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Edward Winter Clark
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Edward Winter Clark (E. W. Clark) (February 5, 1830[1] – June 24, 1913) was an American missionary known for his pioneering missionary work in Nagaland, for setting up the first school in the hills, and for his Ao language dictionary and grammar.[1] Clark's wife, Mary Mead Clark, documented their experience in Assam and the Naga Hills in A Corner in India. The Clarks are buried in the Island Cemetery in the town of Amenia in Dutchess County, New York.
Early life[edit]
Clark was born on February 5, 1830 in Dutchess County, New York, and baptized into the Baptist faith at age 14. He attended Worcester Academy from 1839 to 1841, earned his master's degree from Brown University in 1857, and was ordained a preacher in 1859.[2] Like Clark, his wife, Mary Mead, was also from an Amenia, New York family.[3]
Ministry in Nagaland[edit]
Clark arrived in Molungkimong (an Ao Naga village in the Mokokchung district of Nagaland) on 2 March 1876 to set up the first christian mission in the Naga Hills.[1] During their stay at Sibsagar the Clarks had opportunity of meeting some Nagas roaming in search of food. The Clarks developed a burden for the Nagas and wrote to the Home Mission Board in 1871: "Tribe upon tribe of Nagas are accessible to the Gospel. It is certainly painful for us at Sibsagar to be unable to lift our eyes without seeing these hills and thinking of them who have no knowledge of Christ."[4]
Clark sent an evangelist name Gudhola Brown to penetrate the Naga Hills. The evangelist came down with nine others and they were baptized by Clark on November 11, 1872. Clark was at this time not permitted to enter Nagaland by the British Government and his own mission board was hesitant to approve his plan to enter the Naga Hills. On December 22, 1872 Clark organized the First Baptist Church at Molungkimong in Nagaland.
It was an important day in Naga history when the first Baptist Church was formed. It is no wonder Clark knew his calling would henceforth be with the Nagas. "'I believe I have found my life-work,' exclaimed Mr. Clark, as he entered the old press bungalow on his return from his twelve days' absence in the wilds of barbarism."[5]
The glorious moment for Clark was not without troubles. The village became divided over the new religion. Some felt that Clark could not be trusted because he had the same white face as the British military. The Nagas opposed anything that would promote alliance with the encroaching British power. Clark was determined to dedicate himself to the people and trust the Lord alone for protection.
Clark concentrated on developing a good knowledge of the local language, their character and medicine. These skills proved helpful in soul winning and opened doors in many homes. Clark also would encourage the Nagas to pray for the sick and the recovery of a sick person would lead to a renunciation of animistic sacrifice.
In 1894 Mulong became the center of missions to further the evangelization of the Naga tribes. Mulong is the first Christian village in Nagaland. Then in a later year Clark moved his mission center to Impur which is now known as Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang.[6]
In 1905 Clark saw a record one hundred and ninety baptisms. The work was truly blessed of God but Clark saw that better days were yet ahead. The Nagas were well aware that to accept Christianity would mean drastic changes in their social life. "Adherents of the old, cruel faith were quick to see that the gospel of peace and love would rapidly empty their skull houses and put to rout most of the old customs handed down from forefathers, for whom they held the greatest reverence. The missionaries presence and his teaching had spread like wildfire from mountain peak to peak and everywhere was fostered the suspicious spirit. Clark died on June 24, 1913 at age 83."[7]
Legacy[edit]
Christianity brought an end to the practice of headhunting and destroyed most of the traditional culture and oral knowledge of the various Naga tribes. Clark's vision for a Christian Nagaland came true, with the high price of destroying the Naga's indigenous culture. By 1980 the Naga population was 572,742 and the Baptist population was 185,987.[8]
Today the Census of India, puts the numbers of Christians to more than 90% of the population of Nagaland thus making it, with Meghalaya and Mizoram, one of the three Christian-majority states in India and the only state where Christians form 90% of the population. Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist state in the world."[9]
Archives[edit]
A biographer of Clark conducting archival research at the American Baptist Historical Society at the Mission Center noted that much of Clark's correspondence was difficult to read, "written on both sides of onion skin paper".[10]:262
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jamir, Imliwabang (March 11, 2016). Vocation in Christ: Naga Christian Theology in Conversation with Karl Barth. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
- ↑ Bendangjungshi (2011). Confessing Christ in the Naga Context: Towards a Liberating Ecclesiology. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-3-643-90071-5.
- ↑ "Historical societies host special event April 10". Poughkeepsie Journal. April 9, 2015.
- ↑ M. M. Clark, A corner of India (Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1907): p59
- ↑ Clark, A Corner in India: p 15
- ↑ Jamir, A Study on Nagaland: p 18
- ↑ Jamir, A Study on Nagaland: p 168
- ↑ Joseph Puthenpurakal, Baptist Missions in Nagaland (Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1984): p 255
- ↑ Olson, C. Gordon (2003). What in the World Is God Doing. Cedar Knolls, NJ: Global Gospel Publishers. ISBN 9780962485053. Retrieved March 24, 2020 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Vibha Joshi (September 15, 2012). A Matter of Belief: Christian Conversion and Healing in North-East India. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-595-6.
Bibliography[edit]
- Kijung L. Ao, Nokinketer Muncgchen (Impur: Nagaland, Ao Baptist Arogo Mungdang, 1972)
- A. C. Bowers, Under Headhunters' Eyes (Philadelphia: Judson Press, 1929)
- F. S. Downs, Christianity in North East India (Delhi, Ispeck: 1976)
- Tegenfelt, A Century of Growth