OceanGate

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This article is about the submersible company. For other uses, see Oceangate.
OceanGate
IndustryTourism, expeditions, underwater diving
Founded2009; 16 years ago (2009)
Founder(s)Stockton Rush
HeadquartersEverett, Washington, United States
Key people
Stockton Rush (CEO)[lower-alpha 1]
Websiteoceangate.com

OceanGate Inc. is a privately held U.S. company operating out of Everett, Washington, that provides crewed submersibles for tourism, industry, research and exploration. The company was founded in 2009 by Stockton Rush.[1]

In 2021, OceanGate began taking paying customers to visit the Titanic shipwreck in its Titan submersible.[2][3] As of 2022, the cost of an OceanGate expedition to the Titanic shipwreck is US$250,000 per person.[4] On June 18, 2023, during a voyage to the Titanic shipwreck site, contact with the company's Titan submersible was lost, prompting an international, ongoing search-and-rescue operation.[5]

History[edit]

When he was young, Stockton Rush's father introduced him to a personal friend, astronaut Pete Conrad, who advised him to get a pilot's license if Rush wanted to become an astronaut. In 1980, Rush earned a commercial pilot's license at 18 years old, but later was told his visual acuity would disqualify him from becoming a military pilot, and he moved from San Francisco to Seattle to work for McDonnell Douglas as a flight-test engineer for F-15 Eagle jets, building his fortune by investing his inheritance in tech companies.[2] After attending the launch of SpaceShipOne, he realized that "I didn't want to go up into space as a tourist. I wanted to be Captain Kirk on the Enterprise. I wanted to explore", and pivoted to pursue undersea exploration.[2] Because the cold waters of Puget Sound required significant time and technical gear for diving, he thought "being in a sub, and being nice and cozy, and having a hot chocolate with you, beats the heck out of freezing and going through a two-hour decompression hanging in deep water", but when he tried to purchase a submarine, he learned there were fewer than 100 privately-owned submarines worldwide and was unable to purchase one, instead building one from plans in 2006.[2]

Rush's experience and research led him to two basic conclusions: one, that submersibles had an unwarranted reputation as dangerous vehicles due to their use in ferrying commercial divers, and two, the Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993[6] "needlessly prioritized passenger safety over commercial innovation".[2] Based on a marketing study he commissioned, which concluded there was sufficient demand for underwater ocean tourism which would in turn support the development of new, deep-diving submersibles that would enable further commercial ventures including resource mining and disaster mitigation, he founded OceanGate with a business partner in 2009.[2]

OceanGate intends to make underwater exploration cheaper and accessible to private citizens, similar to how Blue Origin and SpaceX have attempted to drive down spaceflight costs. Rush said there were two primary obstacles: the perception of danger and the small number of submersible vehicles with human crew, which primarily are built and owned by government agencies.[7]

Submersibles[edit]

The OceanGate-designed Cyclops 1 and Titan submersibles are launched and recovered from a dry dock-like "Launch and Recovery Platform" that can be towed behind a commercial vessel.[8] Once the platform and submersible reach the target location, the platform's flotation tanks are flooded and it sinks below the surface turbulence to a depth of 9 m (30 ft).[9] The submersible then lifts off for its underwater mission. Upon the submersible's return to the platform, the flotation tanks are pumped out and the platform can be taken back into tow or brought aboard the host vessel. This allows OceanGate to use vessels without human-rated cranes.[10] The platform is approximately 35 ft (11 m) long and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide and can lift up to 20,000 lb (9,100 kg);[11] it is based on a concept developed by the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory.[7]

Antipodes (305 meters)[edit]

Main article: Antipodes (submarine)
Astronaut Scott Parazynski aboard Antipodes

OceanGate acquired the Antipodes submersible in 2012.[12] It is fitted with two large, 1.47 m-diameter (58 in) hemispheric acrylic domes for visual observation and photography. Overall, the Antipodes is 4.5 m × 2.3 m × 2.4 m (14.8 ft × 7.5 ft × 7.9 ft) L×W×H and weighs 6,350 kg (14,000 lb). It moves at up to 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) using six thrusters; cruising speed is 1.5 kn (2.8 km/h; 1.7 mph). The vessel carries sufficient oxygen to sustain a full complement of five people for 72 hours.[13]

Cyclops 1 (500 meters)[edit]

The pilot of Cyclops 1 at the window, operating the vessel using a modified game controller

