājah of Ānēgundi.[6] The Hoysalas or Ballāl Rājas were contemporaries of the Seūnas of Devagiri. The Hoysalas too were overthrown by Alaud-Dīn Khaljī in 1326.[39]

An alternate version of the history of Kunchitigas and the traditions of Unde Yattaraya is recorded in the Nandana Hosur Copper Plate. But its reliability is doubted.[20]

The Legend of Veera Keturaya and Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma[edit]

This legend tells the story of ‘Veera Keturaya', his son ‘Veera Nagappa’ and daughter-in-law 'Veera Nagamma’. Veera Keturaya is described as a divine ruler born in Warangal, that rose to power after the fall of the Kakatiya empire. He is said to have moved south to fulfill his legacy of killing an evil demon king. In his adventure, he meets the 48 clans of the Kunchitigas coming from Dwarka and becomes their leader. Veera Keturaya then moves to Vaddagere along with the Kunchitigas. He conquers Nelamangala by killing its demon king Baicha and then becomes the king of Penakonda. He is succeeded by his son Veera Nagappa. [40]

The unexpected death of his son Veera Nagappa at the hands of enemy forces brings Veera Nagamma‘a youthful marriage to an end. The grief-stricken Veera Nagamma disappointed at Lord Shiva for failing to protect her husband ends her life by performing sati. Lord Shiva, not too pleased with the turn of events and the undeserved suffering of his innocent disciple revives her. The Kunchitigas worship Mahasati Devi Veera Nagamma as Lord Shivas's daughter, who through her pure and sincere devotion was able to overcome death.[40]

Historical significance[edit]

Veera Keturaya is said to have ruled a part of the Warangal's Kakatiya kingdom in the 12th century. The archaeological evidences like a copper inscription/ script found in 'thadi' and 'heddla's martyr stone/ 'Veeragallu' helps us roughly approximate Veera Keturaya's period in history. Veera Keturaya was a contemporary of Penukonda's ruler Jagaraya or Jaga Devaraya. The powerful Penukonda/'Mahanadu' rulers dominated parts of South India, roughly during and after the fall of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, and much before the uprise of Vijayanagara empire. After ruling Warangal for 12 years, Veera Keturaya who was looking to peacefully retire, reacting to a divinely call, moves and settles down in Varapura/Vaddagere, Tumkur.[41]

Noted poet Kempananjaiah praises 'Sri Vijayee Veera Keturaya' in his yakshagana plays. The 'Veera Keturaya' and 'Mahasati Veera Nagamma's yakshagana play mentions historical links such as Orangal/Warangal/Orugal Prataparudra, Penukonda, Nelamangala’s powerful king Bicha, Devagiri, Devagiri's 'Patte Sire', Maddikere, Sirivala/ Shetturu, Tammadi Halli, Devara Halli, Chinakojra, Tadi, Basti Pattana, Vaddagere/ Varapura, Tumbadi, Etthugundana Halli, Neghalal, Sompura, Sunnavadi, Kodagadala, Heddla, Yeramanjana Halli. Some of these places were historically significant even before the times of Vijayanagara.[41]

The story of Veera Nagamma in Vaddagere, Tumkur, and the movement of Kunchitiga's from the north to south forms the basis that Kunchitigas were yadavas who gradually moved towards Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

History[edit]

Some believe Kunchitigas were Chalukya or Rashtrakuta warriors. It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from Salki or Chalki which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.[42][43] Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top, the symbol of the Vokkaliga.[44] There is a view that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning “cultivators”.[45] This theory is supported with evidence from the settlement and migration patterns of Kunchitigas which resemble a mobile army's way of setting up outposts in their conquests.[22]

As a community of warriors[17][16] and cultivators,[19][46] they were historically associated with the Vijaynagar Empire,[47][48] Wodeyars of Mysore, among other rulers.[49][17][14] Kunchitigas were the rulers of Sira, Madhugiri, and Koratagere.[50]

Kunchitigas are also found in interior parts of Tamil Nadu.[4][5] Some of the Polygars in Madura district were Kunchitigas.[51][52] Wodeyars were frequently battling Madurai Nayakars and had briefly won Dindigal and Theni after Chanda Sahib got rid of the Madurai Nayak dynasty (1736). Some Kunchitigas are believed to have gotten land grants then.[53] They are also associated with the expansion of the Dindigal fort.

