.svg)
List of loanwords in Malayalam
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2020) |
Loan words in Malayalam, excluding the huge number of words from Sanskrit originated mostly due to the centuries long interactions between the native population of Kerala and the trading (predominantly, spice trading) powers of the world.This is the month when the word came to Kerala 02.1.2004 This included trading contacts with Arabia, Persia, Israel and China spanning millennia, and with European colonial powers for several centuries. According to Sooranad Kunjan Pillai who compiled the authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were Pali, Prakrit, Arabic, Urdu, Persian, Hindi, Chinese, Syriac, Dutch, and Portuguese.[1]
Middle East contributions[edit]
Arabic[edit]
The Arabic language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Malayalam, called Arabi Malayalam that is spoken by the Muslim Mappila community of North Kerala. There are also many common words which are used throughout all communities of Kerala. There are more than 900 words taken from Arabic and commonly used in spoken and literary forms of Malayalam.
| Malayalam | Malayalam Romanization | IPA pronunciation | Meaning | Original Form | Romanization |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| അത്തര് | attar | /at̪:ar/ | perfume | عطر | ʿaṭar |
| അദാലത്ത് | adālattŭ | /ada:lat̪:ɨ/ | court of justice | عدالة | ʿadāla(t) |
| അനാമത്ത് | anāmattŭ | /ana:mat̪:ɨ/ | deposits given for security | امانة | amāna(t) |
| അസല് | asal | /asal/ | original document | أصل | aṣl |
| ആലം | ālaṁ | /a:lam/ | world | عالم | ʿālm |
| ആപത്ത് | aapathu | /a:pathu/ | danger | خطر | āffáthu |
| ഇക്ക | ikka | /ika/ | brother | أخ | akh |
| ഇത്ത | itta | /it̪:a/ | sister | أخت | ikht |
| ഇഷ്ക്ക് | iṣkkŭ | /iʂkɨ/ | love | عشق | ʿishq |
| ഉപ്പ | uppa | /upa/ | father | أب | ab |
| ഉമ്മ | umma | /umma/ | mother | أم | um |
| ഉലുവ | uluva | /uluʋa/ | Trigonella foenum-graecum | حلبة | hulba(t) |
| ഉസ്താദ് | ustādŭ | /ust̪a:dɨ/ | Islamic teacher, scholar, imam | أستاذ | ustādh |
| ഒപ്പന | oppana | /opan̪a/ | Oppana | عبنا | ʿabna |
| ഒസ്യത്ത് | osyattŭ | /osjat̪:ɨ/ | the last will, testament | وصية | waṣya(t) |
| കത്ത് | kattŭ | /kat:ɨ/ | letter | خط | khaṭ |
| ഖാലി | kali | /kali/ | empty | خالی | khali |
| കബര് | kabar | /kabar/ | grave | قبر | qabr |
| കബൂല് | kabūl | /kabu:l/ | accept, clarify | قبول | qabūl |
| കരാര് | karār | /kaɾa:r/ | agreement, contract | قرار | qarār |
| കലാശം | kalāśaṁ | /kalāʃam/ | conclusion | خلاص | khalāṣ |
| കശാപ്പ് | kaśāppŭ | /kaʃa:pɨ/ | butchery | قصاب | qaṣāb |
| കായിതം | kāyitaṁ | /ka:jid̪am/ | note | قاعدة | qāʿeda(t) |
| കിസ്മത്ത് | kismattŭ | /kismat̪:ɨ/ | fate, luck, share | قسمة | qisma(t) |
| കീമാ | kīmā | /ki:ma/ | chemistry, chemical | كيمياء | kīmyāʾ |
| കീശ | kīśa | /ki:ʃa/ | كيس | kīs | |
| കൈപ്പീത്ത് | kaippīttŭ | /kajpi:t̪:ɨ/ | chronicle | كيفية | kyfia(t) |
| ഖജനാവ് | khajanāvŭ | /kʰad͡ʒana:ʋɨ/ | treasury | خزينة | khazīna(t) |
| ഖല്ബ് | khalb | /kʰalb/ | heart | قلب | qalb |
| ചെകുത്താൻ | Chekuthān | /t͡ʃekʊttaːn/ | devil | الشيطان | Al shythan |
| ജപ്തി | japti | /d͡ʒapt̪i/ | confiscation | ضبطي | ḍabt̪i |
| ജാമ്യം | jāmyam | /d͡ʒamyäm/ | bail | الكفالة | ḍāmyäm |
