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2022 Karnataka hijab row

Revision as of 19:18, 21 February 2022 by 27.106.7.231 (talk)



At the beginning of January 2022, a dispute erupted in the Indian state of Karnataka, when some Muslim students wearing hijab in a junior college were denied entry to classes.[1] Over the following weeks, it spread to several other schools and colleges across the state. On 5 February 2022, the Karnataka government issued an order stating that uniforms must be worn compulsorily where policies exist and no exception can be made for the wearing of the hijab. Several schools cited this order and denied entry to Muslim girls wearing the hijab.[2][3] Following this, petitions with regard to this issue were filed in the Karnataka High Court. The High Court issued an interim order restraining all students from wearing any form of religious attire. On 8 February 2022, the Government of Karnataka announced the closure of high schools and colleges for three days after protests and disputes over the wearing of hijab intensified. When the schools reopened on 14 February 2022, the High Court order was implemented in all schools and colleges of Karnataka, asking the students to remove hijabs and burqas at the school gates.

The hijab ban was criticized inside India and internationally by officials in the United States and Pakistan, by Human Rights Watch, and by figures like Malala Yousafzai and Noam Chomsky. The ban was defended inside India by politicians such as Aaditya Thackeray and Vishva Hindu Parishad.

Background

The education system of Karnataka involves 10 years of school and two years of pre-university college ("PU college"). Using powers conferred under the 'Karnataka Education Act, 1983', Sec. 145(1), the Government of Karnataka empowered recognised educational institutions to decide on uniforms for their students.[4][5] For school students, uniforms are mandated by the state government, even though schools are able to choose the colours.[6] For PU colleges, uniforms were not mandated by the government, but, over time, most college development committees (CDCs)[lower-alpha 1] have adopted them according to a PU department official.[8] In 2017, the department issued a direction to all PU colleges saying that PU students should not be asked to wear uniforms.[9] College managements that already had uniforms questioned the direction saying that the students and parents were happy with them.[10] The direction was still found on the PU Education Department website in February 2022, but it does not appear to have been enforced.[11][8]

Muslims constitute 13 per cent of the population of the state of Karnataka.[12] Muslim women in the state are accessing public education in ever-increasing numbers. Data shows that the Gross Attendance Ratio of Muslim women in higher education rose from about 1 percent in 2007-08 to a high of about 16 percent in 2017-18.[13] Many Muslim women consider hijab to be a part of the Islamic faith.[14] In India, the public display of religious symbols is common,[15] including the wearing of hijab and burqa.[16][15][14] Several colleges in Karnataka reported that a small number of Muslim students have "always" worn the hijab in classroom.[17] M Raghupathy, who was Karnataka's education minister in a Janata Party government in the 1980s, said that the government's uniform mandates had allowed both the hijab and the Christian nun's habit. He said that the Bharatiya Janata Party had not objected to the hijab back then.[18]

According to BBC, the coastal belt of Karnataka has seen protests over hijab in the past but such issues were often quickly resolved.[19] Not all cases were easy, however. A second-year PU student at Moodbidri was disallowed from attending classes for an entire year in 2011–12 due to her insistence on wearing hijab.[20][21] There have also been instances of Hindu students protesting with saffron scarves[lower-alpha 2] to oppose Muslim students being allowed with hijab or burqa in classes.[23][24][25] The Muslim women were said to have been anxious that their parents would not allow them to go to college without their religious clothing.[24]

Since 2019, Karnataka has been governed by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).[12] It has adopted popular Hindu nationalist policies such as banning cow slaughter[26][27] and passing an "anti-conversion bill" that critics say makes it difficult for interfaith couples to marry or for individuals to convert to Christianity or Islam.[26][27]

Events

Udupi dispute

In early January 2022, a dispute over the wearing of the hijab was reported at a government-run Pre-University College for Girls at Udupi that had disallowed the wearing of hijab as being in violation of its uniform policy.[1] Six Muslim female students insisted on wearing hijab to classes on top of their college uniform.[28] The college said its uniform policy did not allow for the hijab.[1] The girls offered to use the existing uniform's dupatta to cover their head, arguing they didn't need to wear a separate hijab of a different colour or material, but the college refused.[1][29] The college allowed them to wear the hijab on campus, but did not allow them into classes.[30][15] They were found sitting in corridors and working with their notebooks.[29]

