Michael Jackson

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Michael Jackson
A photograph of Michael Jackson singing into a microphone
Jackson performing in June 1988
Born
Michael Joseph Jackson

(1958-08-29)August 29, 1958
Gary, Indiana, U.S.
DiedJune 25, 2009(2009-06-25) (aged 50)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Cause of deathCardiac arrest
Buried
Other namesMichael Joe Jackson
Occupation
  • Singer
  • songwriter
  • dancer
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1994; div. 1996)

​
(
m. 1996; div. 1999)
ChildrenMichael Jr., Paris, and Blanket
Parent(s)Joe Jackson
Katherine Jackson
FamilyJackson
AwardsFull list
Musical career
Genres
InstrumentsVocals
Years active1964–2009
Labels
Associated actsThe Jackson 5
Websitewww.michaeljackson.com
Signature
Michael Jackson signature.svg

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his contributions to music, dance, fashion, and philanthropy, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture. He influenced artists across many genres, and through stage and video performances, popularized complicated dance moves such as the moonwalk, to which he gave the name, and the robot. He is the most awarded music artist in history.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Jackson made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. Jackson began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records, and became a solo star with his 1979 album Off the Wall. His music videos, including those for "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. He helped propel the success of MTV and continued to innovate with videos on the albums Bad (1987), Dangerous (1991), and HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I (1995). Thriller became the best-selling album of all time, while Bad was the first album to produce five US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles with "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", "Bad", "The Way You Make Me Feel", "Man in the Mirror", and "Dirty Diana".

From the late 1980s, Jackson became a figure of controversy and speculation due to his changing appearance, relationships, behavior and lifestyle. In 1993, he was accused of sexually abusing the child of a family friend. The lawsuit was settled out of civil court, and Jackson was not indicted due to lack of evidence. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges. In 2009, while preparing for a series of comeback concerts, This Is It, Jackson died from an overdose of propofol administered by his personal physician, Conrad Murray, who was subsequently convicted of involuntary manslaughter.

Jackson is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide.[nb 1] He had 13 Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles, more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era, and was the first artist to have a top-ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades. His honors include 15 Grammy Awards, six Brit Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and 39 Guinness World Records, including the "Most Successful Entertainer of All Time". Jackson's inductions include the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Dance Hall of Fame (the only recording artist to be inducted), the Black Music and Entertainment Walk of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. In 2016, his estate earned $825 million, the highest yearly amount for a celebrity ever recorded by Forbes.

Life and career[edit]

Main article: Early life and career of Michael Jackson
The single-story house has white walls, two windows, a central white door with a black door frame, and a black roof. In front of the house there is a walkway and multiple colored flowers and memorabilia.
Jackson's childhood home in Gary, Indiana, pictured in March 2010 with floral tributes after his death

Michael Joseph Jackson[7][8] was born in Gary, Indiana, near Chicago, on August 29, 1958.[9][10] He was the eighth of ten children in the Jackson family, a working-class African-American family living in a two-bedroom house on Jackson Street.[11][12] His mother, Katherine Esther Jackson (née Scruse), played clarinet and piano, had aspired to be a country-and-western performer, and worked part-time at Sears.[13] She was a Jehovah's Witness.[14] His father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, a former boxer, was a crane operator at U.S. Steel and played guitar with a local rhythm and blues band, the Falcons, to supplement the family's income.[15][16] Joe's great-grandfather, July "Jack" Gale, was a US Army scout; family lore held that he was also a Native American medicine man.[17] Michael grew up with three sisters (Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet) and five brothers (Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy).[15] A sixth brother, Marlon's twin Brandon, died shortly after birth.[18]

Death[edit]

Main articles: Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service
Jackson's Star with flowers and notes on it
Fans placed flowers and notes on Jackson's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on the day of his death

On June 25, 2009, less than three weeks before the first This Is It show was due to begin in London, with all concerts sold out, Jackson died from cardiac arrest.[19] Conrad Murray, his personal physician, had given Jackson various medications to help him sleep at his rented mansion in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles. Paramedics received a 911 call at 12:22 pm Pacific time (19:22 UTC), and arrived three minutes later.[20][21] Jackson was not breathing and CPR was performed.[22] Resuscitation efforts continued en route to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, and for more than an hour after arriving there, but were unsuccessful,[23][24] and Jackson was pronounced dead at 2:26 pm Pacific time (21:26 UTC).[25][26]