| ജില്ല | jilla | /d͡ʒil:a/ | district | ضلع | ḍilʿa |
| തകരാര് | takarār | /t̪agaɾa:r/ | damage | تكرار | takrār |
| താക്കീത് | takītu | /t̪akkēthu/ | warning | تاقيد | tāqīd |
| തര്ജ്ജ്മ | tarjjama | /t̪ard͡ʒama/ | translation | ترجمة | tarjama(t) |
| തലാക്ക് | talākkŭ | /t̪ala:kɨ/ | divorce | طلاق | ṭalāq |
| തവണ | tavaṇa | /t̪aʋaɳa/ | times, turns, installment | دفعة | dafʿa(t) |
| താലുക്ക് | tālukkŭ | /t̪a:lukɨ/ | Tehsil (administrative division) | تعلق | tʿālq |
| തയ്യാർ | tayyar | /t̪ajjär/ | ready | تیار | tayyar |
| ദല്ലാള് | dallāḷ | /dal:a:ɭ/ | mediator, broker | دلال | dalāl |
| ദുനിയാവ് | duniyāvŭ | /d̪unija:ʋɨ/ | world | دنيا | duniā |
| നക്കല് | nakkal | /nakal/ | copy | نقل | naql |
| നിക്കാഹ് | nikkāhŭ | /nika:hɨ/ | wedding (Muslim) | نكاح | nikāḥ |
| പക്കീര് | pakkīr | /paki:r/ | fakir | فقير | faqīr |
| പത്തിരി | pattiri | /pat̪:iɾi/ | Pathiri | فطيرة | faṭīra(t) |
| പിഞ്ഞാണം | piññāṇaṁ | /piɲ:a:ɳam/ | beaker, bowl | فنجان | finjān |
| ഫര്ക്കം | pharkka | /farka/ | a part of a district | فرقة | farqa(t) |
| ബദല് | badal | /bad̪al/ | substitute | بدل | badl |
| ബാക്കി | bākki | /ba:ki/ | left, remaining | باقی | bāqi |
| ബിലാത്തി | bilātti | /bila:t̪:i/ | England | ولايتى | wlāyti |
| ഭരണി | bharañi | /bha:räñ:i/ | jar | ولايتى | Bärñiya |
| മഹസ്സര് | mahassar | /mahasar/ | report, inquest | محضر | muḥḍar |
| മാപ്പ് | māppŭ | /ma:pɨ/ | sorry, apology | معاف | mʿāf |
| മാലൂമി | mālūmi | /ma:lu:mi/ | teacher, leader | معلم | muʿalam |
| മീറ | mīṟa | /mi:ra/ | myrrh | مر | mir |
| മുക്തിയാര് | muktiyār | /mukt̪ija:r/ | attorney, authorized representative | مختار | mukhtār |
| മുന്ഷി | munṣi | /munʂi/ | writer, interpreter | منشی | munshi |
| മുന്സിnഫ് | munsiph | /munsif/ | advocate | منصف | munaṣif |
| മുസാവരി | musāvari | /musa:ʋaɾi/ | rest house, inn | مسافر | musāfir |
| മുസീവത്ത് | musīvattŭ | /musi:ʋat̪:ɨ/ | trouble, problem | مصيبة | muṣība(t) |
| മുഹബ്ബത്ത് | muhabbattŭ | /muhabat̪:ɨ/ | love | محبة | muhaba(t) |
| മൈതാനം | maitānam | /mai̯d̪a:n̪am/ | ground, arena | ميدان | mīdān |
| രൊക്കം | rokkaṁ | /ɾokam/ | ready cash | رقم | raqm |
| റദ്ദ് | ṟaddŭ | /raddɨ/ | cancel, deactivate | رد | rad |
| വക്കാലത്ത് | vakkālattŭ | /ʋaka:lat̪:ɨ/ | power of attorney | وكالة | wkāla(t) |
| വക്കീല് | vakkīl | /ʋaki:l/ | advocate | وکیل | wakīl |
| വത്തയ്ക്ക | vattaykka | /ʋat̪:ajk:a/ | Citrullus lanatus fruit | بطيخ | baṭīkh |
| വര്ക്കത്ത് | varkkattŭ | /ʋark:at̪:ɨ/ | prosperity, fortune | بركة | barika(t) |
| വാപ്പ | vāppa | /ʋa:pa/ | father | بابا | bābā |
| വയ്യ | väyya | /ʋajja/ | fatigue | إعياء | āyyāvu |
| ഷമാം | ṣamāṁ | /ʂama:m/ | Cucumis melo | شمام | shamām |
| സന്നത് | sannatŭ | /sannad̪/ | licence | سند | sand |
| സര്ബത്ത് | sarbattŭ | /sarbat̪:ɨ/ | sherbet | شربات | sharabāt |
| സുറിയാനി | suṟiyāni | /surija:n̪i/ | Syrian | سورياني | sūryāni |
| ഹക്കിം | hakkiṁ | /hakim/ | physician | حكيم | ḥakīm |
| ഹജൂര് | hajūr | /had͡ʒu:r/ | presence | حضور | ḥuḍūr |
| ഹർജി | harji | /hard͡ʒi/ | petition | عريضة | ʿarīḍa(t) |
| ഹലുവ | haluva | /haluʋa/ | sweet | حلوى | halwā |
Hebrew[edit]
The Hebrew language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Judeo-Malayalam that is spoken by the Cochin Jewish community of Kerala.