The case was brought to the attention of the media by Ansar Ahmed, the district president of Karnataka Rakshana Vedike, a voluntary organisation.[1] The student wing of Islamic organisation Popular Front of India (PFI),[lower-alpha 3] called Campus Front of India (CFI), threatened a protest, prompting the college to arrange a police presence.[1] The political wing of PFI, the Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI), is also said to have threatened protests.[33] The college authorities met and talked with the parents but remained firm in their resolution not to allow religious attire.[34][35]

What caused the students' change of mind on the hijab issue is uncertain. They admit to having attended the first year of class as per the college's no-hijab policy. They went to campus in burqas and removed them in a "ladies room" before going to classes.[36][37] One of the students also said that the parents were told about this when they joined the college in 2020.[38] Others were doubtful.[36][39] When the classes moved to online due to Covid, the issue died down.[1] With the on-campus classes resuming in September 2021, some of the students asked for permission to wear the hijab, which was denied on the grounds that every one must wear a "common uniform".[40] In October 2021, two of them took part in an anti-rape protest and a photograph of the event was circulated. This brought their situation into focus to their parents as well as CFI.[41][lower-alpha 4] An investigation by the Udupi Police reported that CFI had approached the parents and offered help to challenge the college management.[43] According to one of the students, the agreement "mentioned a compulsory uniform and said nothing about a hijab".[36] So, the six students and their parents decided to insist upon hijab.[44]

According to the federated Muslim organisation Muslim Okkoota[lower-alpha 5] that is active in the district, PFI and its allied organisations used the students "for their benefit".[45][46] The students' hijab protest seemed to be a ploy for the political wing (SDPI) to strengthen its support base.[47] Some of the protesting parents and relatives are active members of SDPI and other PFI affiliates.[46]Template:Sf The SDPI had just won six seats in the local body elections, which was termed a major triumph.[48] Muslim Okkoota claims to have tried to resolve the dispute locally by talking to the college authorities, the parents and the CFI, but the CFI chose to publicise the issue by circulating photographs of students stranded outside classes, provoking the college and the BJP leaders to harden their stand.[37] By the end of December, "nobody was in the mood for a compromise".[49]

The college development committee, which is responsible for setting the uniform policy, was headed by K. Raghupati Bhat, an MLA belonging to the ruling BJP. Its 21 members did not include any Muslims.[49] After the dispute erupted, Bhat held a meeting with parents of all students on 1 January and declared that the college would continue with its uniform code, which does not allow for hijab.[35] The CFI and SDPI took the position that, since uniforms were not mandated by the government, they could not violate the students' religious rights. Bhat told the media that the college had written to the Pre-University Education Department of the state government to clarify the matter.[50] Thus, the matter was escalated to the state government level.

Other locations

Soon after the Udupi episode became public, at a co-educational first-grade college in Koppa in the Chikmagalur district, where hijabs were being allowed, Hindu students started wearing saffron scarves to the college to protest the allowance of hijab.[51] The college asked the Muslim students to remove hijab in classrooms in order to deflect the crisis.[52] The matter was resolved a few days later at a parent-teacher meeting where it was decided to allow Muslim girls with hijab. The parents of the Hindu students did not support their wards donning saffron scarves.[29]

During the rest of January 2022, the row over hijab has spilled over to other institutions in the Udupi district. On 6 January 2022, Hindu students wore saffron shawls to protest against the hijab at Pompei College in Mangalore.[53] The protests were supported by the Hindu nationalist organizations ABVP, VHP and Bajrang Dal.[53] On 3 February 2022, Hindu students wearing saffron shawls prevented hijab-wearing Muslim students from entering Dr BB Hegde College near Udupi.[54]

Government reaction

The ministers of Bharatiya Janata Party-led Karnataka government reacted to the incidents with apparent distaste. The education minister B. C. Nagesh termed it as an "act of indiscipline". The students could not practise their "religion" in public educational institutions, in his view.[50] The uniform had been present for over three decades and there had been no problem with it till this point, he said.[55] He blamed "political leaders", an apparent reference to the PFI, for provoking the students, who were allegedly "playing politics".[56] Home Minister Araga Jnanendra said that there must be a universal feeling in schools and colleges that "we are all Indians", which required that the uniform code set by colleges be followed.[57]

