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{{short description|Precolonial Indian state}}
{{short description|Precolonial Indian chieftaincy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =  
| native_name           =  
|conventional_long_name =Jaswan State
| conventional_long_name = Jaswan chieftaincy
|common_name =Jaswan doon
| common_name           = Jaswan doon
|nation = [[British India]]
| nation                 = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Princely State]]
| status_text           =  
|era =  
| era                   =  
|year_start = 1170
| year_start             = 1170 CE
|date_start =  
| date_start             =  
|event_start= Foundation of the state
| event_start           = Foundation of the chieftaincy
|year_end = 1849
| year_end               = 1849 CE
|date_end =  
| date_end               =  
|event_end= Annexed by the [[British Raj]]
| event_end             = Annexation by the [[Sikh Empire]]
|event1 =  
| event1                 =  
|date_event1 =  
| date_event1           =  
|p1 =Kangra State
| p1                     = Kangra State
|s1 = Presidencies and provinces of British India
| s1                     = Sikh Empire
|flag_p1 = Flag of Kangra state.png
| flag_p1               = Flag of Kangra state.png
|flag_s1 =British Raj Red Ensign.svg
| flag_s1               = Sikh Empire flag.svg
|image_flag =  
| image_flag             =  
|image_coat =
| image_coat             =  
|image_map =  
| image_map             = Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Jaswan (Jaswal) from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg
|image_map_caption =
| image_map_caption     = Detail of Jaswan (Jaswal) from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852
|stat_area1 =
| stat_area1             =  
|stat_year1 =  
| stat_year1             =  
|stat_pop1 =
| stat_pop1             =  
|today     = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]  
| today                 = [[Una, Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
|footnotes =
| footnotes             =
| capital                = Rajpura
}}
}}
'''Jaswan''' was a precolonial [[India]]n state centred at Rajpur Jaswan,<ref name="Google Maps">{{cite web |url=https://goo.gl/maps/WpNjT6YNqDKYkLXR6}}</ref> in modern-day [[Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], commanded by the [[Jaswal]] Rajput clan.<ref name="Jerath"/> It was founded in 1170 AD by Raja Purab Chand, a cadet of the [[Katoch]] lineage, ancient royal family of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name="Jerath">{{cite book |last1=Jerath |first1=Ashok |title=Dogra Legends of Art and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-8173870828 |pages=20–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&lpg=22 |accessdate=13 September 2019 }}</ref>
 
'''Jaswan''' was a chieftaincy<ref>{{cite book |last1=Raza Khan |first1=Ahsan |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar |date=1977 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |isbn=9780896843769 |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shAdAAAAMAAJ&q=jaswan}}</ref> in modern-day [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, commanded by the [[Jaswal]] Rajput clan.<ref name="Jerath"/> It was founded in 1170 AD by Raja Purab Chand, a cadet of the [[Katoch]] lineage, ancient royal family of [[Kangra State|Kangra]].<ref name="Jerath">{{cite book |last1=Jerath |first1=Ashok |title=Dogra Legends of Art and Culture |date=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |isbn=978-8173870828 |pages=20–22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C&pg=22 |accessdate=13 September 2019 }}</ref> Its capital was Rajpura.<ref name=":0" />
 
== Location and geography ==
Jaswan was a narrow chieftaincy that was approximately 64.3 km (40 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide.<ref name=":0" /> To the south and west directions, the chieftaincy bordered the Punjab Plains region and Shivalik Hills range.<ref name=":0" /> To the north, the chieftaincy bordered [[Siba State]] and [[Datarpur|Datarpur State]].<ref name=":0" /> To the east, the state bordered [[Kangra State]], [[Kutlehar State|Kutlehr State]], and [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Bilaspur (Kahlur) State]].<ref name=":0" />


==History==
==History==


===Early history===
===Early history===
According to legend Jaswan state was founded in 1170 by Raja Purab Chand from the Kangra Royal Family.<ref name="Jerath"/>
According to legend Jaswan State was founded in 1170 CE by Raja Purab Chand from the Kangra royal family.<ref name="Jerath"/><ref name=":0" /> The founder was from a junior branch of the Kangra royal family.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, the Jaswan rulers shared familial relations with the royal families of Kangra, Guler, Siba, and Datarpur states.<ref name=":0" />
===British Raj===
 
In 1815, the Sikh maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] ordered all his available forces to assemble at [[Sialkot]]. The raja of Jaswan, Ummed Singh (1800–1849), failed to obey the summons and was fined a sum beyond his means. The raja was forced to relinquish his state to the Sikh emperor, and accepted a [[jagir]] of 21 villages and 12,000 [[Rupee|Rs]] per annum. In 1848, he joined the Sikh in an unsuccessful revolt against the [[British India|British]]. His palaces were plundered and razed to the ground, and his territory annexed. He was stripped of his title and exiled to [[Almora]], where he died a year later.<ref name="NIC">
=== Mughal period ===
{{cite web
During the reign of Raja Govind Chand (r. c.1550-1575), the Jaswan ruler acted as a guardian for the minor Bidhi Chand of Kangra State.<ref name=":0" /> Also during Govind's reign in 1572, the state successfully defeated a Mughal invasion force attacking [[Kangra Fort]].<ref name=":0" /> The state under Anirudh Chand (r. c.1580–c.1600) took part in Pahari rebellions against Mughal emperor Akbar in 1588 and 1594.<ref name=":0" /> However, both rebellions failed which led to the state submitting to Mughal authority, with the state finding specific mention in the ''[[Akbarnama]]''.<ref name=":0" />
|url= https://hpuna.nic.in/history/
 
