High-explosive squash head

High explosive squash head
HESH

Cross section of a 120 mm HESH round from the Arjun MBT

High explosive squash head (HESH) in British terminology, or high explosive plastic/plasticized (HEP) in American terminology, is a type of explosive projectile which utilizes a plastic explosive that conforms to the surface of a target before detonating, to improve the transfer of explosive energy to the target. Squash head projectiles are similar to high explosive projectiles and are well suited to many of the same targets. However, while HESH projectiles are not armour-piercing, they are capable of defeating armored targets by causing spall which can injure or kill a vehicle's occupants.

Design

External video

HESH round working principle animation at YouTube

HESH round comparison on YouTube

Function

HESH rounds are thin metal shells filled with inert material (like coal-tar pitch), plastic explosive and a delayed-action base fuze. Upon impacting, the inert material followed by plastic explosive is "squashed" against the surface of the target and spreads out to form a disc or "pat" of explosive. The inert material helps to prevent premature detonation of the plastic explosive and to sustain the impact pressure and temperature.

The base fuze then detonates the explosive milliseconds later, creating a shock wave that, owing to its large surface area and direct contact with the target, is transmitted through the material. In the case of the metal armour of a tank, the compression shock wave is conducted through the armour to the point where it reaches the metal-air interface (the hollow crew compartment), where some of the energy is reflected as a tension wave, a phenomenon called impulsive loading. At the point where the compression and tension waves intersect, a high-stress zone is created in the metal, causing pieces of steel to be projected off the interior wall at high velocity.

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  Shell design: charge, fuze, shell

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  Function of HESH-munition

Effect

This fragmentation by blast wave is known as scabbing or spalling, with the fragments themselves known as scabs or spall.

Depending upon the armour thickness, a heavy chunk of target material (4 to 10 kg for a standard 120 mm round) can separate out from the other end of the target with supersonic velocities. This spall is sufficient to permanently damage the essentials of tank, igniting the ammunition or fuel storage and severely damaging the crew to achieve a "total kill" of the target. In general, the higher the armour thickness, the higher the scab weight will be.

The fragmentation achieved by impulsive loading of armour block by an HESH round is more lethal compared to similar high explosive rounds.

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  Front and back side of armour block impacted by HESH rounds

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  Example of light spalling damage caused by HESH rounds

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  Example of heavy spalling damage caused by HESH rounds

Use

HESH rounds are mostly fired from guns with rifled barrels rather than smoothbore ones. Rifling decreases the penetrating power of HEAT warheads because the centrifugal force of the spinning projectile tends to disperse the shaped-charge jet, but this same effect can assist a HESH shell by increasing the surface area of contact, the higher the spinning the larger the spat contact patch will be. Unlike high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds, which are shaped-charge ammunition, HESH shells are not specifically designed to perforate the armour of main battle tanks. HESH shells rely instead on the transmission of the shock wave through the solid steel armour.

HESH ammunition has good general purpose use, being effective against most targets, though the round is generally used at relatively low velocities because high velocity excessively disperses the pat of explosive. While only effective against tanks without spaced armour or spall liners, the round is still favoured for combat demolition purposes. The flattened high-velocity explosive pat is capable of destroying concrete constructions much faster than a HEAT round (which is designed for armour penetration), and without the dangerous fragmentation of a traditional high-explosive (HE) fragmentation round.

History

HESH was developed by Dennistoun Burney in the 1940s for the UK's war effort, originally as an anti-fortification "wallbuster" munition for use against concrete. He also led British developments in recoilless rifles as a means to deliver the shell. An early application of the HESH principle was the AVRE's 165 mm demolition gun.

HESH was found to be surprisingly effective against metallic armour and concrete structures as well. It was widely used as a primary round in most of the large calibre rifled guns.

Users

Japanese 105 mm Type B HESH shell for the Royal Ordnance L7 rifled gun in use on the Type 74 tank

US Navy technicians building a munitions disposal for HESH (HEP) shells

HESH rounds were fielded primarily by the British Army as the main explosive round of its main battle tanks during the Cold War. It was also used by other military forces, particularly those that acquired the early post-World War II British 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7A1 tank gun, including Germany, India, Israel and Sweden.

Since the 1970s, HESH ammunition has increasingly fallen out of favour as armour designs have trended towards layered composites of hard metal and heat-resistant materials. This type of armour is a poor conductor of shock waves. Anti-spalling devices (spall liners), made of materials such as Kevlar, are commonly fitted to the interior surface of modern armoured vehicles to minimise spalling effects. Another reason for the declining use of HESH rounds is the preference of most armies for smoothbore guns due to the use of high power armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot which significantly decrease the rifled barrel life.

British Challenger 1 and Challenger 2 tanks, India's Arjun tank (which has the same rifled 120 mm gun as the UK's MBTs) use HESH rounds as their primary ammunition. Amongst other ammunition types, the Stryker Mobile Gun System variant is to be equipped with a 105 mm HESH round for demolition and bunker-busting purposes. Argentina's TAM medium tanks, Canada's Leopard C1 and Leopard C2 main battle tanks (all of which mount the same 105 mm gun as the Centurion), the Australian Leopard AS1 main battle tank, and the Chinese VT-4 main battle tank (which mounts a 125 mm smoothbore gun).

HESH rounds are also carried by armoured engineer vehicles; they are typically intended for use against fortifications rather than armoured fighting vehicles. A 165 mm HESH round is used by the United States Army for the main gun of the M728 combat engineer vehicle, an M60 tank equipped with a bulldozer blade. Similarly, the UK's Centurion AVRE was equipped with a short 165 mm gun solely for a 29 kg HESH shell.

See also

• Munroe effect
• High-explosive incendiary