2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake

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2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
2023 Turkey Earthquake Damage.jpg
A collapsed mall in Diyarbakır, Turkey, 300 km (200 mi) from the epicenter
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake is located in Turkey
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake is located in Mediterranean
2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
UTC time2023-02-06 01:17:35
ISC event625613033
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date6 February 2023 (2023-02-06)
Local time04:17 TRT (UTC+3)
MagnitudeMww 7.8
Depth17.9 km (11 mi)
Epicentre37°10′26″N 37°01′55″E / 37.174°N 37.032°E / 37.174; 37.032Coordinates: 37°10′26″N 37°01′55″E / 37.174°N 37.032°E / 37.174; 37.032
TypeStrike-slip
Areas affectedMiddle East, especially central and southern Turkey and western Syria
Max. intensityIX (Violent)
TsunamiYes
AftershocksAt least 243 (by 7 February morning)[1]
More than 100 with a Mw 4.0 or greater[2]
Largest: Mww  7.5 at 13:24 TRT (UTC+3), 6 February 2023
CasualtiesMore than 8,700 dead, more than 40,760 injured [needs update]
  • More than 6,230 dead and 37,010 injured in Turkey
  • More than 2,470 dead and 3,750 injured in Syria

On 6 February 2023, an earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and western Syria.[3][4] It occurred 38 km (24 mi) west of the city of Gaziantep at 04:17 TRT (01:17 UTC),[5] causing widespread damage and thousands of fatalities in the region. With a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) and a magnitude of at least Mww 7.8, the earthquake is tied with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake as the strongest recorded earthquake to hit Turkey in modern times and the deadliest earthquake to strike the country since the 1999 İzmit earthquake.[6] It is also one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in the history of Syria and Levant.

The earthquake was followed by numerous aftershocks, including an unusually powerful Mww 7.5. More than 8,700 deaths have been reported in total; 6,234 were killed in Turkey[7] and 2,470 in Syria.[8] Figures in both countries are projected to rise dramatically, particularly those in Syria where relief efforts face severe problems.

Tectonic setting[edit]

Geology[edit]

Map of the Anatolian Plate, featuring the East Anatolian Fault

The location of the earthquake places it within the vicinity of a triple junction between the Anatolian, Arabian, and African plates. The mechanism and location of the earthquake is consistent with it having occurred on either the East Anatolian Fault zone or the Dead Sea Transform Fault Zone. The East Anatolian Fault accommodates the westward extrusion of Turkey into the Aegean Sea, while the Dead Sea Transform accommodates the northward motion of the Arabia peninsula relative to the Africa and Eurasia plates.[9]

The East Anatolian Fault is a 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) sinistral transform fault which forms the boundary between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The fault displays slip rates that decrease from the east at 10 mm (0.39 in) per year to the west where it is 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) per year. The fault produced large earthquakes in 1789 (Mw  7.2), 1795 (Mw  7.0), 1872 (Mw  7.2), 1874 (Mw  7.1), 1875 (Mw  6.7), 1893 (Mw  7.1) and 2020 (Mw  6.8). These earthquakes ruptured individual segments of the fault. The seismically active Palu and Pütürge segments in the east display a recurrence interval of about 150 years for M 6.8–7.0 earthquakes. The Pazarcık and Amanos segments in the west have recurrence intervals of 237–772 years and 414–917 years, respectively for M 7.0–7.4 earthquakes.[10]

The Dead Sea Transform extends north–south from the Red Sea to the Marash Triple Junction where it meets the East Anatolian Fault.[11] The northern part of the left-lateral strike-slip fault, in southern Turkey, was the source of at least 14 large historical earthquakes. It most recently produced two large-magnitude earthquakes in 1822 and 1872. The 1872 earthquake killed at least 1,800 people. Earthquakes in 115, 526, 587, 1170 and 1822 resulted in several tens of thousands to several hundred thousand fatalities, respectively.[12]

Seismicity[edit]