In collaboration with the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory,[14] OceanGate developed the submersible Cyclops 1, a five-person submersible that is capable of reaching a maximum depth of 500 meters (1,640 ft).[15] In the initial design, the hull was to be made of carbon fiber and the bullet-shaped submersible would dive vertically, with pivoting seats to ensure the passengers remained upright; Boeing worked with OceanGate and UW for initial design analysis.[16] Launched in March 2015, the Cyclops 1 submersible is the first Cyclops Class submersible developed by OceanGate.[17] It was named for the large hemispheric dome at one end, intended to provide a wide view of the ocean.[16]

OceanGate acquired the steel hull for Cyclops 1 in 2013, after it had been used for 12 years, and fitted it with a new interior, underwater sensors, and gamepad pilot control system, which was described as "uniquely intuitive".[2] One end of the Cyclops 1 is fitted with a large, 1.44 m-diameter (56.85 in) acrylic dome for visual observation and photography. Overall, the Cyclops 1 is 664 cm × 283 cm × 217 cm (21.8 ft × 9.3 ft × 7.1 ft) and weighs 9,075 kg (20,007 lb) with a maximum payload of 567 kg (1,250 lb). It moves at up to 2.5 kn (4.6 km/h; 2.9 mph) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical. The vessel carries sufficient oxygen to sustain a full complement of five people for 72 hours.[10]

Cyclops 1 was used to survey the wreck of SS Andrea Doria in June 2016. The survey data were intended to build a computer model of the wreck and its surroundings to improve navigation.[18]

Titan (4000 meters)[edit]

Design and construction[edit]

OceanGate began developing a composite carbon fiber and titanium-hulled submersible in collaboration with the University of Washington's (UW) Applied Physics Lab (APL) in 2013,[16] tentatively named Cyclops 2; the first titanium structural components were ordered in December 2016 from Titanium Fabrication Corp. (TiFab),[18] and OceanGate signed a contract with Spencer Composites in January 2017 for the carbon-composite cylinder. Spencer previously had built the composite pressure hull for the single-person DeepFlight Challenger for Steve Fossett to a design by Graham Hawkes.[19] After Fossett died, DeepFlight Challenger was acquired by Richard Branson's Virgin Oceanic, which had announced plans to conduct a series of five dives to the deepest points of the oceans; DeepFlight refused to endorse the plan, as the craft had been designed to dive only once. Adam Wright, the president of DeepFlight, stated in 2014 "The problem is the strength of the [DeepFlight Challenger] does decrease after each dive. It is strongest on the first dive."[20] Spencer Composites was given challenging performance specifications for Cyclops 2, which was meant to withstand 6,600 psi (46 MPa; 450 atm) working service pressure with a factor of safety of 2.25× for its intended maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[19] In March 2018, Cyclops 2 was renamed to Titan[21] and by 2019, OceanGate stated that they had begun development of the successor Cyclops 3 and 4 submersibles.[22]

OceanGate's calculations showed the cylinder that forms the center section of the crew compartment should have a wall thickness of 4.5 in (114 mm), which they rounded up to 5.0 in (127 mm); it consists of 480 alternating layers of pre-preg unidirectional cloth, laid in the axial direction, and wet-wound filament, laid in the hoop direction. The cylinder was built in 2017 and cured at 137 °C (279 °F) for 7 days.[19] The entire pressure vessel consists of two titanium hemispheres, two matching titanium interface rings, and the 142 cm (56 in) internal diameter, 2.4-meter-long (7.9 ft) carbon fiber wound cylinder – the largest such device ever built for use in a crewed submersible.[23] One of the titanium hemispherical end caps is fitted with a 380 mm-diameter (15 in) acrylic window.[19] In addition to the crew compartment, Titan includes a landing skid structure and outer glass fiber composite shell, both bolted to the titanium interface rings.[19] Overall, the Titan is 670 cm × 280 cm × 250 cm (22.0 ft × 9.2 ft × 8.2 ft) and weighs 9,525 kg (20,999 lb) with a maximum payload of 685 kg (1,510 lb). It moves at up to 3 kn (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical. The vessel carries sufficient oxygen to sustain a full complement of five people for 96 hours.[9]

Titan is equipped with a real-time acoustic monitoring system, which OceanGate claims can detect the onset of buckling in the carbon fiber hull prior to catastrophic failure.[2] Rush holds a patent on the system.[24]

Limitations[edit]