Jackson was administered propofol, lorazepam, and midazolam;[27] his death was caused by a propofol overdose.[24][28] News of his death spread quickly online, causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload,[29] and putting unprecedented strain[30] on services and websites including Google,[31] AOL Instant Messenger,[30] Twitter, and Wikipedia.[31] Overall, web traffic rose by between 11% and 20%.[32][33] MTV and BET aired marathons of Jackson's music videos,[34] and Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world.[35] MTV briefly returned to its original music video format,[9] and aired hours of Jackson's music videos, with live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities.[36]

Memorial service[edit]

A large pink/cream-colored box in front of a stained glass window.
Jackson's unmarked crypt at the end of the Sanctuary of Ascension in the Holly Terrace of the Great Mausoleum, Forest Lawn Glendale

Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Over 1.6 million fans applied for tickets to the memorial; the 8,750 recipients were drawn at random, and each received two tickets.[37] The memorial service was one of the most watched events in streaming history,[38] with an estimated US audience of 31.1 million.[39]

Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, Jennifer Hudson and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the memorial, and Smokey Robinson and Queen Latifah gave eulogies.[40] Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson's children: "Wasn't nothing strange about your daddy. It was strange what your daddy had to deal with. But he dealt with it anyway."[41] Jackson's 11-year-old daughter Paris Katherine, speaking publicly for the first time, wept as she addressed the crowd.[42][43] The Rev. Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer.[44] Jackson's body was entombed on September 3, 2009, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.[45]

Criminal investigation and prosecution of Conrad Murray[edit]

Main article: California v. Murray
A group of people standing outside a gated area. There are trees, bushes, and grassed areas. A majority of the area the people and in are shadowed by the trees by the gate.
Fans visiting the makeshift memorial set up outside the Neverland Ranch entrance shortly after Jackson's death.

In August 2009, the Los Angeles County Coroner ruled that Jackson's death was a homicide.[46][47] Law enforcement officials charged Murray with involuntary manslaughter on February 8, 2010.[48] In late 2011, he was found guilty of involuntary manslaughter[49] and held without bail to await sentencing.[50] Murray subsequently was sentenced to four years in prison.[51]

Posthumous sales[edit]

At the 2009 American Music Awards, Jackson won four posthumous awards, including two for his compilation album Number Ones, bringing his total American Music Awards to 26.[52][53] In the year after his death, more than 8.2 million of Jackson's albums sold in the US, and 35 million albums worldwide, more than any other artist in 2009.[54][55] He became the first artist to sell one million music downloads in a week, with 2.6 million song downloads. Thriller, Number Ones and The Essential Michael Jackson became the first catalog albums to outsell any new album.[56] Jackson also became the first artist to have four of the top 20 best-selling albums in a single year in the US.[54]

Following the surge in sales, in March 2010, Sony Music signed a $250 million deal (equivalent to $Error when using {{Inflation}}: NaN/calculation error, please notify Template talk:Inflation. in 2019) with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to Jackson's back catalog until at least 2017; it had been due to expire in 2015. It was the most expensive music contract for a single artist in history.[57][58] They agreed to release ten albums of previously unreleased material and new collections of released work.[57][59] The deal was extended in 2017.[60] That July, a Los Angeles court awarded Jones $9.4 million of disputed royalty payments for Off the Wall, Thriller and Bad.[61] In July 2018, Sony/ATV bought the estate's stake in EMI for $287.5 million.[62]

In 2014, Jackson became the first artist to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades.[63] The following year, Thriller became the first album to be certified for 30 million shipments by the RIAA;[4] a year later, it was certified 33× platinum, after Soundscan added streams and audio downloads to album certifications.[64][nb 2]

Posthumous releases and productions[edit]

The first posthumous Jackson song, "This Is It", co-written in the 1980s with Paul Anka, was released in October 2009. The surviving Jackson brothers reunited to record backing vocals.[66] It was followed by a documentary film about the rehearsals for the canceled This Is It tour, Michael Jackson's This Is It,[67] and a compilation album.[68] Despite a limited two-week engagement, the film became the highest-grossing documentary or concert film ever, with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide.[69] Jackson's estate received 90% of the profits.[70] In late 2010, Sony released the first posthumous album, Michael, and the promotional single "Breaking News". Jackson collaborator Will.i.am expressed disgust, saying that Jackson would not have approved the release.[71]

Video game developer Ubisoft released a music video game featuring Jackson for the 2010 holiday season, Michael Jackson: The Experience; it was among the first games to use Kinect and PlayStation Move, the motion-detecting camera systems for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.[72] Xscape, an album of unreleased material, was released on May 13, 2014.[73] Later that year, Queen released a duet recorded with Jackson and Freddie Mercury in the 1980s.[74] A compilation album, Scream, was released on September 29, 2017.[75]