| Malayalam Transliteration | Meaning | Original Form | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| അളം | world | עולם | oˈlam |
| അലിയ | ascension | עלייה | aliyá |
| അലുവ/ഹലുവ | sweet | חלבה | halvah |
| ബാ | come | בא | ba |
| ബേത് ക്നേസേത് | synagogue | בית כנסת | beit-k'néset |
| ഇവിരീത് | Hebrew language | עברית | ivrít |
| കബറ് | grave, tomb | קבר | kéver |
| മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം | Egypt, Egyptian | מצרים, מצרי | mitsráyim, mitsrí |
| മെത്ത | bed | מיטה | metah |
| നവി | prophet | נביא | naví |
| റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ | rabbi, teacher, monk | רבי | rabbi |
| സായിത്ത് | olive | זית | záyit |
| സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി | Spain, Spaniard | ספרד, ספרדי | sfarad, sfaradi |
| ശാലോം | hello, peace | שלום | shalóm |
| ശാലോം ആയി | death | שלום עליי | shalóm ali |
| ശീർ | song, music | שיר | shir |
| ശോഷന്നാ | lily | שושן | shoshán |
| തപ്പുവാഖ് | apple | תפוח | tapúakh |
| തോറ | Torah | תורה | torá |
| യവൻ, യാവന | Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor) | יוון, יווני | yaván, yevani |
| യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി | Israel, Israeli | ישראל, הישראלי | yisra'él, yisra'éli |
| യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ | Jew, Jewish | יהודי | y'hudi |
Persian[edit]
There are a few words of Persian origin in Malayalam, though it is possible many of them could have been indirectly loaned from Urdu.
| Malayalam | Malayalam Romanization | IPA Pronunciation | Meaning | Persian word | Transliteration | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| അബ്കാരി | abkāri | /abka:ɾi/ | dealing of alcohol | آبکاری | âbkârī | ||||||
| ഹവിൽദാർ | havildār | /haʋild̪a:r/ | Havildar | حولدار | ḥavildâr | ||||||
| ഉഷാര് | uṣār | /uʂa:r/ | alert, enthusiasm | هوشیار | hūšyâr | ||||||
| ഉറുമാല് | uṟumāl | /uruma:l/ | handkerchief | رومال | rūmâl | ||||||
| കമാനം | kamānaṁ | /kama:n̪am/ | arc | کمان | kamân | ||||||
| കശകശ | kaśakaśa | /kaʃakaʃa/ | poppy seed | خشخاش | xašxâš | ||||||
| കാക്കി | kākki | /ka:ki/ | Khaki | خاکی | xâkī | ||||||
| കാനേഷുമാരി | kānēṣumāri | /ka:n̪e:ʂuma:ɾi/ | census | خانه شماری | xânah šumârī | ||||||
| കിലേദാര് | kilēdār | /kile:d̪a:r/ | fort keeper | قلعه دار | q̈ilʿah dâr | ||||||
| കുശാല് | kuśāl | /kuʃa:l/ | happy | خوشحال | xūšḥâl | ||||||
| ഗുസ്തി | gusti | /gust̪i/ | wrestling | کشتی | kuštī | ||||||
| ചപ്രാസി | caprāsi | /t͡ʃapra:si/ | peon | چپراسی | čaprâsī | ||||||
| ചാക്കിരി | cākkiri | /t͡ʃa:kiɾi/ | servant | چاکری | čâkrī | ||||||
| ജമാവന്തി | jamāvanti | /d͡ʒama:ʋand̪i/ | land record | جمع بندی | jamaʿ bandī | ||||||
| ജമീന്ദാര് | jamīndār | /d͡ʒami:nd̪a:r/ | landlord | زمین دار | zamīndâr | ||||||