The region where the 6 February earthquakes occurred is relatively quiet seismologically. Only three earthquakes of magnitude 6 or larger have occurred within 250 km (160 mi) of the 6 February earthquakes since 1970. The largest of these, a magnitude 6.7, occurred northeast of the 6 February earthquake on 24 January 2020. All of these earthquakes occurred along or in the vicinity of the East Anatolia fault. Despite the relative seismic quiescence of the epicentral area of the 6 February quake, southern Turkey and northern Syria have experienced significant and damaging earthquakes in the past. Aleppo, the second-largest city in Syria, was devastated several times historically by large earthquakes, though the precise locations and magnitudes of these earthquakes can only be estimated. Aleppo was struck by an estimated magnitude 7.1 earthquake in 1138 and an estimated magnitude 7.0 earthquake in 1822. Fatality estimates of the 1822 earthquake were 20,000–60,000.[9] In 1114, the city of Marash suffered an earthquake which killed all of the city's 40,000 inhabitants.[13] Major earthquakes affecting the Middle East in 856, 1033 and 1754 have resulted in 200,000, 70,000 and 40,000 deaths, respectively.[14]

Earthquakes[edit]

Mainshock[edit]

Seismogram of the Mww 7.8 earthquake
Seismogram of the Mww 7.5 earthquake
Seismograms of the mainshock (left / top) and the Mww 7.5 aftershock (right / bottom)

The earthquake struck at 01:17 UTC. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measured it at moment magnitude (Mww ) 7.8, while GEOSCOPE reported a magnitude of 8.0 Mw,[15] and the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) measured it at Mw  7.8.[16] It had an epicenter 34 km (21 mi)[5] west of Gaziantep in Gaziantep Province, which is near the border with Syria. It is the strongest ever recorded in Turkey, equaling the 1939 Erzincan earthquake,[17] possibly being surpassed only by the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake.[18][19] and globally the largest recorded since August 2021.[20]

The shock had a focal mechanism corresponding to shallow strike-slip faulting.[9] Rupture occurred on either a northwest–southeast striking, northeast dipping or northwest–southeast striking, northwest dipping fault.[15] The USGS estimated a rupture dimension of ~190 km (120 mi) long and ~25 km (16 mi) wide.[9] A professor of geophysics at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia said the earthquake may have ruptured over 300 km (190 mi) of fault.[20] It is thought to have ruptured sections of the East Anatolian Fault and Dead Sea Transform.[21]

A source model produced by the USGS indicated the earthquake ruptured two fault segments for a combined length exceeding 360 km (220 mi). The rupture occurred on an approximately 60 km (37 mi), north–south striking, east dipping fault near the Mediterranean Coast. An approximately 300 km (190 mi) segment striking northeast–southwest also ruptured. The mainshock produced a maximum slip of 3.4 m (11 ft).[9]

Aftershocks[edit]

An aftershock measuring Mww  6.7 occurred about 11 minutes after the mainshock.[22] There were 25 aftershocks Mw 4.0 or greater recorded within six hours of the main tremor, according to the USGS. More than 12 hours later, the USGS had reported at least 54 aftershocks of 4.3 or greater magnitude, while the Turkish Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) recorded at least 120 aftershocks.[23]

A strong ground motion map of the mainshock
A strong ground motion map of the Mww 7.5 aftershock
Strong ground motion maps of the mainshock (left / top) and the Mww  7.5 aftershock (right / bottom)


There was a major aftershock measuring Mww  7.5, or Mw  7.7 according to GEOSCOPE,[24] and the GCMT.[16] It struck at 10:24 UTC with an epicenter 4 km (2.5 mi) north–northeast of Elbistan in Kahramanmaraş Province. It ruptured along an east–west striking, north dipping or north–south striking, east dipping strike-slip fault.[24] The USGS said the earthquake may have ruptured a separate fault with dimensions of ~120 km (75 mi) long and ~18 km (11 mi) wide,[25] and many early reports described it as a separate earthquake rather than an aftershock. The fault responsible is not part of the East Anatolian Fault.[21] It was followed by two additional mb 6.0 aftershocks.