On 27 January 2022, the government announced the setting up of an expert committee to study the issue. Until its decision was made, the government urged the students to maintain the "status quo".[57] For the Udupi PU College students, the "status quo" apparently meant that they should "adhere to the uniform rule". The government issued an order to this effect.[57] The CDC chairman Raghupati Bhat called a meeting with parents and told them that the students should remove the hijab in the classroom.[58]

On either 3 February or 4 February 2022,[lower-alpha 6] the government issued an order stating that the uniforms mandated by college development committees must be worn "compulsorily".[60] Students following religious tenents adversely impacted "equality and unity" in colleges, according to the order. The preamble stated that a ban on hijab was "not illegal", and cited three court orders from Kerala, Bombay and Madras High Courts. For those colleges where the CDCs did not mandate a uniform, the students must still wear attire that maintains "equality and unity and doesn't hamper public order".[61] The order mentioned that the uniform were to be decided by the state government in government schools, and by the school management in private schools. Several schools cited this order and denied entry to Muslim girls wearing the burqa.[2][3][62]

Fallout

At the Dr BB Hegde College, where the hijab-wearing students were blocked the previous day, the college administration banned the hijab on 4 February, citing the government order. The students had apparently been wearing hijab for three years at the school without issue.[54] Bhandarkars' Arts & Science College also banned the hijab; some of its female Muslim students found their college's treatment "humiliating".[54]

At a college in Kundapur, 28 students wearing hijab were barred from entering the college premises on 3 February.[63] The students were very anxious because their public exams were just two months away. The Telegraph commented that their "tearful pleas fell on deaf ears".[56]

On 8 February 2022, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College prevented students in hijab from entering, even though multiple students said the college had not objected to her hijab in the past.[64][65]

The dispute then began to spread to other institutions across Karnataka, between Muslim students wanting to wear hijab and the administrations barring them. The controversy intensified in early February 2022.[66]

Between 4 and 7 February 2022, counter-protests led by students who were against allowing students wearing the hijab to enter the college. These students marched to the college wearing saffron shawls. However, authorities stopped them from entering the premises and asked the students to remove the shawls.[67] The students were allowed in only after they complied with the request.[72]

On 7 February 2022, some students wore blue shawls and chanted Jai Bhim at a college in Chikmagalur in support of Muslim girls in hijab (as opposed to the saffron shawls that were against the wearing of hijab).[73]

On 10 February 2022, a lone Muslim woman, named Muskan Khan, clad in a burqa was heckled on her college grounds in Mandya by a crowd of male Hindu students wearing saffron shawls and chanting "Jai Shri Ram". She responded back shouting "Allahu Akbar", while the college staff controlled the crowd and escorted her into the building.[74][75][26] A video of the incident went viral.[76] The treatment of Muskan Khan was condemned by many notable figures, including by actors John Cusack,[77] Pooja Bhatt,[77] Fakhre Alam,[77] and footballer Paul Pogba.[78]

On 8 February 2022, the Government of Karnataka announced the closure of high schools and colleges for three days, after the controversy over the wearing of hijab by Muslim students intensified.[79][80] The Bangalore Police prohibited protests and agitations from 9 February until 22 February within the vicinity of any educational institution.[81] Two Muslim men were arrested when they were found carrying lethal weapons during a protest. Three others managed to flee.[67]

Court case

Several students from the Government Pre-University College for Girls, Udupi, petitioned the Karnataka High Court against the ban, stating that wearing the burqa was their religious right.[26][82][2]

On 9 February 2022, a single judge hearing the case referred the matter to a larger bench.[83][84]

A three-judge bench headed by Chief Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi passed an interim order on 11 February. It requested the State to re-open the educational institutions and restrained students from wearing any sort of religious clothes in classrooms until the court decided the matter.[85][86]