| ജവാന് | javān | /d͡ʒɐʋa:n/ | soldier | جوان | javân | ||||||
| ജീനി | jīni | /d͡ʒi:n̪i/ | saddle | زین | zīn | ||||||
| ജോര് | jōr | /d͡ʒo:r/ | magnificent, powerful | زور | zūr | ||||||
| തമാശ | tamāśa | /t̪ama:ʃa/ | joke | تماشا | tamâšâ | ||||||
| തമ്പാക്ക് | tampākkŭ | /t̪amba:kɨ/ | tobacco | تنباکو | tanbâkū | ||||||
| തയ്യാർ | tayyar | /t̪ajjär/ | ready | آماده | tàyyär | ദര്ബാകര് | darbār | /d̪arba:r/ | king’s court | دربار | darbâr |
| പയല്വാ്ന് | payalvān | /pajalʋa:n/ | wrestler | پهلوان | pahlvân | ||||||
| പര്ദ്ദ | pardda | /pard̪a/ | burka | پرده | pardah | ||||||
| പറങ്കി | paṟaṅki | /parangi/ | Portuguese | فرنگی | firangī | ||||||
| പാപ്പാസ് | pāppāsŭ | /pa:pa:sɨ/ | slipper | پاپوش | pâpūš | ||||||
| ബസാര് | basār | /basa:r/ | market | بازار | bazaar | ||||||
| ബന്തവസ് | bantavasŭ | /band̪aʋasɨ/ | custody | بند و بست | band ū bast | ||||||
| ബന്ദി | bandi | /band̪i/ | slave, prisoner | بندی | bandī | ||||||
| ബേജാര് | bējār | /be:d͡ʒa:r/ | sad, worried | بیزار | bīzâr | ||||||
| മാപ്പ് | māppu | /be:maːpp/ | apology | ماف | māffu | ||||||
| മേലാൽ | mēlāl | /be:melāll/ | ever | مهلعل | malāl | ||||||
| ലഗാന് | lagān | /laga:n/ | bridle, control | لگام | lagâm | ||||||
| വാങ്ക് | vāṅkŭ | /ʋa:ngɨ/ | Azaan, prayer call | بانگ | bang | ||||||
| ശരാശരി | śarāśari | /ʃaɾa:ʃaɾi/ | average | سراسری | sarâsrī | ||||||
| ശുപാര്ശ് | śupārśa | /ʃuba:rʃa/ | recommendation | سفارش | sifâr |
Aramaic or East Syriac[edit]
Suriyani Malayalam (or Karshoni), which used the East Syriac script to write Malayalam, was a popular medium of written communication among Saint Thomas Christians (Suriyani Christiani) in Kerala until the 19th century.[2][3][4]
| Malayalam | Malayalam Romanization | IPA Pronunciation | Meaning | Original form | Transliteration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| അറം | aram | /aram/ | Earth | ܐܪܥܐ | ar'ā |
| കത്തനാര് | kattanār | /kat̪:an̪a:r/ | Priest | ܟܗܢܐ | kahnā |
| കബ്റ | kabṟa | /kabra/ | Grave | ܩܒܪܐ | qaḇrā |
| കശീശ | kaśīśa | /kaʃi:ʃa/ | Syrian orthodox Priest | ܩܫܝܫܐ | qaššīšā |
| കുര്ബാന | kurbāna | /kurba:na/ | Eucharist (Holy Mass) | ܩܘܪܒܢܐ | qurbānā |
| കൂദാശ | kūdāśa | /ku:d̪a:ʃa/ | Sacrament | ܩܘܕܫܐ | quddāšā |
| ദുക്രാന | dukṟāna | /d̪ukra:n̪a/ | Remembrance | ܕܘܟܪܢܐ | duḵrānā |
| നസ്രാണി | nasrāṇi | /nasra:ɳi/ | Christians (Saint Thomas) | ܢܨܪܐܢܝ | naṣrāni |
| പരീശന് | parīśan | /paɾi:ʃan/ | Pharisee | ܦܪܝܫܐ | prīšā |
| പറുദീസ | paṟudīsa | /parud̪i:sa/ | paradise | ܦܪܕܝܣܐ | pardaysā |
| പെസഹ | pesaha | /pesaha/ | Passover | ܦܣܚܐ | pesḥā |
| ബാവ | bāva | /ba:ʋa/ | father | ܒܒܐ | bābā |
| മദ്ബഹ | madbaha | /mad̪baha/ | Syrian altar | ܡܕܒܚܐ | maḏbḥā |
| മഹറോന് | mahaṟōn | /maharo:n/ | interdiction | ܐܚܪܡ | aḥram |