A scientist at the Seismology Research Centre in Australia said small-magnitude aftershocks can be expected to continue for a year. However, aftershocks that can cause strong shaking could continue in the days to weeks after the mainshock.[26]

Aftershocks of Mw  5.0 or greater
Date Time (UTC) M MMI Depth Ref.
6 February 01:26 5.6 VII 17.0 km (10.6 mi) [27]
6 February 01:28 6.7 VIII 14.5 km (9.0 mi) [22]
6 February 01:36 5.6 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [28]
6 February 01:58 5.1 – 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [29]
6 February 02:03 5.5 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [30]
6 February 02:23 5.2 IV 11.4 km (7.1 mi) [31]
6 February 04:18 5.0 VI 14.5 km (9.0 mi) [32]
6 February 10:24 7.5 IX 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [25]
6 February 10:26 6.0 VII 20.1 km (12.5 mi) [33]
6 February 10:35 5.8 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [34]
6 February 10:51 5.7 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [35]
6 February 11:01 5.0 VI 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [36]
6 February 11:05 5.2 IV 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [37]
6 February 12:02 6.0 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [38]
6 February 13:07 5.0 VII 17.1 km (10.6 mi) [39]
6 February 13:39 5.1 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [40]
6 February 13:44 5.0 VI 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [41]
6 February 15:14 5.3 V 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [42]
6 February 15:33 5.2 – 8.8 km (5.5 mi) [43]
6 February 16:43 5.0 VI 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [44]
6 February 18:04 5.3 VI 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [45]
6 February 20:38 5.3 III 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [46]
6 February 20:44 5.0 – 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [47]
6 February 21:58 5.1 II 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [48]
7 February 03:13 5.5 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [49]
7 February 07:11 5.4 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [50]
7 February 10:18 5.4 VII 10.0 km (6.2 mi) [51]
7 February 15:48 5.0 VII 8.3 km (5.2 mi) [52]
7 February 18:10 5.3 IV 18.1 km (11.2 mi) [53]

Damage and casualties[edit]

In Turkey[edit]

Casualties by Turkish province[54][55]
Province Deaths Injuries Ref
Adana 167 3,993
Adıyaman 896 400
Batman 0 20
Diyarbakır 120 854
Elazığ 5 379
Gaziantep 504 4,809
Hatay 1,647 6,200
Kahramanmaraş 1,343 5,000
Kilis 22 518
Malatya 201 4,900
Osmaniye 502 2,173
Şanlıurfa 127 2,551

In Turkey, a total of at least 6,234 people across 10 provinces died and an additional 37,011 were injured.[7] At least 13.5 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. Thousands were trapped under rubble when buildings collapsed.[56] Some of those trapped livestreamed their pleas for help on social media.[57]

Provinces significantly affected by the earthquake

Around 11,302 buildings collapsed in 10 provinces across Turkey.[58] Many buildings were destroyed in Adıyaman and Diyarbakır,[59] where a shopping mall collapsed.[60] Diyarbakır Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was also partly destroyed.[61] The governor of Osmaniye reported 34 buildings in the province had collapsed.[62]

There were 167 deaths and 3,993 injured in Adana Province.[54] Two apartment buildings, including one 17 stories high, collapsed, killing at least 10 people, with Adana city receiving a total of 58 deaths and 720 injuries.[63][64]

At least 201 fatalities and 4,900 injuries were reported in Malatya Province.[54] At least 300 buildings were razed in Malatya. The ceiling of Malatya Erhaç Airport experienced a partial collapse,[65] as did the historic Yeni Camii mosque.[66]

In Gaziantep Province, at least 504 people were killed and 4,809 others were injured.[54] Many historical sites were significantly damaged, such as Gaziantep Castle[67][68] and Şirvani Mosque.[69]

The wreckage of a collapsed building, Galeria Business Center, Diyarbakır, Turkey

In Hatay Province, 1,647 people died, 6,200 were injured,[54][70] and an unknown number of people were trapped beneath the rubble of collapsed buildings.[71] At least 1,200 buildings in Antakya, and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed.[70] The runway of Hatay Airport was split and uplifted, leading to flight cancellations.[72] Two provincial hospitals and a police station were destroyed,[73] and a gas pipeline exploded.[74] The building that was the assembly of Hatay State was destroyed.[75] In Antakya's Güzelburç district, several dozen buildings were destroyed.[76] In the city's central and Cebrail districts, where many buildings have been around for 40–50 years, nearly every house collapsed.[70] Most of the squad and coaching staff of the local football club Hatayspor were initially trapped in the collapse of their headquarters in Antakya before being rescued, with Ghanaian winger Christian Atsu, pulled out after more than a day "with injuries", while sporting director Taner Savut was confirmed to still be under the rubble.[77]