College development committees

During the hearing on 16 February 2022 (Day 5), the senior advocate of the petitioners, Ravivarma Kumar, challenged the legality of the college development committees, which are said to have been empowered to decide on uniforms. He said the CDCs were not recognised by either the Karnata Education Act or the Rules issued under it. He also questioned the propriety of the CDCs being chaired by MLAs, who are subject to a political party and ideology. He contended that MLAs (legislators) could not be given executive functions.[87][88]

The Advocate General of the state responded to the criticisms during the hearing on 18 February 2022 (Day 7). He said that CDC consisted of the local MLA as the President, a person appointed by them as the Vice-President, and representatives of parents and students as well as the college principal and the lecturers' representatives. He said that the CDCs were constituted under directions given by the state government per sectiotn 133(2) of the Karnataka Education Act. He also contended that MLAs could perform executive functions under the Westminister form of governance.[89][90]

Violence

Dilip, a shopkeeper in Karnataka was attacked by a mob of 300 people. He was dragged out of his shop and was attacked and was also stabbed with a sharp weapon. This was allegedly because the person posted a WhatsApp status against the hijab. He survived the attack and is being treated. The police detained 3 people.[91][92]

Naveen and his mother Sarojamma were also attacked in the village of Nallur, by an angry mob of around 300 masked people bearing deadly weapons because of a WhatsApp status opposing the hijab. This incident was captured on CCTV.[93]

A Bajrang Dal activist who took part in the anti-hijab protests of Hindu students was found murdered in the Shivamogga district on 21 February 2022. Investigations were ongoing. The Home minister said that no connection had yet been found between the protests and the murder.[94]

Reactions

Domestic

  • Apoorvanand, a professor of Hindi at the University of Delhi, called the controversy a part of a larger project in which "Muslim identity markers are being declared as sectarian and undesirable in public spaces", noting that "it is telling Muslims and non-Hindus that the state will dictate their appearance and their practices".[95]
  • Rahul Gandhi, the leader of the opposition Indian National Congress party, criticized the government and said "By letting students' hijab come in the way of their education, we are robbing the future of the daughters of India. Prohibiting hijab-wearing students from entering school is a violation of fundamental rights."[95]
  • Aaditya Thackeray, state minister of Maharashtra, told journalists that if there was a uniform at schools, there should not be a place for any other dress other than that, saying, "Schools and colleges are the Centres of education, only education should be imparted there".[96]
  • Muslim Rashtriya Manch (MRM), the Muslim wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS):
    • In a statement, Anil Singh, the Prant Sanchalak (Awadh) of the MRM backed the burqa-clad student who was heckled by youth shouting 'Jai Shri Ram' slogans at a Karnataka college, saying ‘purdah’ is part of Indian culture.[97]
    • The MRM distanced itself from Singh's statement and said that it does not support such "fanaticism and religious frenzy" and supported the enforcement of dress code in educational institutions in Karnataka.[98]
  • Vishva Hindu Parishad - Dr Surendra Jain, joint secretary of Vishwa Hindu Parishad termed the hijab row "a conspiracy to propagate jihadi terrorism" and said that Muslim students were attempting "hijab jihad" on college campuses.[95][99]
  • Madhya Pradesh Education Minister Inder Singh Parmar (BJP) said "Hijab is not a part of uniform and, therefore, I feel it should be banned".[100][101] The Madhya Pradesh government clarified that no proposal to ban the hijab was under consideration.[102]
  • Education ministers in BJP ruled Himachal Pradesh and Tripura said their governments currently had no plans for a uniform dress code.[100]
  • Education ministers of Maharashtra and West Bengal, both states ruled by opposition parties, accused the BJP of "politicising" the school uniform.[100] West Bengal education minister promised his state would "never" implement a hijab ban.[100] Maharashtra education minister maintained the Indian Constitution gave freedom of religion.[100] Rajasthan Education Minister Bulaki Das Kalla said his state doesn't restrict the hijab and accused the BJP of "mak[ing] issues out of non-issues".[100]
  • Sonam Kapoor – She shared an Instagram picture of a man in a turban and a woman in a hijab, and it questions why can a turban be a choice but a hijab can't.[103]
  • Sadhvi Pragya, an MP from the BJP, said that there is "no need to wear hijab anywhere" and that only those who are "not safe in their houses need to wear Hijab". She also said that there is no need to were a hijab when in the company of the Hindu community, especially at educational institutions.[104]
  • Arif Mohammad Khan, a BJP leader and governor of the state of Kerala, stated that the Hijab is not a part of the five essential practices of Islam, and since Article 25 of the Indian constitution covers only essential, intrinsic and integral practices, it shouldn't apply to the wearing of the hijab. He also added that following the ban on triple talaq, Muslim women are "having a sense of freedom" and are "pursuing education" and "joining great career" and that the ongoing row is "not a controversy but a conspiracy" and a "sinister design" to push back Muslim women, especially young girls.[105]
  • Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan strongly condemned the hijab row in Karnataka: "This shows how dangerous communalism is for our country. Educational institutions should be places to nurture secularism. Instead, efforts are made to inject communal venom in young children."[106]
  • Kamal Haasan stated, "What's happening in Karnataka shouldn't be allowed in Tamil Nadu."[107]