Subdivisions[edit]

It is believed that Kunchitigas originally had 101 Gothras. Currently, people of the following 48 gothras are found in the Karnataka region. The Ithihasa Parishat/ Archaeological department found a stone inscription in nandana-hosuru, Chitradurga district with information about these 48 gothras of Kunchitigas.[41] Endogamous marriages within the same gothra are forbidden.[54]

According to various inscriptions that were found on the copper plates and palm leaves in Archives in South India,[55] these 48 Gothras were named after their characters and physiques. Among them, Avinavaru, Baduvanavaru, Basalenavaru, Emmenavaru, Dasalenavaru, Danyadavaru, Undenavaru, Jaldhinavaru, and Janakallinavaru married beautiful girls of Shri Krishna Kula Nagakanni sect of Yadavas, and the rest of them were married to the offsprings of these couples during the pre-Vedic periods.[26][5]

1. Undenavaru Humorous ones, descendants of Unde Yattaraya
2. Janakallinavaru Caretakers
3. Arasanavaru Guru, Judge
4. Jaldhinavaru Jailors, descendants of Jaldhi Bapparaya
5. Rageoru Crazy ones
6. Avinavaru Traditional, descendants of Avinakamaraya
7. Jannakkoru Wardens
8. Alunavaru Philanthropists
9. Danyathavaru Elegant people
10. Eradukkariouru Absent minded ones
11. Kankalanavaru Zealous ones
12. Alenavaru Sober ones/Teetotallers
13. Sulenavaru Vocalists
14. Basalenavaru Traders
15. Emmenavaru Diplomats
16. Ethirukaraioru Moral, Straightforward
17. Huliyaru Humane ones
18. Settenavaru Decision makers
19. Goniyoru Rigid people
20. Alpenavaru Aloof ones
21. Bellenavaru Aggressive ones
22. Andenavaru Good Anchors
23. Jeerikkoru Jealous ones
24. Kattaratavaru Ardent ones
25. Onamanavaru Powerful people
26. Kakkiyavaru Enthusiastic ones
27. Manasanvaru Recited Hymns
28. Kambalioru Juvenile natured
29. Ellaioru Elite people
30. Mayoru Confused ones
31. Uthenavaru Commanders
32. Karikkenavaru Youthful ones
33. Sarangathoru Wise people
34. Ravuththnaoru Chatterboxes
35. Uthathoru Toolmakers
36. Gudiyoru Guard, Guest
37. Jeriyoru Entertainers
38. Uthathoru Toolmakers
39. Badavanavaru Singers
40. Dasalenavaru Tailors
41. Ullenavaru Autocrats
42. Thabakkioru Weavers
43. Saradenavaru Intelligent ones
44. Thomkuthioru Meticulous ones
45. Kokkenavaru Knowledgeable ones
46. Kuloru Traditional people
47. Koopaenavaru Ones with decorated eyes
48. Olakkaloru Celebrities

The following gothras are found outside the Karnataka region.[25]

  1. Kallakanteyavaru
  2. Jakkeladavaru
  3. Thandadavaru
  4. Koddagerenavaru
  5. Saakuvalleru
  6. Kodehalliyavaru
  7. Kottagereyavaru
  8. Huttenavaru
  9. Kalledavaru
  10. Nimbenavaru
  11. Devanavaru
  12. Hallakattanavaru
  13. Uravinevaru (Uravinoru)