At İskenderun, an industrial city in Hatay Province, a large fire broke out at the port,[78] forcing the port's closure and the diversion of many ships. Many cargo containers were burning and a large plume of smoke was observed. Dozens of shipping containers at the port toppled. The blaze was first reported on 6 February at 17:00 local time. There were unsuccessful attempts to put out the fire on the night of 6 February. The source was believed to be a container carrying flammable industrial oil.[79] The fire was extinguished by the coast guard on 7 February.[80] Flooding occurred at the city shoreline, inundating streets as much as 200 m (660 ft) inland.[81]. The Cathedral of the Annunciation, seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Anatolia, was almost completely destroyed.[82]

In Kahramanmaraş, there were at least 1,343 deaths and 5,000 injuries were confirmed in the city.[54][83] The Interior Ministry later confirmed that 941 buildings there had totally collapsed.[84]

Wreckage cleanup in Diyarbakir

In Musabeyli, Kilis Province, at least 14 people died and 244 others were injured.[85] In Osmaniye Province, at least 502 people died, 2,173 people were injured and 101 buildings collapsed.[54][86] In Adıyaman Province, 896 people died and over 400 were injured,[54] while over 600 buildings collapsed, including Adıyaman's city hall.[87] In Şanlıurfa Province, 127 people were killed, 2,551 were injured and nineteen buildings collapsed.[54][88]

In Kızıltepe District, Mardin Province, a woman died of a heart attack upon experiencing the quake.[89] In Batman Province, 20 people were injured, one of them seriously, two houses collapsed and 38 others were damaged.[90] In Bingöl Province, several houses cracked and some livestock were killed by collapsing barns.[91] Five people died and 379 were injured,[54] while an unoccupied apartment building was damaged, and later collapsed after the second mainshock in Elazığ.[92] In Sivas Province, an adobe house and another building were damaged by the tremors.[93] Three Turkish soldiers also died during rescue operations.[94] In Diyarbakır Province, there were 92 deaths and 770 injured.[55][95]

Those confirmed deceased included member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for Adıyaman Yakup Taş,[96] and Yeni Malatyaspor goalkeeper Ahmet Eyüp Türkaslan, who was killed by rubble from a collapsed building.[97]

In Syria[edit]

At least 2,470 people[8] were killed and 3,749 were injured in Syria.[98][99] The Syrian Ministry of Health recorded over 1,062 earthquake-related deaths and 1,449 injuries in the provinces of Aleppo, Idlib, Latakia, Hama and Tartus.[98][100][20][101] More than 200 died in the cities of Aleppo, Hama and Latakia.[102][103] In rebel-held areas, at least 1,020 people died, while 2,200 others were injured.[98][104][105][106]

In the village of Atme, 11 people died and many residents were buried.[107][108] In addition, civilians were stuck under the rubble for hours due to the lack of rescue teams in several villages such as Atarib, Besnia, Jindires, Maland, Salqin and Sarmada.[109][110][111] In Latakia, at least 150 people died and 350 others were injured.[112] 17 people were killed and 23 injured in Hama.[113]

The President of the Syrian American Medical Society, Amjad Rass, said emergency rooms were packed with injured.[114] In Idlib Governorate, a hospital received 30 bodies.[115] A further 1,089 were injured in government-controlled areas, while in rebel-controlled areas the number of injured stood at 419.[106][116] Footballer Nader Joukhadar, who played for the national team, was killed alongside his son when their home collapsed in Jableh.[117][118]

According to the International Rescue Committee, the earthquake struck when rebel-held areas were preparing for a blizzard and experiencing a cholera outbreak.[119] In Aleppo, Syria's second largest city, 46 buildings collapsed.[120] The Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums said various archeological sites across the city were extensively cracked or collapsed.[121] The minaret of the Grand Mosque in Kobanî was also damaged.[122] In Atarib, Aleppo, the Syrian American Medical Society hospital said 120 bodies were recovered.[123] In Rajo, a prison facility experienced cracked walls and doors. At least 20 prisoners, believed to be Islamic State members, escaped the facility.[124]