International

Ministry of External Affairs, India

  • Reacting to the American response on the controversy, the MEA's spokesperson said that the matter "is under judicial examination" and that the issue will be resolved according to "constitutional framework and mechanisms" and "democratic ethos and polity". He stated that "motivated comments" on India's internal issues "are not welcome".[120][121]
  • Reacting to the statement by the General Secretariat of the OIC, the MEA's spokesperson termed the statement "motivated and misleading" and the OIC Secretariat's mindset "communal". He also said that the "OIC continues to be hijacked by vested interests to further their nefarious propaganda against India. As a result, it has only harmed its own reputation."[122]

Notes

  1. ↑ According to the government's submission to the Karnataka High Court in February 2022, the College Developement Committees (CDCs) were constituted in 2014 via a government order.[7]
  2. ↑ Saffron is a holy colour in Hinduism, but there is no religious requirement to wear it in scarves. More significantly, the saffron colour is promoted by the Hindu nationalist organisations such as the Vishva Hindu Parishad as an emblem of their ideology.[22]
  3. ↑ Often described as an extremist Islamic organisation.[31][32]
  4. ↑ The anti-rape protest was organised by the ABVP, photographs of which were circulated on social media. Some parents and CFI members took offence at the students' participation in an ABVP lead protest. The lack of headscarves in the images circulated brought the situation into focus for their parents as well as CFI.[41][42][37]
  5. ↑ Muslim Okkoota, also spelt Muslim Okkutta, is a federation of six Muslim organsations that includes Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, PFI, Tablighi Jamaat and others.[37] It organisational secretary at the time of the incidents was Abdul Azeez Udyawar, who was also the district president of the Welfare Party of India, an affiliate of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind.[45]
  6. ↑ The order did not come into public view till 5 February, but the institutions citing the order were already implementing it on Thursday, 3 February[59] and Friday, 4 February.[54]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 K. M. Rakesh (2 January 2022). "Hijab-clad students denied entry to classroom in Udupi PU college". The Telegraph (India).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Chowdhuri, Rupak De (9 February 2022). "Indian students block roads as row over hijab in schools mounts". Reuters.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 ABP News Bureau (5 February 2022). "Karnataka Govt Issues Fresh Order Amid Hijab Row, Says Uniform That Affects Harmony Must Be Banned". ABP Live.
  4. ↑ "The Karnataka Educational Institutions (..) Rules, 1995", Rules under the Karnataka Education Act (PDF), Government of Karnataka, pp. 6–10, retrieved 19 February 2022, Now, therefore in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 145 of the Karnataka Education Act, 1983 (Karnataka Act 1 of 1995), the Government of Karnataka hereby makes the following rules, namely:- ... 11. Provision of Uniform, Clothing, Text Books etc., (1) Every recognised educational institution may specify its own set of Uniform. Such uniform once specified shall not be changed within the period of next five years.
  5. ↑ "Decision on dress code in govt. PU colleges soon: CM". The Hindu. 4 February 2022.
  6. ↑ Karnataka: Govt schools can choose own uniform, The Times of India, 2 August 2020.
  7. ↑ Day 7 Hearing: Hijab Ban (Karnataka HC)(Part II), Supreme Court Observer, 19 February 2022. Quote: "The Advocate General ... then proceeded to state that ... Rule 11 of the Act allowed institutions to prescribe uniforms. Since Government PU Colleges were not chaired by a managing committee, there was a need for a body to prescribe uniforms. In that context, sec. 133(2) of the Act permitted the State government to give directions that were necessary or expedient to further the purposes of the Act. Bringing this Rule into operation, CDCs were established in 2014 by a circular of the Undersecretary of the Department of Education."