In October 2011, the theater company Cirque du Soleil launched Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, a $57-million production,[76] in Montreal, with a permanent show resident in Las Vegas.[77] A larger and more theatrical Cirque show, Michael Jackson: One, designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas, opened on May 23, 2013, in a renovated theater.[78][79] A jukebox musical, Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough, is due to debut on Broadway in 2021.[80]

In April 2011, Mohamed Al-Fayed, chairman of Fulham Football Club, unveiled a statue of Jackson outside the club stadium, Craven Cottage.[81] It was moved to the National Football Museum in Manchester in May 2014,[82] and removed from display in March 2019 following renewed sexual assault allegations.[83]

In 2012, in an attempt to end a family dispute, Jackson's brother Jermaine retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Jackson's estate and his mother's advisers over the legitimacy of his brother's will.[84] T.J. Jackson, son of Tito Jackson, was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson's children after false reports of Katherine Jackson going missing.[85] A duet between Jackson and Justin Timberlake titled "Love Never Felt So Good" was released in 2014, making Jackson the first artist to have a top 10 single on the US Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when the single reached number 9.[86] In November 2019, it was reported that a Jackson biopic, produced by Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) producer Graham King, was in the works, with the screenplay written by John Logan. Jackson's estate granted King the rights to his music and will work with King.[87]

Posthumous child sexual abuse allegations[edit]

Further information: Leaving Neverland, Square One: Michael Jackson, Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary, and Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth
A smiling Jackson wears a blue baseball cap and a red shirt. On his right are two women. One holds a pen, and one a small purse. On his left a young boy looks off-camera. He is dressed in a red shirt too. Jackson's hand is on his shoulder.
Jackson and Safechuck (right) in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1988

In 2013, choreographer Wade Robson filed a lawsuit alleging that Jackson had sexually abused him for seven years, beginning when he was seven years old (1989–1996).[88] In 2014, a case was filed by James Safechuck, alleging sexual abuse over a four-year period from the age of ten (1988–1992).[89][90][91] Both had testified in Jackson's defense during the 1993 allegations; Robson did so again in 2005.[92][93] In 2015, Robson's case against Jackson's estate was dismissed on the grounds of being filed too late. Safechuck's claim was also time-barred.[94] In 2017, it was ruled that Jackson's corporations could not be held accountable for his alleged past actions.[95][96] The rulings were appealed, and on October 20, 2020, Safechuck's lawsuit against Jackson's corporations was again dismissed, with the presiding judge ruling that there was no evidence that Safechuck had a relationship with Jackson's companies.[97][98][99] On April 26, 2021, Robson's case was dismissed because of a lack of supporting evidence that the defendants exercised control over Jackson.[100]

Robson and Safechuck described allegations in graphic detail in the documentary Leaving Neverland, released in March 2019.[101] Radio stations in New Zealand, Canada, the UK and the Netherlands removed Jackson's music from their playlists.[102][103][104] Jackson's family condemned the film as a "public lynching",[105] and the Jackson estate released a statement calling the film a "tabloid character assassination [Jackson] endured in life, and now in death".[106] Close associates of Jackson, such as Corey Feldman, Aaron Carter, Brett Barnes, and Macaulay Culkin, said that Jackson had not molested them.[107][108][109] Rebuttal documentaries, such as Square One: Michael Jackson, Neverland Firsthand: Investigating the Michael Jackson Documentary and Michael Jackson: Chase the Truth, presented information countering the claims.[110][111][112] Jackson's album sales increased following the documentary.[113] Billboard senior editor Gail Mitchell said she and a colleague interviewed about thirty music executives who believed Jackson's legacy could withstand the controversy.[114] In late 2019, some New Zealand and Canadian radio stations re-added Jackson's music to their playlists, citing "positive listener survey results".[115][116]

On February 21, 2019, the Jackson estate sued HBO for breaching a non-disparagement clause from a 1992 contract. The suit sought to compel HBO to participate in a non-confidential arbitration that could result in $100 million or more in damages rewarded to the estate.[117] HBO said they did not breach a contract and filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the estate. In September 2019, Judge George H. Wu denied HBO's motion to dismiss the case, allowing the Jackson estate to arbitrate.[118] HBO appealed, but in December 2020 the appeal court affirmed Judge Wu's ruling.[119]

Legacy and influence[edit]