Some Kunchitigas were Veerashaivas[56] who embraced Lingayatism to become a separate division. The Kunchitigas of Malenadu were cattle traders referred to as Maroru (Vendors).[57]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Caste List, Karnataka (PDF). p. 15.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mysore: The Mysore University. p. 17.
  3. ↑ K. Balasubramanyam; India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Mysore; India. Office of the Registrar General (1965). Mysore: handicraft survey monographs : crafts using wood as the chief raw material. Census of India, 1961. Manager of Publications.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 4. Vol. 4. Madras: Government Press.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 V.T, Sundaramurthy (2007). "The Genesis, Divisions, Movement and Transformation of Okkaligar Community" (PDF). The Anthropologist. 9 (4): 305–313. doi:10.1080/09720073.2007.11891017. S2CID 74219783.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Volume 5. Vol. 5. Madras: Government Press.
  7. ↑ Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Vol. 2. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. p. 261.
  8. ↑ Dushkin, Lelah (1974). The NonBrahman Movement in Princely Mysore (Doctoral). London: University of Pennylvania. p. 226.:”the Kunchitigar were somewhat more prosperous and better educated and claimed a higher status than the Gangadikar and other Vokkalligas”
  9. ↑ Mysore Census, 1921 (PDF).
  10. ↑ "Karnataka Caste Wise Report". karepass.cgg.gov.in (Karnataka ePASS, Electronic Payment and Application System of Scholarships). Department of Backward Classes Welfare, Government of Karnataka. 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  11. ↑ "Kunchitigas, Raju Kshatriyas request inclusion into OBC category".
  12. ↑ "PDF - National OBC list for Karnataka" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1876). Mysore and Coorg: A Gazetteer Compiled for the Government of India, Volume 2. Bangalore: Mysore Government Press. p. 219.:”The large merchants , who live chiefly in Mysore city , are for the most part of the Kunchigar caste .”
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kamath, Suryanath U.; Naik, R.A (1983). Gazetteer of India Government of Karnataka, Karnataka State Gazetteer Part II. Bangalore: Parishree Printers. p. 243-244.: ”Villages had gramakuta or gavunda (gauda), the village headman. He had under him the village militia^ later called as talaras and tolls.”
  15. ↑ Karashima, Noboru (2014). A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. India: Oxford University Press. p. 144-145. ISBN 978-0198099772.:”They are, for example, Gavunda chiefs and heggade revenue officers vis-à-vis the Chola Vellala nattars; kalnad military tenure vis-à-vis padai-parru or parigraham tenure in the Chola state”
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gundimeda, Sambaiah (14 October 2015). Dalit Politics in Contemporary India. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-317-38105-1.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Adiga, Malini (1997). "'GAVUNDAS' IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA: LANDLORDS AND WARRIORS (AD 600 to 1030)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 58: 139–148. JSTOR 44143897. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  18. ↑ Omvedt, Gail (January 1994), Dalits and the democratic revolution : Dr. Ambedkar and the Dalit movement in colonial India / Gail Omvedt, Sage Publications, ISBN 0803991398:”In addition the three way ' caste division ( Brahman , non - Brahman , Untouchable ) seems particularly prominent here. There are no recognized 'Ksatriya' jatis anywhere in the south, and the three states (in contrast to the more inequalitarian hierarchies of Tamil Nadu and Kerala) are characterized by the dominance of large peasant jatis with landholding rights who historically supplied many of the zamindars and rulers but remained classed remained classed as 'Shudra' in the varna scheme.”
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mysore: The Mysore University. p. 26.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Annual Report Of The Mysore Archaeological Department For The Year 1931. Bangalore: Government Press. 1935. p. 90-99.
  21. ↑ Singh, Kumar Suresh (2001). People of India. Vol. 40, part 2. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 640. ISBN 9788185938882.:”The community has titles viz. Gowda , Gowdar , Gounder and Kounder.”
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 V, Anjanappa (2009). Kunchitigara Parampare haagu Samaja Sudharakaru (First ed.). Vishwa Kunchitigara Parishath.
  23. ↑ Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mysore: The Mysore University. p. 18.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mysore: The Mysore University. pp. 17–18.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 M, Puttaiah (1973) [1973]. Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre. Bangalore. p. 21.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 C, Subbaiah (1911). Kamukula Urbhva Puranam, (Based on the Kannada literatures found on copper plates and palm leaves found in Archives). Madras: Madras Diamond Printing House.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 (social activist.), Saki (1998). Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past. Bangalore: Vimukthi Prakashana. p. 143.