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 D'Souza, Vincent (10 February 2022). "Uniform not must, says PU dept website, contradicts Karnataka govt stand". The New Indian Express.
  9. ↑ No more uniform for PU students, The Hindu, 18 May 2017.
  10. ↑ No uniform for PU students: dept, Deccan Herald, 17 May 2019.
  11. ↑ Guideline on uniforms leaves PU colleges confused, The Times of India, 28 May 2019. ProQuest 2230365448
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Hijab protests spread in India as girls face off against Hindu nationalist crowds". The Washington Post. 10 February 2022. ProQuest 2627270812.
  13. ↑ Roy Barman, Sourav (13 February 2022). "Steady uptick in Muslim girls going to schools, colleges". Indian Express.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Religious identity, rights in focus as Indian schools ban hijab". Christian Science Monitor. 8 February 2022.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench". BBC News. 10 February 2022.
  16. ↑ Sheikh Saaliq (8 February 2022). "In India, wearing hijab bars some Muslim students from class". Toronto Star.
  17. ↑ Sood 2022, Sec. Doubling down on the hijab.
  18. ↑ "Hijab wasn't an issue when uniforms were introduced in Karnataka: Former minister". Deccan Herald. 11 February 2022. Raghupathy later told The New Indian Express that the hijab issue was discussed back then and it was decided that since it is mandated by religion, students can wear it without any problem. The BJP had then extended outside support to the Janata Party, which formed the government, and had not objected to the hijab norm, Raghupathy told the publication.
  19. ↑ Divya Arya, Karnataka hijab controversy is polarising its classrooms, BBC News, 16 February 2022.
  20. ↑ Girl submits complaint to DC on hijab row, The Times of India, 13 August 2011. ProQuest 883328954
  21. ↑ Hadiya Iqbal finally allowed to appear for PU examination, Coastal Digest, 15 March 2012.
  22. ↑ Hansen, Thomas Blom (1999). The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 108. ISBN 1-4008-2305-6. Today, the saffron flag and the saffron color—though used widely in religious rituals and processions—has in the political field been appropriated by the Hindu nationalist movement. During riots, the saffron flag is often employed to mark Hindu areas, and it is planted upon Muslim dargahs (tombs) and masjids (mosques) to mark Hindu superiority.
  23. ↑ Students wear saffron shawls to oppose hijab, The Hindu, 1 September 2016. ProQuest 1815591168
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Girish Pattanashetti, Call for ‘burqa ban’ sparks tension in Karnataka colleges, The Hindu, 28 October 2016. ProQuest 1832979524
  25. ↑ "Udupi college hijab ban: We want our fundamental rights, say students". Indian Express. 21 January 2022.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Mogul, Rhea; Suri, Manveena; Gupta, Swati (10 February 2022). "Hijab protests spread as girls refuse to be told what not to wear". CNN.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Rushda Fathima Khan (9 February 2022). "'Targeted harassment': Muslim girls in India denounce hijab ban". Al Jazeera.
  28. ↑ "Karnataka hijab row: Judge refers issue to larger bench". BBC News. 10 February 2022. The issue began gaining attention when the students at the pre-university college - equivalent to a high school - in Karnataka's Udupi district began protesting over the hijab ban.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Rakesh, K. M. (19 January 2022). "Bar on hijab keeps eight Muslim students out of classroom in Udupi". The Telegraph (India). ProQuest 2620888304.
  30. ↑ K. M. Rakesh (2 January 2022). "Hijab-clad students denied entry to classroom in Udupi PU college". The Telegraph (India). On Friday, Gowda [the principal of the college] had told reporters: "Only six of some 60 Muslim girls (students) are insisting on wearing the hijab. But the college doesn't have a rule permitting that kind of religious dress."
  31. ↑ "HuJi, Popular Front of India under lens for hate messages". The Times of India. 22 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "In a pluralistic part of India, fears of rising Islamic extremism". The Washington Post. 5 February 2011.