Once the occupants are aboard, the hatch is closed and bolted from the outside; there is no way to open the hatch from inside the vessel. In addition, there is no on-board navigation system; the support ship, which monitors the position of Titan relative to its target, sends text messages to Titan providing distances and directions.[25] In 2019, OceanGate published a blog post explaining why Titan was not certified by a ship classification society. In the post, OceanGate stated "the vast majority of marine (and aviation) accidents are a result of operator error, not mechanical failure" and argued that classification focused solely on the physical state of the vessel and not its corporate actions, which it characterized as a "constant, committed effort and a focused corporate culture" of "maintaining high-level operational safety".[26] Journalist David Pogue, who rode in Titan to view the Titanic in 2022, noted that Titan was not equipped with an emergency locator beacon; during his expedition, the surface support vessel lost track of the Titan "for about five hours, and adding such a beacon was discussed. They could still send short texts to the sub, but did not know where it was. It was quiet and very tense, and they shut off the ship's internet to keep us from tweeting."[27]

Testing and inspection[edit]

A ​1⁄3-scale model of the pressure vessel was built and tested at APL-UW; the model was able to sustain a pressure of 4,285 psi (29.54 MPa; 291.6 atm), corresponding to a depth of approximately 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[28]

David Lochridge, the OceanGate Director of Marine Operations, inspected the Titan as it was being handed over from Engineering to Operations and filed a quality control report in January 2018 in which he stated that no non-destructive testing of the carbon fiber hull had taken place to check for voids and delaminating which could compromise the hull's strength. Instead, Lochridge was told that OceanGate would rely on the real-time acoustic monitoring system, which he felt would not warn the crew of potential failure with sufficient time to safely abort the mission and evacuate. The day after he filed his report, he was summoned to a meeting in which he was told the acrylic window was only rated to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) depth because OceanGate would not fund the design of a window rated to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In that meeting, he reiterated his concerns and added he would refuse to allow crewed testing without a hull scan; Lochridge was dismissed from his position as a result.[29] OceanGate filed a lawsuit against Lochridge that June, accusing him of improperly sharing proprietary trade secrets and fraudulently manufacturing a reason to dismiss him. The suit was settled in November 2018.[29]

Initial shallow dive testing with a crew was conducted in Puget Sound.[30] OceanGate stated that testing of Titan without a crew to 4,000 m (13,000 ft) was performed in 2018 to validate the design,[31] followed by a statement that a crew of four had set a record by descending in Titan to 3,760 m (12,340 ft) in April 2019.[32] The tests were conducted near Great Abaco Island, near the edge of the continental shelf, as the platform would only need to be towed 12 mi (19 km) to depths exceeding 15,000 ft (4,600 m).[2] During a human-piloted descent, which Rush performed solo on December 10, 2018,[30] he used the vertical thrusters to overcome unexpected positive buoyancy when descending past 10,000 ft (3,000 m), which caused interference with the communication system, and he lost contact with the surface ship for approximately one hour. Rush became the second human to dive solo to 13,000 ft (4,000 m), after James Cameron, who in 2012 dove to Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, approximately 36,000 ft (11,000 m).[2] After these tests were completed, in January 2020, the hull of Titan began showing signs of cyclic fatigue and the craft was de-rated to 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[33] The Spencer-built composite cylindrical hull either was repaired or replaced by Electroimpact and Janicki Industries in 2020 or 2021, prior to the first trips to Titanic.[29]

RMS Titanic tourism[edit]

After carrying tourists to the wreck of the Andrea Doria in 2016, Rush noted "there's only one wreck that everyone knows ... if you ask people to name something underwater, it's going to be sharks, whales, Titanic."[2] Previously, the Russian Mir-class submersibles had been contracted in the 1990s for tours of the wreck of the Titanic, including the shots for the opening scenes of the eponymous 1997 film.[2][lower-alpha 2] Rush stated that Titan could be used to explore the debris field and accurate scans could be used to build a 3-D model of the wreck.[2]

OceanGate's Titan has been used for several survey expeditions of the RMS Titanic wreckage site. When its plans for the Titanic expeditions were announced in 2017, the first trip was scheduled for 2018, and each tourist's seat was priced at US$105,129, which was the price of the ticket for the Vanderbilt suite on Titanic in 1912, adjusted for inflation.[7] Continued testing of the novel hull precluded operations in 2018. By 2019, the cost of a ticket on Titan to view Titanic had risen to $125,000; 54 tourists had signed up for one of six voyages that were scheduled to begin on June 27, but those plans were delayed until 2020 because permits could not be secured for the surface support vessel.[2] The proposed operation involved MV Havila Harmony (sailing under a non-Canadian flag), and would have violated the Coasting Trade Act, which prohibits foreign-flagged vessels from conducting commercial voyages with origin and destination ports in Canada, analogous to the United States' Jones Act.[36] In January 2020, the original hull was derated to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) maximum depth after signs of fatigue were found,[33] and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States delayed the procurement of carbon fiber filament needed to build a replacement hull.[37] In November 2020, Rush announced the first voyage to Titanic would be delayed to May 2021.[38]