See also: Cultural impact of Michael Jackson and List of Michael Jackson records and achievements
File:Rest In Peace Michael Jackson. King of Pop.cropped.jpg
Michael Jackson graffiti in Santa Cruz, California

Jackson has been referred to as the "King of Pop" because he transformed the art of music videos and paved the way for modern pop music. For much of Jackson's career, he had an unparalleled worldwide influence over the younger generation.[120] His influence extended beyond the music industry; he impacted dance, led fashion trends, and raised awareness for global affairs.[121] Jackson's music and videos fostered racial diversity in MTV's roster and steered its focus from rock to pop music and R&B, shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring.[122] In songs such as "Man in the Mirror", "Black or White", Heal the World, "Earth Song" and "They Don't Care About Us", Jackson's music emphasized racial integration and environmentalism and protested injustice.[123][124] He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records.[125][126] He is considered one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century,[127] and his contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades.[128][129][130]

Trying to trace Michael Jackson's influence on the pop stars that followed him is like trying to trace the influence of oxygen and gravity. So vast, far-reaching and was his impact — particularly in the wake of Thriller's colossal and heretofore unmatched commercial success — that there weren't a whole lot of artists who weren't trying to mimic some of the Jackson formula.

— J. Edward Keyes of Rolling Stone[131]

Danyel Smith, chief content officer of Vibe Media Group and the editor-in-chief of Vibe, described Jackson as "the Greatest Star".[132] Steve Huey of AllMusic called him "an unstoppable juggernaut, possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will: an instantly identifiable voice, eye-popping dance moves, stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power".[8] BET said Jackson was "quite simply the greatest entertainer of all time" whose "sound, style, movement and legacy continues to inspire artists of all genres".[133]

Jackson's Bad era wax figure at Madame Tussauds, London in 1992

In 1984, Time pop critic Jay Cocks wrote that "Jackson is the biggest thing since the Beatles. He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley. He just may be the most popular black singer ever." He described Jackson as a "star of records, radio, rock video. A one-man rescue team for the music business. A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade. A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street. A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style, and color too."[134] In 2003, The Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson as "extremely important" and a "genius".[135] In 2007, Jackson said: "Music has been my outlet, my gift to all of the lovers in this world. Through it, my music, I know I will live forever."[136] At Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009, Motown founder Berry Gordy called Jackson "the greatest entertainer that ever lived".[137][138] In a June 28, 2009 Baltimore Sun article, Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson's legacy influenced fields including sound, dance, fashion, music videos and celebrity.[139]

Pop critic Robert Christgau wrote that Jackson's work from the 1970s to the early 1990s showed "immense originality, adaptability, and ambition" with "genius beats, hooks, arrangements, and vocals (though not lyrics)", music that "will stand forever as a reproach to the puritanical notion that pop music is slick or shallow and that's the end of it". During the 1990s, as Jackson lost control of his "troubling life", his music suffered and began to shape "an arc not merely of promise fulfilled and outlived, but of something approaching tragedy: a phenomenally ebullient child star tops himself like none before, only to transmute audibly into a lost weirdo".[140] In the 2000s, Christgau wrote: "Jackson's obsession with fame, his grotesque life magnified by his grotesque wealth, are such an offense to rock aesthetes that the fact that he's a great musician is now often forgotten".[141]

Artistry[edit]

Influences[edit]

A black jacket with five round golden medals on its left and right shoulders, a gold band on its left arm sleeve, and two belt straps on the right bottom sleeve. Underneath the jacket is a golden belt, with a round ornament in its center.
Jackson's Bad era jacket on display at the Hollywood Guinness World Records Museum.

Jackson was influenced by musicians including James Brown, Little Richard, Jackie Wilson, Diana Ross, Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis Jr., Gene Kelly,[142] and David Ruffin.[143] Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson,[144] but Brown was his greatest inspiration; he later said that as a small child, his mother would waken him whenever Brown appeared on television. Jackson described being "mesmerized".[145]

Jackson's vocal technique was influenced by Diana Ross; his use of the oooh interjection from a young age was something Ross had used on many of her songs with the Supremes.[146] She was a mother figure to him, and he often watched her rehearse.[147] He said he had learned a lot from watching how she moved and sang, and that she had encouraged him to have confidence in himself.[148]

Choreographer David Winters, who met Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV special Diana!, said that Jackson watched the musical West Side Story almost every week, and it was his favorite film; he paid tribute to it in "Beat It" and the "Bad" video.[149][150][151]

Vocal style[edit]

Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed. Between 1971 and 1975, his voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor.[152] He was known for his vocal range.[153] With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded; Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder, and wrote that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly."[154] By the time of 1982's Thriller, Rolling Stone wrote that Jackson was singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".[155]

The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous. The New York Times noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals.[156] Of Invincible, Rolling Stone wrote that, at 43, Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies".[157] Joseph Vogel notes Jackson's ability to use non-verbal sounds to express emotion.[158] Neil McCormick wrote that Jackson's unorthodox singing style "was original and utterly distinctive".[159]

Musicianship[edit]

Jackson had no formal music training and could not read or write music notation. He is credited for playing guitar, keyboard and drums, but was not proficient in them.[160] When composing, he recorded ideas by beatboxing and imitating instruments vocally.[160] Describing the process, he said: "I'll just sing the bass part into the tape recorder. I'll take that bass lick and put the chords of the melody over the bass lick and that's what inspires the melody." Engineer Robert Hoffman recalled that after Jackson came in with a song he had written overnight, Jackson sang every note of every chord to a guitar player. Hoffman also remembered Jackson singing string arrangements part by part into a cassette recorder.[160]

Dance[edit]

Jackson danced from a young age as part of the Jackson 5,[161] and incorporated dance extensively in his performances and music videos.[161] According to Sanjoy Roy of the Guardian, Jackson would "flick and retract his limbs like switchblades, or snap out of a tornado spin into a perfectly poised toe-stand".[161] The moonwalk, taught to him by Jeffrey Daniel,[162] was Jackson's signature dance move and one of the most famous of the 20th century.[163] Jackson is credited for coining the name "moonwalk"; the move was previously known as the "backslide".[164][165] His other moves included the robot,[166] crotch grab, and the "anti-gravity" lean of the "Smooth Criminal" video.[161]

Themes and genres[edit]

Black and white photo of Jackson holding a microphone and singing.
Jackson during his Bad tour in Vienna, June 1988

Jackson explored genres including pop,[8][167] soul,[8][168] rhythm and blues,[167] funk,[169] rock,[167][169] disco,[170] post-disco,[169] dance-pop[171] and new jack swing.[8] Steve Huey of AllMusic wrote that Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive, while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful.[8] Its tracks included the ballads "The Lady in My Life", "Human Nature", and "The Girl Is Mine",[155][172][173] the funk pieces "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'",[155][172] and the disco set "Baby Be Mine" and "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)".[173]

With Off the Wall, Jackson's "vocabulary of grunts, squeals, hiccups, moans, and asides" vividly showed his maturation into an adult, Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981). The album's title track suggested to the critic a parallel between Jackson and Stevie Wonder's "oddball" music personas: "Since childhood his main contact with the real world has been on stage and in bed."[174] With Thriller, Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery.[155] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'".[172] In "Billie Jean", Jackson depicts an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered her child,[8] and in "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media.[155] "Beat It" decried gang violence in a homage to West Side Story, and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey.[8][175] He observed that "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.[8]

In Bad, Jackson's concept of the predatory lover is seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana".[180] The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, and "Man in the Mirror" is a ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" is an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder.[181] AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a paradoxical person.[182] The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". It was the first Jackson album in which social ills became a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. Dangerous contains sexually charged songs such as "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith".[156] In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.[183]

HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia.[184] In the new jack swing-funk rock tracks "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", and the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs his anger at the media.[185] In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments his "fall from grace"; "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are operatic pop songs.[184][185] In "D.S.", Jackson attacks lawyer Thomas W. Sneddon Jr., who had prosecuted him in both child sexual abuse cases. He describes Sneddon as a white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Sneddon said he had not listened to the song.[186] Invincible was produced by Rodney Jerkins.[8] It includes urban soul tracks such as "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn", and "Butterflies" and mixes hip hop, pop, and R&B in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".[187][188]

Music videos and choreography[edit]

A man is singing into a microphone under a spotlight. He wears a blue open-neck shirt over a white T-shirt, and dark pants. There are two colorfully-dressed men on either side of him.
Jackson (center) performing a dance sequence of "The Way You Make Me Feel" at the Bad tour in 1988.