| മാമോദീസ | māmōdīsa | /ma:mo:d̪i:sa/ | baptism | ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ | ma’mōḏīṯā |
| മാര് | mār | /ma:r/ | Saint, Holy | ܡܪܝ | mār(i) |
| മാലാഖ | mālākha | /ma:la:kʰa/ | angel | ܡܠܐܟܐ | malāḵā |
| മിശിഹ | miśiha | /miʃiha/ | Messiah | ܡܫܝܚܐ | mšīḥā |
| ഈശോ | īśo | /i:ʃo/ | Jesus | ܝܫܘܥ | yšō’ |
| റമ്പാന് | ṟampān | /ramba:n/ | archdeacon | ܪܡܒܐܢ | rambān |
| റാസ | ṟāsa | /ra:sa/ | A sacrament | ܪܐܙܐ | rāzā |
| റൂഹ | ṟūha | /ru:ha/ | Holy Spirit | ܪܘܚܐ | rūḥā |
| ശ്ലീഹ | ślīha | /ʃli:ha/ | Apostle | ܫܠܝܚܐ | šlīḥā |
| ശെമ്മാശന് | śemmāśan | /ʃemma:ʃan/ | Syrian orthodox Deacon | ܡܫܡܫܢܐ | mšammšānā |
| സ്ലീവ | slīva | /sli:ʋa/ | Cross | ܨܠܝܒܐ | ṣlīḇā |
European contributions[edit]
Portuguese[edit]
Most of the loan words from Portuguese language are for items which the native population lacked when the encounter with Portuguese empire happened from around the final years of the 15th century. Portuguese was the lingua franca in Africa, Brazil, South Asia and parts of South East Asia during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The Portuguese Empire was the major ruling colonial power in South India during this period, they were first modern European power to encounter India on a large scale, and thus their language had a strong influence on Malayalam (similar to many other Indian languages).[5]
| Malayalam | Malayalam Romanization | IPA Alphabet | Meaning | Original form | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| അണ്ണാര | aṇṇāra | /aɳ:a:ɾa/ | pineapple | ananás | |||||
| അന്തിക്രിസ്തു | antikristu | /an̪d̪ikrist̪u/ | antichrist | anticristo | |||||
| അപ്പോസ്തലന് | appōstalan | /ap:o:st̪alan/ | Apostle | apóstola | |||||
| അമ്മിഞ്ഞ | ammiñña | /am:iɲ:a/ | breast | maminha | |||||
| അലമാരി | alamāri | /alama:ɾi/ | almirah (wardrobe) | armário | |||||
| അലവാങ്ക് | alavāṅkŭ | /alaʋa:ŋgɨ/ | lever | alavanca | |||||
| അൾത്താര | aḷtāra | /aɭt̪:a:ɾa/ | altar | altar | |||||
| അസേന്തി | asēnti | /ase:n̪d̪i/ | assistant priest | assistente | |||||
| ആത്ത | ātta | /a:t̪:a/ | Annona reticulata | ata | |||||
| ആയ | āya | /a:ja | maid, female peon | aia | |||||
| ഇങ്കിരീസ് | iṅkirīsŭ | /iŋgiɾi:sɨ/ | English | inglês | |||||
| ഇലുമ്പി | ilumpi | /ilumbi/ | Averrhoa bilimbi | bilimbi | |||||
| ഇസ്തിരി | istiri | /ist̪iɾi/ | ironing, pressing | estirar | |||||
| ഒലന്ത | olanta | /olan̪d̪a/ | Holland, Netherlands | holanda | |||||
| ഓസ്തി | ōsti | /o:st̪i/ | sacramental wafer | hóstia | |||||
| കടലാസ് | kaṭalāsŭ | /kaɖala:sə/ | paper | cartaz | |||||
| കമീസ് | kamēssu | /kamiːsˈu/ | shirt | camisa | കത്തോലിക്ക | kattōlikka | /kat̪:o:lik:a/ | catholic | católica |
| കദ്രീഞ്ഞ | kadrīñña | /kad̪ri:ɲ:a/ | stool | cadeirinha | |||||
