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Adalaj Stepwell
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| Adalaj Stepwell | |
|---|---|
 Interior of Adalaj Stepwell | |
  Location within Ahmedabad  Adalaj Stepwell (Gujarat) | |
Interior of Adalaj Stepwell | |
| General information | |
| Architectural style | Hindu and Islamic architecture |
| Town or city | Gandhinagar |
| Country | India |
| Coordinates | 23°10′01″N 72°34′49″E / 23.16691°N 72.58024°E |
| Construction started | 1499 |
| Completed | 15th century |
| Technical details | |
| Size | Five storied Deep well |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect | Local |
Adalaj Stepwell or Rudabai Stepwell[1] is a stepwell located in the village of Adalaj, close to Ahmedabad city and in Gandhinagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat, and considered a fine example of Indian architecture work. It was built in 1498 in the memory of Rana Veer Singh (the Vaghela dynasty of Dandai Des), by his wife Queen Rudadevi.
Introduction to stepwells[edit]
While in Gujarati and Marwari language, the stepwell is called a vav, (leading down to the level of water), in other Hindi-speaking regions of North India it is known as a baoli (also spelt, 'bawdi', 'bawri' and 'bavadi').[2]
Step wells like the one in Adalaj were once integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat, as they provided water for drinking, washing and bathing. These wells were also venues for colourful festivals and sacred rituals.[3][4][5][6]
Stepwells, also called stepped ponds, built between the 5th and 19th centuries, are common in Western India; over 120 such wells are reported in the semi-arid region of Gujarat alone, of which the well at Adalaj is one of the most popular. Stepwells are also found in more arid regions of the Indian subcontinent, extending into Pakistan, to collect rainwater during seasonal monsoons. While many such structures are utilitarian in construction, they sometimes include significant architectural embellishments, as in the Adalaj stepwell, which attracts a large number of tourists. In the past, these stepwells were frequented by travellers and caravans as stopovers along trade routes.[3][5][6][7]
The first rock-cut step wells in India are dated from 200-400 AD. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625) and construction of stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950) took place.[8]
The city of Mohenjo-daro has wells, which may be the predecessor of the step well; as many as 700 wells have been discovered in just one section of the city, leading scholars to believe that 'cylindrical brick lined wells' were invented by the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.[3][5][9] Between third and second millennium BC, at the 'Great Bath', at the site of Mohenjodaro of the Harappan civilization, filling of water was achieved from a large well located in one of the rooms in front of the open courtyard of the building–complex.[10]
While early stepwells were made of stone, later step wells were made of mortar, stucco, rubble and laminar stones. The well cylinder was the basic form used to deepen the wells. It is also inferred that the Stepwells in Gujarat have survived so long in view of the builder's knowledge of the soil conditions and the earthquake proneness of the region.[11]
The well size recommended, based on considerations of stability, was of four to thirteen hasta ('hasta' a Sanskrit word, which means "forearm" of size varying from 12–24 inches (300–610 mm)), A size of eight hasta was considered ideal and a 13 hasta well was considered dangerous. However, the well thickness from top to bottom remained generally uniform.[12] By the 11th century, the step well planning and design acquired architectural excellence and the Hindu Stepwells were standardized.[13]
History[edit]
The Adalaj step well or 'Vav', as it is called in Gujarati, is intricately carved and is five stories deep. It was built in 1498. The history of the Adalaj step-well is established by an inscription in Sanskrit found on a marble slab positioned in a recess on the first floor, from the eastern entry to the well. Its construction was started by Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty of Dandai Desh. But he was killed in a war, whereafter the Muslim king Mahmud Begada of a neighbouring state built it in Indo-Islamic architectural style, in 1499.[6][14][15]
The Sanskrit inscription in the stepwell describes,[16]
"Samvat 1555 (1498 AD), month of Magha, Mahmud Padshah being king.
"Salutation to Vinayaka (Ganesha) to whose race belonged King Mokala, chief of the country of Dandahi. From him was born Karna, whose son was Mularaja. Mahipa was Mularaja's son, and Virsinh and Naisha were the sons of Mahipa. Virsinh's queen, whose name is Rooda, has constructed this well.
"It is dedicated at this time – when the sun is in the north, the month is Magha, the bright half (Shukla Paksha), the 5th day, the day of the week, Wednesday, the lunar mansion – Uttara, Karana-Bava, the yoga – Siddhi."
Then follows a glowing description of the well, after which the queen, or rather lady of the chief, is praised in a few verses; the expense is stated at 5,00,111 tankas, or over five lakhs, and the whole ends with a repetition of the date as given above.[16]
The cultural and architectural depiction in the deep wells at various levels are a tribute to the history of step wells, built initially by Hindus and subsequently ornamented and blended with Islamic architecture during the Muslim rule.[5]
Legend[edit]
As per legend the 15th century, Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty, a Hindu ruler, reigned over this territory known at that time as Dandai Desh. His kingdom was a small one. It was subject to water shortage and was highly dependent on the rains. To alleviate the misery of his people, the Rana began the construction of a large and deep stepwell.