In Hama, an eight-story building collapsed, trapping 125 people inside.[120] In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[125][126] Many buildings in Syria had already been damaged by an almost 12-year-long civil war.[127] The Crusader-built castle Margat suffered damage, with part of a tower and parts of some walls collapsing.[125] The Citadel of Aleppo was also affected.[128] A total of 490 adobe buildings had partially or fully collapsed, while thousands of others were damaged in northwestern Syria.[120] In Jindires, at least 50 homes were razed; among the deaths were a family of 7—the only survivor was a newborn.[129]

Foreign casualties[edit]

Casualties by country, all nationalities
Country Deaths
 Palestine 55
 Lebanon 7
 Ukraine 2
 Azerbaijan 1
 Georgia 1
 Uzbekistan 1
 Morocco 1

At least 55 Palestinians were killed in both Turkey and Syria during the quake.[130][131] Four Lebanese nationals were also killed in both countries: two victims were from Tripoli and died in Latakia, while the two others were from Wadi Khaled and died in Gaziantep.[132] A citizen from Georgia[133] and a Moroccan woman died in Antakya,[134] while a citizen from Uzbekistan was killed in Malatya; thirteen Uzbeks remained missing.[135] Two Ukrainians[136] and an Azerbaijani woman were also killed in Turkey.[137]

An Italian man is missing in Turkey and reported under debris.[138] Three British nationals are also missing, as announced by Foreign Secretary James Cleverly during a Commons session in Parliament.[139] A man with a dual Bulgarian-Turkish citizenship was also reported missing in İskenderun.[140] On 7 February, one more Bulgarian was confirmed missing in Hatay Province.[141] On February 8, three Philippine nationals were also confirmed missing in Hatay.[142] Four Australians were declared missing, according to its foreign affairs department.[143]

Effects in other countries[edit]

In Lebanon, residents were awakened from their sleep. Buildings in the country shook for up to 40 seconds. In Beirut, residents fled their homes and stayed in streets or drove in their vehicles to flee from buildings. Overall, the earthquake's impact on Lebanon was limited, with some buildings damaged in the cities of Tripoli, Miniyeh, El Mina, and Bourj Hammoud, and one house collapsed in Rashaya.[125][144][145][146]

In Ashdod, Israel, a building was evacuated after cracks were observed on a pillar,[147] and in Nicosia, Cyprus, some windows cracked,[148] and the wall of a house collapsed, damaging two nearby vehicles.[149]

The European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre said shaking was felt in Armenia, Egypt, Georgia, Greece, Iraq, Jordan, Israel and Russia. In Iraq, fans, frames and other hanging objects were heavily shaking.[150][151][152] There, many residents stayed outdoors while waiting for an announcement that it was safe to return to their homes. An aftershock hit hours later, causing buildings to be evacuated. No deaths or injuries have been reported.[153]

Tremors were detected in Greenland, 5,509 km (3,423 mi) from the earthquake's epicenter, and also in Denmark, according to the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland.[154][155]

Estimations of losses[edit]

According to a professor of geophysics at the Kandilli Observatory, the death toll could be similar to the 1999 İzmit earthquake, in which 18,373 people died.[156] On 6 February, when the death toll was over 3,400, the World Health Organization warned that it could be 8 times higher, possibly reaching as high as 20,000 casualties due to complications stemming from aftershocks and sub-freezing conditions.[157][158]

The United States Geological Survey PAGER service estimated a 34 percent probability of economic losses between US$1 billion and US$10 billion. There was a 30 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion. The service estimated a 47 percent probability of deaths between 1,000 and 10,000; 20 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000.[159] This estimate was made before the aftershock of a similar intensity hit—there was a 41 percent probability of between 100 and 1,000 deaths associated with the violent aftershock.[160] Meanwhile, Risklayer estimated a death toll of between 9,930 and 64,800,[161] and an economic loss of around $20 billion USD (₺370 billion lira, 50 trillion LS.)[162]