Jackson released "Thriller", a 14-minute music video directed by John Landis, in 1983.[189] The zombie-themed video "defined music videos and broke racial barriers" on MTV, which had launched two years earlier.[122] Before Thriller, Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American.[190] Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", which led to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, and helped other black music artists gain recognition.[191] The popularity of his videos on MTV helped the relatively new channel's viewing figures, and MTV's focus shifted toward pop and R&B.[191][192] His performance on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever changed the scope of live stage shows, making it acceptable for artists to lip-sync to music video on stage.[193] The choreography in Thriller has been copied in Indian films and prisons in the Philippines.[194] Thriller marked an increase in scale for music videos, and was named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.[195]

In "Bad"'s 19-minute video—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson used sexual imagery and choreography, and touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Winfrey in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he said it was spontaneously compelled by the music. Time magazine described the "Bad" video as "infamous". It featured Wesley Snipes; Jackson's later videos often featured famous cameo roles.[196][197] For the "Smooth Criminal" video, Jackson experimented with leaning forward at a 45 degree angle, beyond the performer's center of gravity. To accomplish this live, Jackson and designers developed a special shoe to lock the performer's feet to the stage, allowing them to lean forward. They were granted Template:US patent for the device.[198] The video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the US, but in 1989 was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards[199] and won a Golden Lion Award for its special effects. It won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[200]

He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988; in 2001 the award was renamed in his honor.[201] The "Black or White" video simultaneously premiered on November 14, 1991, in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people, the largest audience ever for a music video at the time.[202] Along with Jackson, it featured Macaulay Culkin, Peggy Lipton, and George Wendt. It helped introduce morphing to music videos.[203] It was controversial for scenes in which Jackson rubs his crotch, vandalizes cars, and throws a garbage can through a storefront. He apologized and removed the final scene of the video.[204]

"In the Closet" featured Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson.[205] "Remember the Time" was set in ancient Egypt, and featured Eddie Murphy, Iman, and Magic Johnson.[206] The video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, gained a record 11 MTV Video Music Award Nominations, and won "Best Dance Video", "Best Choreography", and "Best Art Direction".[207] The song and its video are Jackson's response to being accused of child molestation in 1993.[208] A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form. It has been reported as the most expensive music video ever made, at $7 million;[209] Romanek has contradicted this.[210] The "Earth Song" video was nominated for the 1997 Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form.[211]

Michael Jackson's Ghosts, a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston, premiered at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival. At over 38 minutes long, it held the Guinness world record for the longest music video until 2013, when it was eclipsed by the video for the Pharrell Williams song "Happy".[212] The 2001 video for "You Rock My World" lasts over 13 minutes, was directed by Paul Hunter, and features Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando.[213] It won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video in 2002.[214]

In December 2009, the Library of Congress selected "Thriller" as the only music video to be preserved in the National Film Registry, as a work of "enduring importance to American culture".[215][216] Huey wrote that Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameos, while breaking down racial barriers.[8]

Honors and awards[edit]

See also: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
The Thriller platinum certified record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood. As of 2017, it is certified 33× platinum.[64]

Jackson's estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide[217][Note 1] make him the best-selling pop act of all time and the third-best-selling music artist in history.[218] He had 13 number-one singles in the US in his solo career—more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era.[219] He was invited and honored by a President of the United States at the White House three times. In 1984, he was honored with a "Presidential Public Safety Commendation" award by Ronald Reagan for his humanitarian endeavors.[220] In 1990, he was honored as the "Artist of the Decade" by George H. W. Bush.[221] In 1992, he was honored as a "Point of Light Ambassador" by Bush for inviting disadvantaged children to his Neverland Ranch.[222]

He won hundreds of awards, more than any other popular music recording artist.[223] His awards include 39 Guinness World Records, including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time,[125][126] 13 Grammy Awards,[224] as well as the Grammy Legend Award[225] and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award,[226] and a record 26 American Music Awards, including the "Artist of the Century" and "Artist of the 1980s".[227] He also received the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award.[228] Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as a member of the Jacksons, and in 1984 as a solo artist. He was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and 1999,[229] respectively, and again as a solo artist in 2001.[230] In 2002, he was added to the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[231] In 2010, he was the first recording artist to be inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame,[232] and in 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame.[233]

In 1988, Fisk University honored him with an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters.[234] In 1992, he was invested as a titular king of Sanwi, a traditional kingdom located in the south-east of Ivory Coast.[235] In July 2009, the Lunar Republic Society named a crater on the Moon after Jackson.[236] In August, for what would have been Jackson's 51st birthday, Google dedicated their Google Doodle to him.[237] On December 19, 2014, the British Council of Cultural Relations deemed Jackson's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments of the 20th century.[238] World Vitiligo Day has been celebrated on June 25, the anniversary of Jackson's death, to raise awareness of the auto-immune disorder that Jackson suffered from.[239]

Earnings[edit]