For the 2021 season, OceanGate selected Canadian-flagged AHTS Horizon Arctic[lower-alpha 3] as the surface support vessel.[39] The first Titanic survey expedition aboard Titan was scheduled to start in late June 2021;[40] the first dive was completed in mid-July.[3] A second dive followed in early August,[41] and Titan returned to Seattle in November.[42]

By 2022, the cost of a ticket had doubled to $250,000.[25] Horizon Arctic again served as the support vessel for the planned dives.[43] According to OceanGate court filings, 28 persons visited the Titanic on the Titan in 2022,[44] 21 of whom were "mission specialists" who had paid for their tickets.[45] In total, OceanGate undertook six dives to Titanic in 2021 and seven in 2022.[46]

For the 2023 survey expedition, OceanGate secured the MV Polar Prince as its support vessel, making plans to begin in May.[47]

2023 Titan incident[edit]

Main article: 2023 Titan submersible incident

On June 18, 2023, Titan went missing in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland. The submersible was carrying an expedition of tourists, including Hamish Harding, Paul-Henri Nargeolet, Shahzada Dawood and his son Suleman, and the founder of OceanGate, Stockton Rush, to view the wreckage of Template:RMS.[48][49] The disappearance of the submersible triggered extensive search and rescue efforts.[50]

Cyclops 3 and Cyclops 4 (6000 meters)[edit]

OceanGate stated in 2019 that they were planning to develop the successor Cyclops 3 and Cyclops 4 submarines with a targeted maximum depth of 6,000 m (20,000 ft),[22] and in early 2020 announced that the development and manufacturing of the hulls will be performed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[51]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ Currently a missing person.
  2. ↑ In 1986, Robert Ballard and two companions conducted detailed photographic surveys and inspections of Titanic wreckage using Alvin, Jason Jr., and the support ship RV Atlantis II. On September 1, 1985, Ballard with support from Argo and RV Knorr discovered the Titanic.[34][35]
  3. ↑ Anchor Handling Tug Supply, Template:IMO

