Telugu-Kannada alphabet
Template:Infobox Writing system
The Telugu-Kannada script or Kannada–Telugu script was a writing system used in Southern India. Despite some significant differences, the scripts used for the Kannada and Telugu languages remain quite similar and highly mutually intelligible. Satavahanas and Chalukyas influenced the similarities between Kannada and Telugu scripts.[1]
HistoryEdit
The Dravidian family comprises about 73 languages including Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam. Satavahanas introduced the Brahmi to present-day Telugu and Kannada-speaking regions. Bhattiprolu script introduced by the Satavahanas gave rise to the Kadamba script.[2][3][4]
During the 6th to 8th centuries the early Badami Chalukyas and early Banavasi Kadambas used an early form of the Kadamba script in inscriptions.[5] When Chalukya empire extended towards Telugu speaking regions they established another branch in Vengi, namely the Eastern Chalukyas or the Chalukyas of Vengi who later introduced Kadamba script to Telugu language which developed into the Kannada-Telugu script which was used between the 7th and 11th centuries CE.[6]
Between 1100 CE and 1400 CE, the Kannada and Telugu scripts separated from the Kannada-Telugu script. Both the Kannada and Telugu scripts were standardized at the beginning of the nineteenth century.[7]
ComparisonEdit
The following sections visualize the difference between modern-day Kannada and Telugu styles.
ConsonantsEdit
| Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA | Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA | Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA | Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA | Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ಕ/క (ka) | /ka/ | ಖ/ఖ (kha) | /kʰa/ | ಗ/గ (ga) | /ɡa/ | ಘ/ఘ (gha) | /ɡʱa/ | ಙ/ఙ (ṅa) | /ŋa/ |
| ಚ/చ (ca) | /tʃa/ | ಛ/ఛ (cha) | /tʃʰa/ | ಜ/జ (ja) | /dʒa/ | ಝ/ఝ (jha) | /dʒʱa/ | ಞ/ఞ (ña) | /ɲa/ |
| ಟ/ట (ṭa) | /ʈa/ | ಠ/ఠ (ṭha) | /ʈʰa/ | ಡ/డ (ḍa) | /ɖa/ | ಢ/ఢ (ḍha) | /ɖʱa/ | ಣ/ణ (ṇa) | /ɳa/ |
| ತ/త (ta) | /t̪a/ | ಥ/థ (tha) | /t̪ʰa/ | ದ/ద (da) | /d̪a/ | ಧ/ధ (dha) | /d̪ʱa/ | ನ/న (na) | /n̪a/ |
| ಪ/ప (pa) | /pa/ | ಫ/ఫ (pha) | /pʰa/ | ಬ/బ (ba) | /ba/ | ಭ/భ (bha) | /bʱa/ | ಮ/మ (ma) | /ma/ |
| ಯ/య (ya) | /ja/ | ರ/ర (ra) | /ɾa/ | ಲ/ల (la) | /la/ | ವ/వ (va) | /ʋa/ | ಳ/ళ (ḷa) | /ɭa/ |
| ಶ/శ (sa/śa) | /ʃa/ | ಷ/ష (ṣa) | /ʂa/ | ಸ/స (sa) | /sa/ | ಹ/హ (ha) | /ha/ | ಱ/ఱ (ṟa) | /ra/ |
There is another legacy consonant ೞ/ఴ (ḻa) used to represent /ɻa/, but currently not in use.
VowelsEdit
Independent vowelsEdit
| Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA | Kannada/Telugu (ISO) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| ಅ/అ (a) | /a/ | ಆ/ఆ (ā) | /aː/ |
| ಇ/ఇ (i) | /i/ | ಈ/ఈ (ī) | /iː/ |
| ಉ/ఉ (u) | /u/ | ಊ/ఊ (ū) | /uː/ |
| ಋ/ఋ (r̥) | /ɾu/ | ೠ/ౠ (r̥̄) | /ɾuː/ |
| ಌ/ఌ (l̥) | /lu/ | ೡ/ౡ (l̥̄) | /lu:/ |
| ಎ/ఎ (e) | /e/ | ಏ/ఏ (ē) | /eː/ |
| ಒ/ఒ (o) | /o/ | ಓ/ఓ (ō) | /oː/ |
| ಐ/ఐ (ai) | /aj/ | ಔ/ఔ (au) | /aw/ |
NumeralsEdit
| Digit | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kannada | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೭ | ೮ | ೯ |
| Telugu | ౦ | ౧ | ౨ | ౩ | ౪ | ౫ | ౬ | ౭ | ౮ | ౯ |
UnicodeEdit
Although the alphabets for Kannada and Telugu languages could have been encoded under a single Unicode block with language-specific fonts to differentiate the styles, they were encoded separately by the governments due to socio-political reasons. Both the script variants were added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Citations
- ↑ "Evolution of Telugu Character Graphs". Retrieved 2013-07-22.
- ↑ The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAkshara Orthography 2019 p. 29 - ↑ Salomon 1998, pp. 35, 40.
- ↑ "Epigraphical Studies in India - Sanskrit and Dravidian, Scripts used in India, Scripts Abroad". Retrieved 2013-09-06.
- ↑ Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet a key to the history of mankind. p. 381.
- ↑ Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
Bibliography