In 1989, Jackson's annual earnings from album sales, endorsements, and concerts were estimated at $125 million.[195] Forbes placed Jackson's annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997.[240] Estimates of Jackson's net worth during his life range from negative $285 million to positive $350 million for 2002, 2003 and 2007.[241][242] Forbes reported in August 2018 that Jackson's total career pretax earnings in life and death were $4.2 billion.[243][244] Sales of his recordings through Sony's music unit earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties. He may have earned another $400 million from concerts, music publishing (including his share of the Beatles catalog), endorsements, merchandising and music videos.[245]

In 2013, the executors of Jackson's estate filed a petition in the United States Tax Court as a result of a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) over US federal estate taxes.[246] The executors claim that it was worth about $7 million, the IRS that it was worth over $1.1 billion. In February 2014, the IRS reported that Jackson's estate owed $702 million; $505 million in taxes, and $197 million in penalties.[247] A trial was held from February 6 to 24, 2017,[248] and a decision was still pending as of 2020.[249]

In 2016, Forbes estimated annual gross earnings by the Jackson Estate at $825 million, the largest ever recorded for a celebrity, mostly due to the sale of the Sony/ATV catalog.[250] In 2018, the figure was $400 million.[251] It was the eighth year since his death that Jackson's annual earnings were reported to be over $100 million, thus bringing Jackson's postmortem total to $2.4 billion.[252] In 2020, Forbes recognized Jackson as the top-earning dead celebrity each year since his death except 2012.[253][254]

Discography[edit]

Main articles: Michael Jackson albums discography and Michael Jackson singles discography
See also: The Jackson 5 discography

Filmography[edit]

See also: Michael Jackson videography

Tours[edit]

Main article: List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ The Wall Street Journal and other news sites report that the 750 million units sold by Michael Jackson is an inflated figure, initially claimed in 2006 by Raymone Bain,[1] Jackson's publicist at that time, without any evidence and probably in an effort to boost album sales.[2][3] Since 2006, several sources such as RIAA, Rolling Stone, and Time have claimed that Michael Jackson has sold 750 million units (or even 1 billion);[4][5][6] Adrian Strain, a representative from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) has disputed this figure.[3]
  2. ↑ In 2018, its US sales record was overtaken by the Eagles' album Greatest Hits 1971–75, with 38× platinum.[65]