|publisher=National Informatics Centre
In 1745, Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan submitted to the Mughal governor of Lahore province, [[Adina Beg|Adina Beg Khan]].<ref name=":0" /> Raja Ajit Singh died without issue, thus he was succeeded by his brother Jaghar Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Jaghar Singh's successor, Abhiraj Singh, died without issue so he was succeeded by Jaghar's other son, Jagrup Singh.<ref name=":0" />
|access-date=13 September 2019
 
|title= History of Una
=== Tributary under Kangra State ===
}}
During the reign of Raja Umed Singh, Jaswan became a tributary of Kangra State under Raja Sansar Chand in 1786.<ref name=":0" /> However, later during Umed's reign in 1805, he joined forces with other hill states against Kangra State.<ref name=":0" />
</ref>
 
In 1877, the jagir in Jaswan, along with several other former properties in Rajpura and Amb, was restored to Ummed's grandson Ran Singh (b. 1833), who also later acquired the jagir of [[Ramkot Fort|Ramkot]] in Jammu upon marriage to a granddaughter of Maharaja [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]].<ref name="NIC"/>
===Sikh Empire and British Raj===
[[File:Painting of Raja Abhiraj Singh of Jaswan State, attributed to the Nainsukh familial atelier, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Raja Abhiraj Singh of Jaswan State, attributed to the Nainsukh familial atelier, circa 19th century]]
In 1809, Jaswan became a tributary of the Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /> In 1815, the Sikh Empire annexed Jaswan State and Umed Singh was reduced to a jagir.<ref name=":0" /> This is because Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] ordered all his available forces to assemble at [[Sialkot]]. The raja of Jaswan, Ummed Singh (1800–1849), failed to obey the summons and was fined a sum beyond his means. The raja was forced to relinquish his state to the Sikh emperor, and accepted a [[jagir]] of 21 villages and 12,000 [[Rupee|Rs]] per annum. In 1848, he joined the Sikh in an unsuccessful revolt against the [[British India|British]] during the [[second Anglo-Sikh war]].<ref name=":0" /> His palaces were plundered and razed to the ground, and his territory annexed in 1849.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Archer |first=William G. |title=Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet (London and New York) / Oxford University Press (Delhi) |year=1973 |volume=1: Text |pages=221–223 |chapter=Painting in Jaswan}}</ref> He was stripped of his title and exiled to [[Almora]], where he died a year later in 1854.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web |url= https://hpuna.nic.in/history/ |publisher=National Informatics Centre |title= History of Una |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Umed's son, Jai Singh, was also deported alongside his father and thus died in-exile as well.<ref name=":0" />
 
In 1877, the jagir in Jaswan, along with several other former properties in Rajpura and Amb, was restored to Ummed's grandson Ran Singh (b. 1833), who also later acquired the jagir of [[Ramkot Fort|Ramkot]] in Jammu upon Ran's son's marriage to a granddaughter of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|J&K State]].<ref name="NIC"/><ref name=":0" /> Upon his son's marriage to Ranbir Singh's granddaughter, Ran Singh was granted a jagir at Mankot in Jammu.<ref name=":0" />
 
The titles claimed by the princes, however, were still denied any recognition until Raghunath Singh (b. 1852) was granted the title of ''raja'' due to his [[Katoch]] lineage and marriages to two of the daughters of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir. The title could not be passed on through inheritance, and he could not administer his jagir. Raghunath Singh died in 1918, after which Lachman Singh succeeded him.<ref name="NIC"/>
 
== Rulers ==
The clan of the rulers of Jaswan was Jaswal.<ref name=":0" /> The rulers originally appended Chand to their name but later would append [[Singh]].<ref name=":0" />
 