| കപ്പിത്താന് | kappittān | /kap:it̪:a:n/ | captain | capitão | |||||
| കപ്പേള | kappēḷa | /kap:e:ɭa/ | chapel | capela | |||||
| കറൂപ്പ് | kaṟūppŭ | /karu:pɨ/ | Epinephelus malabaricus (grouper) | garoupa | |||||
| കളസം | kaḷasaṁ | /kaɭasam/ | shorts | calção | |||||
| കശു | kaśu | /kaʃu/ | cashew | caju | |||||
| കസേര | kasēra | /kase:ɾa/ | chair | cadeira | |||||
| കാപ്പ | kāppa | /ka:pa/ | Cape (cloth) | capa | |||||
| കാപ്പിരി | kāppiri | /ka:piɾi/ | African | cafre | |||||
| കുനീല് | kunīl | /kuni:l | funnel | funil | |||||
| കുമ്പസാരം | kumpasāraṁ | /kumbasa:ɾam/ | Confession | confessar | |||||
| കുമ്പാതിരി | kumpātiri | /kumba:d̪iri/ | Godparent | compadre | |||||
| കുരിശ് | kuriśŭ | /kuriʃɨ/ | cross | cruz | |||||
| കുശിനി | kuśini | /kuʃini/ | kitchen | cozinha | |||||
| കൊന്ത | konta | /kond̪a/ | Rosary | conta | |||||
| കൊരടാവ് | koraṭāvŭ | /koɾaɖa:v/ | whip | corda | |||||
| കൊലേരി | kolēri | /kole:ɾi/ | trowel | colher | |||||
| കൊവേന്ത | kovēnta | /koʋe:nd̪a/ | convent | conventa | |||||
| കോടതി | kōṭati | /ko:ɖad̪i/ | court | corte | |||||
| കോപ്പ | kōppa | /ko:pa/ | cup | copa | |||||
| ക്രിസ്തു | kristu | /krist̪u/ | Christ | cristo | |||||
| ഗുദാം | gudāṁ | /gud̪a:m/ | godown, factory | godão | |||||
| ഗോവര്ണതദോര് | gōvarṇadōr | /go:ʋarɳad̪or/ | Governor | governador | |||||
| ചകലാസ് | cakalāsŭ | /t͡ʃagala:sɨ/ | a red blanket | escarlate | |||||
| ചങ്ങാടം | caṅṅāṭam | /t͡ʃaŋŋa:ɖam/ | raft | jangada | |||||
| ചാക്ക് | cākkŭ | /t͡ʃa:kɨ/ | sack | saco | |||||
| ചാപ്പ | cāppa | /t͡ʃa:pa/ | seal, stamp | chapa | |||||
| ചാറ | cāṟa | /t͡ʃa:ra/ | a big jar | jarra | |||||
| ചാവി | cāvi | /t͡ʃa:ʋi/ | key | chave | |||||
| ചിന്തേര് | cintēr | /t͡ʃind̪e:r/ | polishing chisel | cinzel | |||||
| ചീന | cīna | /t͡ʃi:n̪a/ | China | china | |||||
| ജനാല | janāla | /d͡ʒan̪a:la/ | window | janela | |||||
| തമ്പാക്ക് | tampākkŭ | /t̪amba:kɨ/ | tobacco | tabaco | |||||
| തമ്പേറ് | tampēṟŭ | /t̪ambe:rɨ/ | a kind of drum | tambor | |||||
| താള് | tāḷ | /t̪a:ɭ/ | page (of book) | talão | |||||
| തീരുവ | tīruva | /t̪i:ɾuʋa/ | tariff | tarifa | |||||
| തുറുങ്ക് | tuṟuṅkŭ | /t̪urungɨ/ | jail | tronco | |||||
| തുവാല | tuvāla | /t̪uʋa:la/ | towel | toalha | |||||
| തൊപ്പി | toppi | /t̪opi/ | cap, hat | topo | |||||
| തോത് | tōtŭ | /t̪o:d̪ɨ/ | measure, total | todo | |||||
| നങ്കൂരം | naṅkūraṁ | /nangu:ɾam/ | anchor | âncora | |||||
| നോന | nōna | /n̪o:n̪a/ | Luso-Indian Lady | dona | |||||
| പാതിരി | pāthiri | pädrā | priest | padre | |||||
| പിക്കാസ് | pikkāsu | pikkāssu | pick axe | picao | |||||
| പക | paka | /paga/ | to pay(revenge) | pagar | |||||
| പട്ടാളം | paṭṭāḷaṁ | /paʈ:a:ɭam/ | soldier, battalion | batalhão | |||||
| പപ്പാഞ്ഞി | pappāññi | /pap:a:ɲi/ | old man, Santa Claus | papaizinho | |||||