  33. ↑ "Karnataka: Hijab-clad students denied entry to classroom in Udupi PU college". Indian Express. PTI. 1 January 2022.
  34. ↑ "College refutes charge by students". The Hindu. 1 January 2022. ProQuest 2615545813.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "College in Udupi decides to continue with dress code". The Hindu. 2 January 2022.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Qureshi, Imran (22 January 2022). "Udupi hijab issue: The Indian girls fighting to wear hijab in college". Ms Almas said when they tried to wear the hijab in their first year at the college, they were told that their parents had signed a form that prevented them from doing so.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Vishnu, Uma (11 February 2022). "Before hijab standoff, an anti-rape protest, faith, political rivalry". Indian Express.
  38. ↑ Vishnu, Uma (11 February 2022). "Before hijab standoff, an anti-rape protest, faith, political rivalry". Indian Express. Speaking to The Indian Express, Hazra Shifa, 18, one of the six girls who are now insisting on wearing the hijab to their classrooms, said that when they joined the Udupi PU College (..) in 2020, it told their parents about the no-hijab policy.
  39. ↑ Wahab, Ghazala (9 February 2022). "Why the hijab row is not an identity issue". Mint Lounge. In an interview to The Quint, one of the girls said that they didn't wear the hijab in their first year because they believed their parents had given an undertaking to the college.
  40. ↑ Laasya Shekhar, ‘Requests fell on deaf ears’: Hijab stand-off continues despite classroom ban at Karnataka college, Newslaundry, 21 January 2022.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sood 2022.
  42. ↑ Dwarakanath, Nagarjun (11 February 2022). "Muslim girl went for ABVP rally. Read the backstory of Karnataka hijab protest". India Today.
  43. ↑ Sood 2022, Sec. Introduction. "According to an intel report submitted by the Udupi police to the state government, the Campus Front of India (CFI), which is the students’ wing of the Islamist outfit Popular Front of India (PFI), had approached parents with the offer to help take on the college management."
  44. ↑ Shekhar, Laasya (21 January 2022). "'Requests fell on deaf ears': Hijab stand-off continues despite classroom ban at Karnataka college". Newslaundry. "Our lecturers said that it (hijab) defies college policy. But when we checked the policy a month ago, we were shocked to see no such mention in the signed agreement. So, we decided to wear hijab from December 28 after repeated appeals to the management turned futile," said Muskan, who has only taken two days of leave in the academic year.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Parashar, Kiran (30 January 2022). "College hijab row: tale of a district divided". Indian Express. ProQuest 2623623301.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Poovanna, Sharan (16 February 2022), "Hijab discrimination purely based on religion: Petitioner", Hindustan Times
  47. ↑ Sood 2022, Sec. Why the PFI and its affiliates are so controversial.
  48. ↑ Sood 2022, Sec. Why the PFI and its affiliates are so controversial. "In 2010, the political wing of the PFI — the Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI) — was registered with the Election Commission. Since then, it has slowly been making inroads in the coastal Karnataka belt. It had one of its biggest triumphs in the December 2021 elections to 58 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Karnataka, when it won six seats.".
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Sood 2022, Sec. Bruised egos and social media hype.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Hijab: NSUI to file writ in support of students". The Hindu. 22 January 2022. ProQuest 2621727233.
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  72. ↑ Sources for students were allowed in only after they removed hijab:[68][69][70][67][71]
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  74. ↑ ""For Piece Of Cloth, Ruining Education": Girl Who Took On Saffron Scarf Group". NDTV News. 9 February 2022.
  75. ↑ "Hijab row: The India woman who is the face of the fight to wear headscarf". BBC. 10 February 2022.