Following the earthquakes, the Turkish lira value struck a record low of 18.85 against the US dollar. Turkish stock markets fell; main equities benchmark fell as much as 5 percent and banks fell 5.5 percent but recovered from the losses. The country's main stock market dropped 1.35% on 6 February.[163]

Tsunami alert[edit]

Small tsunami waves were recorded off the coast of Famagusta, Cyprus, without damage, according to the Geological Survey Department.[164]

The Civil Protection Department of Italy issued an alert, which was later withdrawn, reporting the risk of possible tsunami waves striking the coasts of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia.[165][166][167] Coastal residents in the aforementioned regions were advised to flee to higher ground and follow local authorities,[165][166] while state-owned train operator Trenitalia temporarily suspended rail services in the areas, which were later resumed the same morning.[166][167]

The National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics of Egypt issued a tsunami warning for the eastern Mediterranean Sea area, including the Egyptian coast. The warnings were subsequently withdrawn.[168]

Aftermath and response[edit]

Turkey[edit]

Rescue work at the destroyed Galeria Business Center in Diyarbakır. One of the buildings in the background later collapsed following an aftershock.
President's national mourning decision

President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said on Twitter, "search and rescue teams were immediately dispatched" to the affected area. Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu urged residents to refrain from entering damaged buildings.[169] On 7 February, President Erdoğan declared a 3-month state of emergency in the 10 affected provinces.[170]

The national government declared a "level four alert" to appeal for international aid.[153] According to the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, 25,000 search and rescue personnel were dispatched to the 10 affected provinces.[171][71] At least 70 countries offered to help in search and rescue operations.[170]

Emergency services in Turkey rushed to search for survivors trapped under many collapsed buildings. On 8 February, more than 8,000 people were rescued from rubble across 10 provinces.[172][173] About 380,000 people individuals have taken refuge at relief shelters or hotels.[174]

An "air aid corridor" was established by the Turkish Armed Forces to mobilize search and rescue teams. Many military aircraft including an Airbus A400M and C-130 Hercules planes transported search and rescue teams and vehicles to the area. Food, blankets and psychological teams were also sent.[175] Turkey sent an official request to NATO and allies for assistance.[176]

Flags are lowered because of national mourning.

In an official statement, Minister of Youth and Sports Mehmet Kasapoğlu announced that every national championship would be suspended with immediate effect, until further communications.[177][178] Minister of National Education Mahmut Özer ordered a week-long closure of all schools in the country.[179] In Adana, people could be heard shouting from under debris. Cranes and emergency teams in Diyarbakir attended to a pancaked apartment building.[103]

Over 53,000 Turkish emergency workers were deployed to the regions affected from the earthquakes.[180] A team of 90 miners from Soma arrived at Osmaniye to provide assistance. The Izmir Metropolitan Municipality also sent dozens of vehicles and equipment.[181]

Poor weather conditions including snow, rain and freezing temperatures disrupted search and rescue efforts undertaken by rescue workers and civilians. Rescuers and volunteers wore winter clothing while searching for survivors.[182]

President Erdoğan had phone calls with governors and mayors from the disaster affected areas, excluding Hatay.[183][non-primary source needed] Erdoğan declared 7 days of national mourning in Turkey by posting on his Twitter page.[184][172]

Due to below-freezing temperatures in the affected areas in both Turkey and Syria, the mayor of Hatay, Lütfü Savaş, warned about the hypothermia risk.[185] Several tens of thousands of people across the region were left homeless and spent the night in cold weather. Officials plan to open hotels in Antalya to temporarily accommodate the affected population.[170] Authorities were slammed by residents in Hatay Province who criticized the insufficient search and rescue efforts. The Hatay Airport runway was heavily damaged making rescue efforts challenging. On 7 February, authorities said 1,846 people in the province have been rescued.[174]

Mosques in Turkey were used as shelters for people unable to return to their homes amid freezing temperatures.[103] In Gaziantep, people sought refuge in shopping malls, stadiums, community centers, and mosques.[172]

Syria[edit]