| പപ്പായ | pappāya | /pap:a:ja/ | papaya | papaia | |||||
| പലക | palaka | /palaga/ | board, a piece of wood | placa | |||||
| പാനോസ് | pānōsŭ | pa:n̪o:sɨ/ | Fabrication work | panos | |||||
| പാപ്പ | pāppa | /pa:pa/ | Pope | papa | |||||
| പാപ്പം | pāppaṁ | /pa:pam/ | food | papa | |||||
| പാര | pāra | /pa:ɾa/ | crow-bar, beam | barra | |||||
| പാറ്റ | pātta | /pa:rra/ | cockroach | barata | |||||
| പിസ്താശി | pistāśi | /pist̪a:ʃi/ | pistachio | pistache | |||||
| പീഞ്ഞ | pīñña | /pi:ɲa/ | pine tree sp. | pinha | |||||
| പീലാസ് | pīlāsŭ | /pi:la:sɨ/ | godchild | filha | |||||
| പുര്ത്തുഗാല് | purtugāl | /purt̪uga:l/}} | Portugal | Portugal | |||||
| പദ്രീഞ്ഞ | padrīñña | /pad̪ri:ɲa/ | godparents | padrinho | |||||
| പൂറ് | pūṟŭ | /pu:rɨ/ | vagina | furo | |||||
| പദ്രീഞ്ഞ | padrīñña | /pad̪ri:ɲa/ | godparents | padrinho | |||||
| പേന | pēna | /pe:n̪a/ | pen | pena | |||||
| പേര | pēra | /pe:ɾa/ | Psidium guajava | pera | |||||
| പോർക്ക് | pōrkkŭ | /po:rkɨ/ | pork | porco | |||||
| പ്രവിശ്യ | praviśya | /praʋiʃja/ | province | província | |||||
| പ്രാകുക | prākuka | /pra:guga/ | to curse | pragar | |||||
| ബത്തേരി | battēri | /bat̪:e:ri/ | battery | bateria | |||||
| ബർബര | barbara | /barbaɾa/ | barbarian | bárbara | |||||
| ബര്മ | barma | /barma/ | gimlet | verruma | |||||
| ബോര്മര | bōrma | /bo:rma/ | oven, furnace | forno | |||||
| മറുക് | maṟukŭ | /marugɨ/ | scar | marco | |||||
| മാമം | māmaṁ | /ma:mam/ | breast | mama | |||||
| മെത്രാപൊലീത്ത | metrāpolītta | /met̪ra:poli:ta/ | Metropolitan Bishop | metropolitan | |||||
| മേശ | mēśa | /me:ʃa/ | table | mesa | |||||
| മേസ്തിരി | mēstiri | /me:st̪iɾi/ | head of a masonry work | mestre | |||||
| രസീത് | rasītŭ | /ɾæsi:d̪ɨ/ | receipt | receito | |||||
| റാത്തല് | ṟāttal | /ra:tal/ | pound (weight) | arrátel | |||||
| റാന്തല് | ṟāntal | /ra:nd̪al/ | lantern | lanterna | |||||
| റേന്ത | ṟēnta | /re:nd̪a/ | lacework | renda | |||||
| റോന്ത് | ṟōntŭ | /ro:nd̪ɨ/ | patrol | rondo | |||||
| റോസ | ṟōsa | /ro:sa/ | Rosa sp. | rosa | |||||
| ലത്തീന് | lattīn | /lat̪:i:n | Latin | latim | |||||
| ലേലം | lēlaṁ | /le:lam/ | auction | leilão | |||||
| ലേസ് | lēsŭ | /le:sɨ/ | kerchief | lenço | |||||
| ളോഹ | ḷōha | /ɭo:ha/ | cassock | loba | |||||
| വങ്ക്/വക്ക് | vaṅkŭ/vakku | /ʋangɨ/ | edge, a kind of bench | banco | |||||
| വരാന്ത | varānta | /ʋaɾa:nd̪a/ | veranda | varanda | |||||
| വാത്ത | vātta | /ʋa:t̪:a/ | goose | pata | |||||
| വാര | vāra | /ʋa:ɾa/ | a yard (measure) | vara | |||||
| വിജാഗിരി | vijāgiri | /ʋid͡ʒa:giri/ | hinge | visagra | |||||
| വിനാഗിരി | vināgiri | /vin̪a:giri/ | vinegar | vinagre | |||||
| വീഞ്ഞ് | vīñŭ | /ʋi:ɲɨ/ | wine | vinho | |||||
| വീപ്പ | vīppa | /ʋi:pa/ | bottle, jar | pipa | |||||
