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Loan words in Malayalam, excluding the huge number of words from Sanskrit originated mostly due to the centuries long interactions between the native population of Kerala and the trading (predominantly, spice trading) powers of the world.This is the month when the word came to Kerala 02.1.2004 This included trading contacts with Arabia, Persia, Israel and China spanning millennia, and with European colonial powers for several centuries. According to Sooranad Kunjan Pillai who compiled the authoritative Malayalam lexicon, the other principal languages whose vocabulary was incorporated over the ages were Pali, Prakrit, Arabic, Urdu, Persian, Hindi, Chinese, Syriac, Dutch, and Portuguese.[1]
The Arabic language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Malayalam, called Arabi Malayalam that is spoken by the Muslim Mappila community of North Kerala.
There are also many common words which are used throughout all communities of Kerala.
There are more than 900 words taken from Arabic and commonly used in spoken and literary forms of Malayalam.
The Hebrew language contributes a large number of words into a dialect form of Judeo-Malayalam that is spoken by the Cochin Jewish community of Kerala.
Malayalam Transliteration
Meaning
Original Form
Pronunciation
അളം
world
עולם
oˈlam
അലിയ
ascension
עלייה
aliyá
അലുവ/ഹലുവ
sweet
חלבה
halvah
ബാ
come
בא
ba
ബേത് ക്നേസേത്
synagogue
בית כנסת
beit-k'néset
ഇവിരീത്
Hebrew language
עברית
ivrít
കബറ്
grave, tomb
קבר
kéver
മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം
Egypt, Egyptian
מצרים, מצרי
mitsráyim, mitsrí
മെത്ത
bed
מיטה
metah
നവി
prophet
נביא
naví
റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ
rabbi, teacher, monk
רבי
rabbi
സായിത്ത്
olive
זית
záyit
സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി
Spain, Spaniard
ספרד, ספרדי
sfarad, sfaradi
ശാലോം
hello, peace
שלום
shalóm
ശാലോം ആയി
death
שלום עליי
shalóm ali
ശീർ
song, music
שיר
shir
ശോഷന്നാ
lily
שושן
shoshán
തപ്പുവാഖ്
apple
תפוח
tapúakh
തോറ
Torah
תורה
torá
യവൻ, യാവന
Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor)
יוון, יווני
yaván, yevani
യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി
Israel, Israeli
ישראל, הישראלי
yisra'él, yisra'éli
യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ
Jew, Jewish
יהודי
y'hudi
Persian
There are a few words of Persian origin in Malayalam, though it is possible many of them could have been indirectly loaned from Urdu.
Suriyani Malayalam (or Karshoni), which used the East Syriac script to write Malayalam, was a popular medium of written communication among Saint Thomas Christians (Suriyani Christiani) in Kerala until the 19th century.[2][3][4]
Malayalam
Malayalam Romanization
IPA Pronunciation
Meaning
Original form
Transliteration
അറം
aram
/aram/
Earth
ܐܪܥܐ
ar'ā
കത്തനാര്
kattanār
/kat̪:an̪a:r/
Priest
ܟܗܢܐ
kahnā
കബ്റ
kabṟa
/kabra/
Grave
ܩܒܪܐ
qaḇrā
കശീശ
kaśīśa
/kaʃi:ʃa/
Syrian orthodox Priest
ܩܫܝܫܐ
qaššīšā
കുര്ബാന
kurbāna
/kurba:na/
Eucharist (Holy Mass)
ܩܘܪܒܢܐ
qurbānā
കൂദാശ
kūdāśa
/ku:d̪a:ʃa/
Sacrament
ܩܘܕܫܐ
quddāšā
ദുക്രാന
dukṟāna
/d̪ukra:n̪a/
Remembrance
ܕܘܟܪܢܐ
duḵrānā
നസ്രാണി
nasrāṇi
/nasra:ɳi/
Christians (Saint Thomas)
ܢܨܪܐܢܝ
naṣrāni
പരീശന്
parīśan
/paɾi:ʃan/
Pharisee
ܦܪܝܫܐ
prīšā
പറുദീസ
paṟudīsa
/parud̪i:sa/
paradise
ܦܪܕܝܣܐ
pardaysā
പെസഹ
pesaha
/pesaha/
Passover
ܦܣܚܐ
pesḥā
ബാവ
bāva
/ba:ʋa/
father
ܒܒܐ
bābā
മദ്ബഹ
madbaha
/mad̪baha/
Syrian altar
ܡܕܒܚܐ
maḏbḥā
മഹറോന്
mahaṟōn
/maharo:n/
interdiction
ܐܚܪܡ
aḥram
മാമോദീസ
māmōdīsa
/ma:mo:d̪i:sa/
baptism
ܡܥܡܘܕܝܬܐ
ma’mōḏīṯā
മാര്
mār
/ma:r/
Saint, Holy
ܡܪܝ
mār(i)
മാലാഖ
mālākha
/ma:la:kʰa/
angel
ܡܠܐܟܐ
malāḵā
മിശിഹ
miśiha
/miʃiha/
Messiah
ܡܫܝܚܐ
mšīḥā
ഈശോ
īśo
/i:ʃo/
Jesus
ܝܫܘܥ
yšō’
റമ്പാന്
ṟampān
/ramba:n/
archdeacon
ܪܡܒܐܢ
rambān
റാസ
ṟāsa
/ra:sa/
A sacrament
ܪܐܙܐ
rāzā
റൂഹ
ṟūha
/ru:ha/
Holy Spirit
ܪܘܚܐ
rūḥā
ശ്ലീഹ
ślīha
/ʃli:ha/
Apostle
ܫܠܝܚܐ
šlīḥā
ശെമ്മാശന്
śemmāśan
/ʃemma:ʃan/
Syrian orthodox Deacon
ܡܫܡܫܢܐ
mšammšānā
സ്ലീവ
slīva
/sli:ʋa/
Cross
ܨܠܝܒܐ
ṣlīḇā
European contributions
Portuguese
Most of the loan words from Portuguese language are for items which the native population lacked when the encounter with Portuguese empire happened from around the final years of the 15th century.
Portuguese was the lingua franca in Africa, Brazil, South Asia and parts of South East Asia during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The Portuguese Empire was the major ruling colonial power in South India during this period, they were first modern European power to encounter India on a large scale, and thus their language had a strong influence on Malayalam (similar to many other Indian languages).[5]