  28. ↑ Keay, John (1 May 2001). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Pr. pp. 252–257. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0. The quoted pages can be read at Google Book Search.
  29. ↑ Dhere, Ramchandra (2011). Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur South Asia Research. Oxford University Press, 2011. pp. 246–247. ISBN 9780199777648.
  30. ↑ Dhavalikar, Madhukar (2014). Socio-economic Archaeology of India. Archaeological Survey of India, 2014. p. 274.
  31. ↑ Sadasivan, S. N (2000). A social history of India. New Delhi, India: APH Pub. Corp. p. 254, 700. ISBN 9788176481700.
  32. ↑ Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas (1942). Marriage And Family In Mysore. Bombay: New Book Co. p. 25. OCLC 4565441.
  33. ↑ Michell, George (10 June 1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates. Arizona University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
  34. ↑ The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency"(1894) J.F.Fleet, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol-1, Part-II, Book-III) ISBN 81-206-0277-3
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 A. V. Narasimha Murthy 1971, p. 32.
  36. ↑ T. V. Mahalingam 1957, p. 138.
  37. ↑ A. S. Altekar 1960, p. 517-518.
  38. ↑ Christian Lee Novetzke 2016, pp. 51-54.
  39. ↑ Rice, Edward Peter (1921). A History of Kanarese Literature. Calcutta: Association Press; London, New York Oxford University Press. p. 30.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Hunisepalya, Rajanna. Mahasati Shivasharane Shri Veeranagamma Devi.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 M, Puttaiah (1973) [1973]. Kunchitigara Samajada Charitre. Bangalore. p. 95.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ↑ Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word Chalki found in some of their records must have originated from salki, an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)
  43. ↑ The word Chalukya is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)
  44. ↑ L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer; H. V. Nanjundayya (1930). The Mysore Tribes And Castes. Vol. 3. Mysore: Mysore University. p. 350-351.:”Engraved on the ladle are the badges of the different castes composing this section, such as the plough of the Okkaliga, the scales of the Banajiga, the shears of a Kuruba, the spade of a Odda, the razor of a barber, the washing stone-slab and pot of an Agasa, and the wheel of a Kumbara.”
  45. ↑ Shetty, Sadanand Ramakrishna (1994). Banavasi Through the Ages. Banavasi (India): Printwell. p. 121.:“The community of the land tillers or agriculturists was known as vokkaligas. The importance given to the cultivation of land is amply demonstrated by the fact that numerous tanks were dug and irrigational facilities were provided at various places. Some of the Rashtrakuta inscriptions found in the Banavasimandala carry the depiction of a plough at the top. There is a view that the Rashtrakutas were originally prosperous cultivators, who later on dominated the political scene. Some of the inscriptions refer to them as Kutumbinah which is interpreted as meaning cultivators.”
  46. ↑ Ludden, David (1999). An Agrarian History of South Asia (The New Cambridge History of India). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781139053396.
  47. ↑ Stein, Burton (1990). The New Cambridge History of India:Vijayanagara. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 9781139055611.
  48. ↑ (social activist.), Saki (1998). Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past. Bangalore: Vimukthi Prakashana. p. 311.
  49. ↑ Gowda, H.H.Annaiah (5 September 1971). "Vokkaligas". The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.92, No.27-39(july-sept)1971. Bombay: Times of India Press. p. 10.:”Gowdas have been generals and vassals under dynasties such as the Kadambas , Gangas and Rashtrakutas”
  50. ↑ 1600 Varshagala Vokkaligara Ithihasa (Pandukumar B)
  51. ↑ Herman Jensen (2002). Madura Gazetteer. Madurai, India: Cosmo Publications. p. 319. ISBN 9788170209690. Some of the Poligars in this part of the country were Kappiliyans, and they doubtless brought with them a retinue of their own castemen.
  52. ↑ C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar, ed. (1921). "The Hindu Law Journal". 2. Coimbatore: C.S. Ramakrishna Aiyar, [1918-1925]: 5. OCLC 7783197. The Kombai Parivarams , who are the servants of the Kappiliyan Zamindars of Kombai and Tevaram in the Periyakulam taluk... {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  53. ↑ (social activist.), Saki (1998). Making History: Stone age to mercantilism, Volume 1 of Making History: Karnataka's People and Their Past. Bangalore: Vimukthi Prakashana. p. 420,536.
  54. ↑ Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Vol. 4. Mysore: The Mysore University. pp. 20–21.
  55. ↑ Rangacharya, V (1915). A Topographical List Of The Inscriptions Of The Madras Presidency 1915 Vol I.
  56. ↑ B. N., Sri Sathyan (1967). "Chapter 3". Karnataka State Gazetteer: Chitradurga District (PDF). Karnataka, India: Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. p. 115.:” A section of the Kunchigas or Kunchitigas also follow the Veerashaiva religion.”
  57. ↑ Nanjundayya, H.V; Iyer, L.K Ananthakrishna (1931). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mysore: The Mysore University. p. 19,24.
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