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Cyclops Submersible Brings Deep-Water Exploration to the 21st Century". NBC News. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Perrottet, Tony (June 2019). "A Deep Dive Into the Plans to Take Tourists to the 'Titanic'". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "OceanGate sub makes first dive to Titanic wreck site and captures photos of debris". GeekWire. July 13, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  4. ↑ Waterman, Andrew (November 17, 2021). "'Citizen scientists' pay $250K to work Titanic expedition at depths of 12,500 feet in the North Atlantic Ocean". SaltWire. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  5. ↑ "What to know about the 5 passengers on the missing Titanic sub - CBS News". CBS News. June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  6. ↑ Template:USBill
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Fecht, Sarah (April 17, 2017). "Deep sea tourism could become a thing soon". Popular Science. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  8. ↑ US Patent 9381980B1, Template:Cite patent/authors, "Systems and methods for launching and retrieving objects in aquatic environments; platforms for aquatic launch and retrieval", published July 5, 2016, assigned to OceanGate Inc. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Titan 5-Person Submersible | 4,000 meters" (PDF). OceanGate. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Cyclops 1 5-Person Submersible | 500 meters" (PDF). OceanGate. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Launch and Recovery Platform". OceanGate. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  12. ↑ Betts, Anna (June 19, 2023). "OceanGate Expeditions Was Created to Explore Deep Waters". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Antipodes Manned Submersible" (PDF). OceanGate. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Joint Venture to Produce Manned Submersible". apl.uw.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  15. ↑ "An ambassador to Neptune's kingdom | The Economist". The Economist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Hickey, Hannah (October 8, 2013). "UW, local company building innovative deep-sea manned submarine". UW News. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Xconomy: OceanGate Unveils Cyclops Sub to Help Businesses, Researchers Go Deep". Xconomy. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Boyle, Alan (December 9, 2016). "OceanGate starts building submersible craft that can take crews 13,000 feet deep". GeekWire. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Sloan, Jeff (May 10, 2017). "Composite submersibles: Under pressure in deep, deep waters". Composites World. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.
  20. ↑ Mendick, Robert (December 13, 2014). "Richard Branson quietly shelves Virgin submarine plan". The Telegraph. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  21. ↑ Neely, Samantha (June 21, 2023). "Florida couple filed lawsuit against OceanGate CEO for canceled Titanic trip. What we know". Fort Myers News-Press. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "OceanGate to Build Two New Submersibles for Deep Ocean Exploration, Research and Commercial Operations to Titanic Depths and Beyond" (Press release). OceanGate. October 29, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  23. ↑ "Tourist Submarine Titan Goes Missing on Its Way to the Titanic Wreck". autoevolution.com. June 20, 2023.
  24. ↑ US Patent 11119071B1, Template:Cite patent/authors, "Systems and methods for curing, testing, validating, rating, and monitoring the integrity of composite structures", published September 14, 2021, assigned to OceanGate Inc. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Pogue, David (November 27, 2022). "Titanic: Visiting the most famous shipwreck in the world". CBS News.
  26. ↑ "Why Isn't Titan Classed?". OceanGate, Inc. February 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  27. ↑ Robiedo, Anthony (June 20, 2023). "Reporter who rode Titanic submarine says there were 'many red flags'". USA Today. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  28. ↑ "Cyclops Next Gen: New Hull Design and Testing" (PDF). Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Harris, Mark (June 20, 2023). "A whistleblower raised safety concerns about OceanGate's submersible in 2018. Then he was fired". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Francis, Scott, ed. (December 14, 2018). "OceanGate CEO pilots carbon fiber submersible in 4,000-m solo dive". Composites World. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  31. ↑ "Worlds Largest Carbon Fiber Manned Submersible Hull Proven to 4000 Meters" (Press release). OceanGate. June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  32. ↑ "History Making Deep-Sea Dive To 3,760 Meters With Four Crew Members" (Press release). OceanGate. April 25, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Boyle, Alan (January 9, 2020). "OceanGate raises $18M to build a bigger submersible fleet and set up Titanic trips". GeekWire. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  34. ↑ Levenson, Eric (December 13, 2018). "Inside the secret US military mission that located the Titanic". CNN. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  35. ↑ Dane, Kane (June 11, 2019). "Discovery Of Titanic". Titanic website. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  36. ↑ Boyle, Alan (June 13, 2019). "OceanGate puts off plans to dive to Titanic shipwreck this year, due to topside tangle". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  37. ↑ Boyle, Alan (October 16, 2020). "OceanGate gets set for dives to Titanic while overcoming the complications of COVID-19". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  38. ↑ Thompson, Zac (November 10, 2020). "You Can Take a Tiny Sub to the "Titanic" Shipwreck—for $125,000". Frommers. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  39. ↑ Boyle, Alan (March 31, 2021). "OceanGate selects its support ship for this summer's submersible trips to the Titanic". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  40. ↑ Boyle, Alan (May 28, 2021). "OceanGate gets its Titan sub ready to begin expedition to Titanic shipwreck". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  41. ↑ Schlosser, Kurt (August 3, 2021). "New videos: OceanGate sub dives to Titanic again, reports ship wreckage is 'rapidly deteriorating'". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  42. ↑ Boyle, Alan (November 23, 2021). "OceanGate brings its deep-sea submersible back to homeport – and gets set for its next Titanic trips". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  43. ↑ Boyle, Alan (June 6, 2022). "OceanGate ramps up the research for its second deep-sea expedition to the Titanic". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  44. ↑ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Gross, Jenny; Betts, Anna (June 20, 2023). "OceanGate Was Warned of Potential for 'Catastrophic' Problems With Titanic Mission". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  45. ↑ Boyle, Alan (August 21, 2022). "OceanGate's explorers update their view of a tattered Titanic and the life around it". 21 June 2023.
  46. ↑ Boyle, Alan (October 8, 2022). "Beyond the Titanic: OceanGate's founder contemplates future deep-sea frontiers". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  47. ↑ Boyle, Alan (April 6, 2023). "Icebergs ahead? OceanGate plans to get an early start on this year's Titanic dives". GeekWire. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  48. ↑ "Submersible bound for Titanic goes missing". CBC Newfoundland and Labrador. June 19, 2023.
  49. ↑ "Titanic tourist submersible goes missing with search under way". BBC News. June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  50. ↑ Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley (June 20, 2023). "US military moving military and commercial assets to help submersible search efforts". CNN. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  51. ↑ "NASA and OceanGate Enter into an Agreement to Collaborate in the Development, Manufacturing and Testing of New Carbon Fiber Pressure Vessels" (Press release). OceanGate. February 26, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2023.

External links[edit]

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