  76. ↑ "Outrage after hijab-wearing woman heckled by Hindu mob in India". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2022.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 "Muskan Khan: Celebrities lament over Muslim women being harassed in India". Daily Pakistan. 9 February 2022.
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  87. ↑ MLAs no authority to prescribe uniforms: Petitioners' Counsel in Karnataka, The Economic Times, 16 February 2022.
  88. ↑ Day 5 Hearing: Hijab Ban (Karnataka HC)(Part I), Supreme Court Observer, 16 February 2022.
  89. ↑ Day 7 Hearing: Hijab Ban (Karnataka HC)(Part I), Supreme Court Observer, 18 February 2022.
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  92. ↑ "ದಾವಣಗೆರೆ | ಯುವಕನ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಲ್ಲೆ: ಪೊಲೀಸರ ಸಕಾಲಿಕ ಕ್ರಮ ತಪ್ಪಿದ ಹಾನಿ". Prajavani. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
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  94. ↑ Amidst ongoing Hijab row, ‘murder’ of Bajrang Dal activist creates further tension in Karnataka, The Print, 21 February 2022.
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  97. ↑ "Asaduddin Owaisi dials Mandya girl heckled for wearing hijab, praises…". 10 February 2022.
  98. ↑ "Hijab Row: RSS' Muslim wing distances itself from UP functionary supporting burqa-clad girl". The Print. Press Trust of India. 10 February 2022.
  99. ↑ "'Hijab issue has become jihad', says Vishwa Hindu Parishad leader". The Siasat Daily. 9 February 2022.
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  102. ↑ "Madhya Pradesh backtracks a day later, says no proposal to ban hijab". 10 February 2022.
  103. ↑ "Sonam Kapoor On Hijab Row: If Turban Can Be A Choice, Then Why Not Hijab". NDTV News.
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  105. ↑ ""Only 5 things Essential In Islam, Hijab Not Among Them": Kerala Governor". NDTV News.
  106. ↑ "Kerala minister shares pic of students wearing hijab at CM event, says 'our pride'". The News Minute. 10 February 2022.
  107. ↑ "Kamal Haasan on Hijab row: What's happening in Karnataka shouldn't be allowed in Tamil Nadu". The Indian Express. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  108. ↑ "Hijab ban violates religious freedom: U.S. on Karnataka hijab issue". The Hindu. 12 February 2022. ISSN 0971-751X.
  109. ↑ "Bahrain Parliament condemns hijab ban, calls for end to discrimination against Muslims in India". Kashmir Media Service. 17 February 2022.
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  111. ↑ Staff, News9 (18 February 2022). "Kuwaiti MP joins international criticism of hijab row; demands ban on entry to BJP leaders". NEWS9LIVE. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  112. ↑ "'Ghettoisation': Pakistan Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi jumps into India's hijab row". The Economic Times. 9 February 2022.
  113. ↑ "हिजाब विवाद में कूदा तालिबान: प्रदर्शन कर रहीं लड़कियों का किया समर्थन, कहा-'इस्लामिक मूल्यों के लिए ये खड़ी हैं'". Amar Ujala.
  114. ↑ "Hijab Ban in India Sparks Outrage, Protests". Human Rights Watch. 9 February 2022.
  115. ↑ "'Horrifying': Malala Yousafzai reacts to Karnataka hijab row". India Today. 9 February 2022.
  116. ↑ "Manchester United star Paul Pogba slams Hindu mob for harassing Muslim girls in hijab". Zee News. 11 February 2022.
  117. ↑ APP (12 February 2022). "India has turned Muslims into a 'persecuted minority': Noam Chomsky". Dawn.
  118. ↑ "কর্নাটকে হিজাবে বিধিনিষেধ ধর্মীয় ও নাগরিক অধিকার হরণের শামিল : চরমোনাই পীর". Daily Naya Diganta.
  119. ↑ "OIC Expresses Deep Concern over Continued Attacks on Muslims in India". 14 February 2022.
  120. ↑ "Official Spokesperson's response to media queries on India's reaction to comments by some countries on dress code in some educational institutions in Karnataka". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. 12 February 2022.
  121. ↑ "India dismisses U.S. official's remarks on hijab controversy". The Hindu. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  122. ↑ "Official Spokesperson's response to media queries regarding recent statement by General Secretariat of the OIC". Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. 15 February 2022.

Bibliography

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