Syrian media reported a large number of buildings collapsing in the northern Aleppo Governorate, as well as several in the city of Hama. In Damascus, many people fled from their homes onto the streets.[169][186] Syria's National Earthquake Centre said the earthquake is "the biggest earthquake recorded" in its operational history.[187] According to SANA, the state news agency, President Bashar al-Assad held an emergency meeting with his cabinet to organize a rescue plan for the most hit regions.[188]

Sanctions imposed in relation to the Syrian civil war have exacerbated the hardship of average Syrians, as nations and organizations would not be able to offer direct assistance for fear of being subjected to sanctions. There were demands[who?] to lift or suspend the sanctions to aid humanitarian efforts following the earthquake.[189][190] The Syrian government appealed to UN member states, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and other humanitarian organizations for international aid.[119]

Following orders from President al-Assad, all teams of the civil defense, firefighting, health, and public construction groups were mobilized to Aleppo.[191]

International humanitarian effort[edit]

Main article: Humanitarian response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake

Countries[edit]

Countries that offered help or condolences to Turkey and/or Syria after the earthquake (Dark blue: Turkey and Syria). Currently missing fifteen countries, see main article for full list

Leaders of many countries offered condolences. More than 60 countries offered practical support and humanitarian aid.[192] The United Kingdom,[193] Greece,[194] Georgia,[195] Romania,[196] Iran,[197] India, Israel, Moldova,[198] Pakistan, Portugal,[199] Slovenia,[200] Switzerland,[201] Armenia,[202] Brazil and Mexico[203] pledged search and rescue specialists, equipment, and search dogs. Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu ordered Russian forces in Syria to help with the rescue effort.[204][205]

The Indian Air Force airlifts National Disaster Response Force along with equipment and rescue dogs to Turkey.

India sent the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team to Turkey along with the Indian Army's medical team, consisting of 99 members from the Agra-based 60 Para Field Hospital. The medical team includes critical care specialist teams, including an orthopaedic surgical team and a general surgical specialist team. The first Indian Air Force plane carrying disaster relief material and a rescue team reached Adana. India will be sending two more C-17 aircraft with Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) to Turkey. The first NDRF team consisted of 50 personnel and a specially trained dog squad along with necessary equipment, including medical supplies, drilling machines, and other equipment required for the aid efforts.[206]

Israel previously assisted Turkey with search and rescue efforts in the aftermath of the 2011 Van earthquakes and 1999 İzmit earthquake and has deployed more than 430 search and rescue, disaster relief and humanitarian aid workers as of 8 February, mainly to the areas of Adana and Gaziantep. Of these, 230 were IDF medics operating an Israeli field hospital in Gaziantep, 167 were from an elite search and rescue unit of Israel Defense Force officers from the Home Front Command which has assisted 31 countries and has extensive experience in conducting search and rescue operations in the aftermath of natural disasters and war both in Israel and abroad, and most recently assisting in Ukraine during the current war and during the Surfside building collapse in the United States, and 2017 Puebla earthquake in Mexico. The first delegation organized by the IDF consisted of 17 was sent on 6 February with a larger 150 member delegation sent by the IDF the next morning. A third delegation consisting of delegation of dozens of Israeli doctors, medics, rescue operators and psychotrauma specialists along with 10 tons of equipment and humanitarian aid was sent by United Hatzalah, an Israeli volunteer-based emergency medical services NGO on the afternoon of 7 February. A fourth delegation from IsraAID including trauma experts and others brought with them water purification systems to assist Turks needing clean water in the aftermath. IsraAID planned to assess the needs on the ground to determine what other help would be needed going forward, according to an IsraAID member. The Israeli government sent over 30 tons of humanitarian equipment to carry out rescue missions in Turkey, as of 7 February, and was planning on sending a second flight of humanitarian aid and medicine, according a spokesperson for the Israeli Embassy in Washington. Israeli President Isaac Herzog reached out to President Recep Tayyip Erdogan to offer his condolences on behalf of the people of Israel. The establishment of an Israeli field hospital in Gaziantep was approved by Defencs Minister Yoav Gallant. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said received a request through Russian interlocutors to send aid to Syria and assist in search and rescue operations there even though the two nations are technically in a state of war and do not have relations. Israel has plans to send aid to Syria, including humanitarian aid, medication, blankets, and tents. In contrast to the assistance provided by Israel to Turkey, any assistance provided to Syria by the Israeli government would not involve the military, according to IDF spokesman Ran Kochav who stated that the military was not involved in potential aid to Syria.[207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214]