| വെഞ്ചിരിക്കുക | veñcirikkuka | /ʋend͡ʒiɾikuga/ | to sacrament | benzer | |||||
| സവോള | savōḷa | /saʋo:ɭa/ | Allium cepa | cebola | |||||
| സാത്താന് | sāttān | /sa:t̪:a:n/ | Satan | Satã | |||||
| സെമിത്തേരി | semittēri | /semit̪:e:ɾi/ | cemetery | cemitério | |||||
| സെമിനാരി | semināri | /semin̪a:ɾi/ | Seminary | seminari |
The Portuguese language had also taken some words from Malayalam, and they should not be confused vice versa.
| Portuguese | Meaning | Original form | Malayalam transliteration |
|---|---|---|---|
| jaca | jackfruit | ചക്ക | chakka |
| manga | mango | മാങ്ങ | maanga |
| betel | Betel | വെറ്റില | vettila |
| teca | Teak | തേക്ക് | thekku |
| jagra | Jaggery | ചക്കര | chakkara |
Dutch[edit]
| Malayalam | Malayalam Romanization | IPA Pronunciation | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| അടുതാപ്പ് | aṭutāppŭ | /aɖud̪a:pɨ/ | Solanum tuberosum | aardappel |
| അപ്പോത്തിക്കരി | appōttikkari | /apo:t̪:ikaɾi/ | Pharmacist | apotheker |
| കക്കൂസ് | kakkūsŭ | /kaku:s/ | Toilet | kakhuis |
| കള്കം | kaḷkaṁ | /kaɭ:kam/ | Meleagris sp. | kalkoen |
| കാപ്പി | kāppi | /ka:pi/ | Coffea sp. | koffie |
| കോക്കി | kōkki | /ko:ki/ | cook | kokin |
| തപാല് | tapāl | /t̪aba:l/ | post | tapal |
| തേ | tē | /t̪e:/ | tea | thee |
English[edit]
| Malayalam | Malayalam Transliteration | Meaning | Original form |
|---|---|---|---|
| മദാമ്മ | Madaama | A woman of European decent, used in a derogatory manner | Madam/e |
| മാഷ് | Maash | Teacher, guru | Master |
See also[edit]
- Hindustani etymology
- List of loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil
- Sri Lankan Portuguese creole
- Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
- List of loanwords in Konkani
- List of loanwords in Gujarati
- Tamil loanwords in other languages
- List of loanwords in Indonesian
- Portuguese vocabulary
- List of English words of Dravidian origin
- List of English words of Indian origin
- List of English words of Arabic origin
References[edit]
- ↑ S. Kunjan Pillai (1965) – Malayalam Lexicon, pg xxii-xxiv
- ↑ A sacredlanguage is vanishing from State, The Hindu
- ↑ Prayer from the Past, India Today
- ↑ [1], NasraniFoundation
- ↑ Dalgado, Sebastião Rodolfo (1988). Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of Monsignor Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120604131.
- Borrowed words and pronunciation, Rajeev, Rediff
- A sacred language is vanishing from State, The Hindu
- Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature, Dr.K.M.George
Further reading[edit]
- Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
- Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
- Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.