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ↑ Bain, Raymone K. (October 31, 2006). "Statement from Raymone Bain to all fans and fanclubs". Mjtmc.com. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007.
  2. ↑ Lara, David (May 12, 2012). "Michael Jackson's 'Bad' Gets a Revamp and More Inflated Sales!". ImpreMedia. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bialik, Carl (July 15, 2009). "Spun: The Off-the-Wall Accounting of Record Sales". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' First Ever 30X Multi-Platinum RIAA Certification". Recording Industry Association of America. December 16, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  5. ↑ Grow, Kory (December 16, 2015). "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' Is First Album to Sell 30 Million Copies". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  6. ↑ Adamczyk, Alicia (December 16, 2015). "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' Just Smashed Another Record". Time. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  7. ↑ County of Los Angeles Department of Health Services (2009). Michael Jackson death certificate.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Huey, Steve. "Michael Jackson – Artist Biography". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Barnes, Brokes (June 25, 2009). "A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Michael Jackson: 10 Achievements That Made Him The King of Pop". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. June 24, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  11. ↑ Jackson 2009, p. 26.
  12. ↑ Young 2009, p. 18.
  13. ↑ Young 2009, pp. 17, 19.
  14. ↑ Petridis, Alexis (June 27, 2018). "Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sweeting, Adam (June 27, 2018). "Joe Jackson obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  16. ↑ Young 2009, pp. 18–19.
  17. ↑ Knopper 2016, p. 6. Note: No tribal affiliation named in source.
  18. ↑ Morris, Chris (June 27, 2018). "Joe Jackson, Jackson Family Patriarch, Dies at 89". Variety. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest" (Press release). CNN. June 25, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Los Angeles Fire Department recording of the emergency phone call made from Michael Jackson's home". June 26, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Partial transcript of Calif. 911 call". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. March 4, 2013.
  22. ↑ "Michael Jackson's life cut shockingly short". Associated Press. June 26, 2009.
  23. ↑ Whitcraft, Teri; Pisarcik, Kristin; Brown, Kimberly (June 23, 2010). "Timeline: Michael Jackson's Final Days". ABC News. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Harvey, Michael (June 26, 2009). "Fans mourn artist for whom it didn't matter if you were black or white". The Times. Archived from the original on September 20, 2011.
  25. ↑ Moore, Matthew (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson, King of Pop, dies of cardiac arrest in Los Angeles". The Daily Telegraph.
  26. ↑ Whitcomb, Dan; Isensee, Laura (June 26, 2009). "Michael Jackson death still unsolved after autopsy". Reuters (Press release). Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  27. ↑ Doheny, Kathleen (August 24, 2009). "Propofol Linked to Michael Jackson's Death". WebMD. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  28. ↑ Duke, Alan (February 10, 2010). "Coroner releases new details about Michael Jackson's death" (Press release). CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  29. ↑ Rawlinson, Linnie; Hunt, Nick (June 26, 2009). "Jackson dies, almost takes Internet with him" (Press release). CNN. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Wood, Daniel B. (June 27, 2009). "Outpouring over Michael Jackson unlike anything since Princess Di". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Shiels, Maggie (June 26, 2009). "Web slows after Jackson's death". BBC News. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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  36. ↑ "More adds, loose ends, and lament". The 120 Minutes Archive. July 25, 2009. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
  37. ↑ "Over 1.6M apply for Jackson memorial tickets" (Press release). Associated Press. July 4, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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  39. ↑ Scott, Andrew (July 9, 2009). "Michael Jackson Memorial Earns 31 Million Viewers & More TV News". AOL TV. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  40. ↑ Allen, Nick (July 7, 2009). "Michael Jackson memorial service: the biggest celebrity send-off of all time". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  41. ↑ Potter, Andrew (July 7, 2009). "There was nothing strange about your daddy". Maclean's. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  42. ↑ Branigan, Tania (September 8, 2001). "Jackson spends £20m to be Invincible". The Guardian.
  43. ↑ "Top Moments: Michael Jackson Memorial". TV Guide. July 7, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  44. ↑ "Rev Lucious Smith on conducting the memorial service for Michael Jackson". Radio Live. June 28, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
  45. ↑ Coleman, Mark (September 4, 2009). "Michael Jackson finally laid to rest in Los Angeles". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  46. ↑ Reid, Tim (August 25, 2009). "LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson's death as a homicide". The Times.
  47. ↑ "Jackson 'had lethal drug levels'". BBC News. August 25, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Michael Jackson's doctor denies manslaughter charge". BBC News. February 9, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Conrad Murray guilty of Michael Jackson manslaughter". BBC News. November 8, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  50. ↑ Leonard, Jack; Blankstein, Andrew; Winton, Richard (November 8, 2011). "Conrad Murray could face significant prison time". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  51. ↑ Kasindorf, Martin (November 29, 2011). "Conrad Murray sentenced to four years in Jackson death". USA Today. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  52. ↑ Martens, Todd (October 13, 2009). "Taylor Swift, Michael Jackson dominate American Music Awards nominations [Updated]". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  53. ↑ "2009 American Music Awards: Scorecard". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. November 22, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Caulfield, Keith (January 6, 2010). "Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle for 2009's Top-Selling Album". Billboard. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  55. ↑ "Jackson sells 35 million albums since death". Today. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  56. ↑ Van Buskirk, Eliot (July 1, 2009). "Michael Jackson First Artist to Sell Over 1 Million Downloads in a Single Week". Wired. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Smith, Ethan (March 16, 2010). "Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen 'King'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Michael Jackson in 'record' $200m music deal". BBC. March 16, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  59. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (March 16, 2010). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Strike Massive $250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop's Music". Rolling Stone.
  60. ↑ Christman, Ed (December 14, 2017). "Michael Jackson Estate, Sony Music Extend Partnership for Recordings". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
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  62. ↑ Christman, Ed (July 31, 2018). "Sony Completes Acquisition of Michael Jackson Estate's Share of EMI Music Publishing". Billboard. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  63. ↑ Trust, Gary (May 21, 2014). "Michael Jackson, Coldplay Hit Hot 100's Top 10; John Legend Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2014.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 McIntyre, Hugh (February 16, 2017). "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' Has Now Been Certified 33-Times Platinum". Forbes. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  65. ↑ Daly, Rhian (August 20, 2018). "Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' is no longer the best-selling album of all time in the US". NME. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  66. ↑ Goodman, Dean (October 13, 2009). "'New' Michael Jackson Single Written in 1983". Billboard. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  67. ↑ Eng, Joyce (August 10, 2009). "Judge Approves Michael Jackson Film". TV Guide. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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  76. ↑ "Cirque plans $57M touring Jackson show". CBC News. November 3, 2010. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
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