Pakistan's National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) sent winterized tents and blankets. Teams of doctors, paramedics, nursing staff, and technicians trained to operate in disaster-hit areas were also dispatched with their equipment and medicines. Pakistan also sent two C-130 planes carrying relief and 36 search and rescue personnel. The Minister for Railways said that a (PIA) airplane will take a 51-member rescue team to Istanbul. Prime Minister’s Office reiterated to establish a relief fund and announced to donate one month's salary to the relief fund.[215][216]

Azerbaijan dispatched a search and rescue team of 370 people to Turkey. The ministry also sent another aircraft carrying first aid kits, tents, bedding, medical supplies, and other necessary equipment to help those affected.[217] Iran delivered 45 tons of medicine, food, tents, and blankets to Syria on 7 February.[218] Bassem Masour, the head of the Syrian Civil Aviation Authority, said more planeloads of humanitarian aid are arriving.[219] Two aircraft from Iraq also arrived at the airport to deliver 70 tons of foodstuffs, medical supplies, blankets and other aid supplies.[220]

China, Taiwan, and Belgium offered monetary support and sent additional personnel to help in the relief effort.[221][222][223]

In a press conference, Erdogan stated that more than 18 country leaders and prime ministers called by phone to offer their support to Turkey.[224]

Organizations[edit]

Arab League secretary-general Ahmed Aboul Gheit called for international assistance to help those affected by "this humanitarian catastrophe."[192] The European Union's High Representative Josep Borrell and European Commissioner for Crisis Management Janez Lenarčič said that ten rescue teams from various member states would be dispatched to Turkey.[192] The Copernicus Programme was also activated to provide emergency mapping services.[192] European Civil Protection Mechanism, which Turkey is also a member of, was also activated at the request of Turkey.[225] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg also said that member countries were mobilizing support.[226][227]

Several United Nations agencies announced coordinated responses to the disaster, including UNDAC, OCHA, UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM.[228] The World Health Organization's (WHO) Regional Director for Europe, Hans Kluge, said the organization's regional offices were assisting international efforts to transport medicine and relief equipment.[192][229]

The Norwegian Refugee Council, a humanitarian, non-governmental agency, said that they would provide direct support to those most affected across Syria. They appealed to the international community for the immediate mobilization of financial resources to support collective relief efforts in Syria and southern Turkey.[230] CARE Australia launched an emergency appeal to provide emergency aid including food, shelter, water and other lifesaving supplies to those affected by the earthquakes.[231] Caritas Internationalis raised money,[232] and the World Jewish Relief charity launched an emergency appeal to provide emergency aid to Turkey.[233] The Jewish Federation raised money for Turkey.[234] Over 50 Jewish communities donated to earthquake relief efforts.[235] Several Turkish humanitarian institutions such as AHBAP,[236] the Turkish Philanthropy Funds,[237] and Turkish Red Crescent (besides other ICRC members around the world)[238] also launched emergency appeals in order to help the victims.

The Organization of Turkic States shared their condolences through a release on their website.[239] Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki, expressed his condolences to Turkey and Syria.[240]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ↑ USGS (6 February 2023). "USGS earthquake catalog". Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  3. ↑ Subramaniam, Tara; Mogul, Rhea; Renton, Adam; Sangal, Aditi; Vales, Leinz; Hammond, Elise; Chowdhury, Maureen; Vera, Amir (6 February 2023). "February 6, 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake news". CNN. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "Live Updates | Turkey, Syria earthquake kills thousands". AP NEWS. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Major magnitude 7.8 earthquake – 48 km east of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, on Monday, Feb 6, 2023, at 3:17 am (GMT +2)". Volcanodiscovery.com. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  6. ↑ "Timeline: Turkey hit by most devastating earthquake since 1999". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Son dakika: Deprem felaketinde üçüncü gün...Zamanla yarış sürüyor! İşte ölü ve yaralı sayısı" [Last minute: The third day of the earthquake disaster... The race against time continues! Here is the number of dead and injured] (in Türkçe). Posta. 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
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