Before this project could be completed, his kingdom was attacked by Mohammed Begda, the Muslim ruler of a neighboring kingdom. The Rana king was killed in battle and his territory was occupied by the Mohammed Begda. Rana Veer Singh's widow, a beautiful lady known as Rani Roopba (or Roodabai), wanted to perform Sati and join her husband in the afterlife. However, Begada prevented her from giving up her own life and proposed marriage with the dowager.
She agreed to a marriage proposal on the condition that he would first complete the building of the stepwell. The Muslim king who was deeply enamoured of the queen's beauty agreed to the proposal and built the well in record time. Once the well was completed, Begda reminded the queen of her promise to marry him. Instead, the queen who had achieved her objective of completing the stepwell started by her husband, decided to end her life. She circumambulated the stepwell with prayers and jumped into the well, ending the saga of building the well in tragedy.[6][15]
One version which is narrated in the 200 years old scriptures of Swaminarayan sect suggests that before she died, Rani Roopba requested religious saints to take bath in this stepwell so that the water in the stepwell gets purified by these saints thereby delivering her from her sins.
Another is linked to the tombs found near the well. The tombs of six masons who built the well are seen near the Vav. Begda asked the Masons if they could build another similar well and when they agreed Begda sentenced them to death instead. Begda was so impressed by the architectural excellence of the stepwell that he did not want a replica to be built.[6]
Structure[edit]
Built in sandstone in the Solanki architectural style, the Adalaj stepwell is five stories deep. It is octagonal in plan at the top, built on intricately carved large number of pillars. Each floor is spacious enough to provide for people to congregate.[6] It was dug deep to access groundwater at that level, accounting for seasonal fluctuations in water level due to rainfall over the years. The air and light vents in the roofs at various floors and at the landing level are in the form of large openings. From the first story level, three staircases lead to the bottom water level of the well, which is considered a unique feature. Built along a north–south axis, entrance is from the south, the three staircases are from the south, west and east directions leading to the landing, which is on the northern side of the well. Four small rooms with oriel windows decorated with minutely carved brackets are provided at the landing level, at the four corners. The structural system is typically Indian style with traditional trabeat with horizontal beams and lintels. At the bottom of the well is a square stepped floor in the shape of a funnel extending to the lowest plane. This is chiseled into a circular well. Above the square floor, columns, beams, wall and arched openings spiral around; a feature that continues to the top. The top part of the well, however, is a vertical space open to the sky. The four corners of the square are strengthened with stone beams, set at 45 degrees angle.[3]
The motifs of flowers and graphics of Islamic architecture blend very well with the symbols of Hindu and Jain gods carved at various levels of the well. The dominant carvings on the upper floors are of elephants (3 inches (76 mm) in size, each of different design). The Islamic architectural style could be attributed to the Muslim king Begda who built it. The walls are carved with women performing daily chores such as churning of buttermilk, adorning themselves, scenes of performance of dancers and musicians, and the King overlooking all these activities.[4][6][7][14][15]
An interesting depiction carved from a single block of stone is of the Ami Khumbor (symbolic pot of the water of life) and the Kalp Vriksha (a tree of life). Also seen is a fresco of navagraha or nine planets. These depictions are said to attract villagers for worship during marriage and other ritualistic ceremonies.[4][6]
The temperature inside the well is said to be about five degrees lower than the outside hot summer temperatures. This encouraged the women who came to fetch water to spend more time in the cool climes here. They stayed to worship the gods and goddesses and gossip.[4][6]
A tribute paid to the rich underground structures, which are intricately decorated with sculptures, is that they are said to resemble palaces.[2]
Tourist information[edit]
The Adalaj step-well is a popular tourist attraction of the Gandhinagar city and is situated 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Ahmedabad city.[7] It is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Gandhinagar, the capital city of Gujarat.[6]
Ahmedabad is well connected by road, rail and air links with the rest of the country. The international airport at Ahmedabad, known as the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport, has flights operating to several countries. Gandhinagar is the railway station closest to the stepwell.[4]
Women bringing water in the 1870s
Upper storey of the stepwell.
Adalaj stepwell
Ceiling on the well
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Editor (11 January 2018). "All you need to know about Adalaj Ni Vav,Gandhinagar". Ashaval.com. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent: A Glossary". Stepwell. Indo-Arch.org. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Takezawa, Suichi. "Stepwells -Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj" (PDF). The Diverse Architectural World of The Indian Sub-Continent. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "The Adlaj Stepwell". Gujarat Tourim. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Ancient Step-wells of India". Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 "Adlaj Vav - An Architectural Marvel". Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Adlaj Vav Step Well (built 1499)". Asian Historical Architecture. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ Livingston p.xxiii and p.211
- ↑ Livingston p. 19
- ↑ "Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective". Infinity foundation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
- ↑ Livingston p.51-52
- ↑ Livingston p.52-53
- ↑ Livingston p.54-55
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Stepping into A Rich History". Architecture Caribbean. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Step-wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan". Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Burgess; Murray (1874). "The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur". Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana. Bourne and Shepherd. p. 17. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
- Livingston, Morna (2002). Steps to water: the ancient stepwells of India, p211, Princeton Architecture Press, ISBN 1-56898-324-7, ISBN 978-1-56898-324-0.