=== List of rulers ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of rulers of Jaswan State
!Name
!Portrait
!Reign
!References
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Raja|Rajas:]]
|-
|Purab Chand
|
|1170 – ?
|<ref name="Jerath" />
|-
| colspan="4" |'''''Unknown intermediary rulers'''''
|-
|Govind Chand
|
|c.1550–1575
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Bikram Chand
|
|c.1575–c.1580
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Anirudh Chand
|
|c.1580–c.1600
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Samir Chand
|
|c.1600–c.1630
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Man Singh
|
|c.1630–c.1660
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ajab Singh
|
|c.1660–c.1690
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ram Singh
|
|c.1690–c.1720
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ajit Singh
|[[File:Detail of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State seated with his brother Mian Jaghar Singh, Kangra, ca.1760 (cropped).jpg|175x175px]]
|c.1720–c.1750
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jaghar Singh
|[[File:Detail of Mian Jaghar Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan State seated with his brother Mian Jaghar Singh, Kangra, ca.1760 (cropped).jpg|168x168px]]
|c.1750–c.1765
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Abhiraj Singh{{Efn|Also known as 'Abhirai Singh'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Seated portrait of Raja Abhiraj Singh Jaswal of Jaswan State, Kangra, ca.1760–70.jpg|206x206px]]
|c.1765–c.1770
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jagrup Singh
|[[File:Painting of Raja Jagrup Singh of Jaswan State, Kangra, ca.1770.png|220x220px]]
|c.1770–1774
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Prit Singh{{Efn|Alias for Narpat Singh.|group=note}}
|[[File:Detail of Raja Prit Singh of Jaswan State, from a painting of Raja Tegh Chand of Kangra State smoking with Raja Prit Singh of Jaswan State, Kangra, 1774 (cropped).jpg|195x195px]]
|1774–1782
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Umed Singh{{Efn|Also spelt as 'Ummed Singh'.|group=note}}
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1782–1815
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" |Annexation by the [[Sikh Empire]]
|1815
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Jagir|Jagirdars]]
|-
|Umed Singh
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1815–1849
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" |Annexation by the [[East India Company|British]]
|1849
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="4" |[[Titular ruler|Titular]]
|-
|Umed Singh
|[[File:Raja Jaswal Umed Singh of Jaswan (reigned 1782-1854) LACMA M.74.102.2.jpg|240x240px]]
|1849–1854
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Jai Singh
|
|1854–1856
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Ran Singh
|
|1856–1892
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Raghunath Singh
|
|1892–1918
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Lachman Singh
|
|1918 – ?
|<ref name="NIC" />
|}
 
== Religion ==
In surviving portraits of the rajas from Raja Ajit Singh to Raja Umed Singh, they were all depicted wearing [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Tilaka|tilaks]].<ref name=":0" />
 
== Artwork ==
There is evidence that a member of the Seu-Manaku-Nainsukh artisan family may have worked at Jaswan State at one time.<ref name=":0" /> However, no surviving paintings produced at Jaswan have come down to us.<ref name=":0" /> However, portraits produced in other hill states of some of the rulers of Jaswan have been recorded.<ref name=":0" />
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Inder Singh (politician)|Inder Singh]]


The titles claimed by the princes, however, were still denied any recognition until Raghunath Singh (b. 1852) was granted the title of ''raja'' due to his [[Katoch]] lineage and marriages to two of the daughters of Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir. The title could not be passed on through inheritance, and he could not administer his jagir. Raghunath Singh died in 1918, after which Laxman Singh succeeded him.<ref name="NIC"/>
== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}


==References==
==References==
Line 61: Line 211:


[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Una district]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1849]]

Latest revision as of 07:59, 17 March 2026


Jaswan chieftaincy
Former subdivision of British India
1170 CE–1849 CE

Detail of Jaswan (Jaswal) from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852
CapitalRajpura
History
History 
• Foundation of the chieftaincy
1170 CE
• Annexation by the Sikh Empire
1849 CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kangra State
Sikh Empire
Today part ofUna, Himachal Pradesh, India

Jaswan was a chieftaincy[1] in modern-day Himachal Pradesh, India, commanded by the Jaswal Rajput clan.[2] It was founded in 1170 AD by Raja Purab Chand, a cadet of the Katoch lineage, ancient royal family of Kangra.[2] Its capital was Rajpura.[3]

Location and geography[edit | edit source]

Jaswan was a narrow chieftaincy that was approximately 64.3 km (40 mi) long and 8 km (5 mi) wide.[3] To the south and west directions, the chieftaincy bordered the Punjab Plains region and Shivalik Hills range.[3] To the north, the chieftaincy bordered Siba State and Datarpur State.[3] To the east, the state bordered Kangra State, Kutlehr State, and Bilaspur (Kahlur) State.[3]

History[edit | edit source]

Early history[edit | edit source]

According to legend Jaswan State was founded in 1170 CE by Raja Purab Chand from the Kangra royal family.[2][3] The founder was from a junior branch of the Kangra royal family.[3] Thus, the Jaswan rulers shared familial relations with the royal families of Kangra, Guler, Siba, and Datarpur states.[3]

Mughal period[edit | edit source]

During the reign of Raja Govind Chand (r. c.1550-1575), the Jaswan ruler acted as a guardian for the minor Bidhi Chand of Kangra State.[3] Also during Govind's reign in 1572, the state successfully defeated a Mughal invasion force attacking Kangra Fort.[3] The state under Anirudh Chand (r. c.1580–c.1600) took part in Pahari rebellions against Mughal emperor Akbar in 1588 and 1594.[3] However, both rebellions failed which led to the state submitting to Mughal authority, with the state finding specific mention in the Akbarnama.[3]

In 1745, Raja Ajit Singh of Jaswan submitted to the Mughal governor of Lahore province, Adina Beg Khan.[3] Raja Ajit Singh died without issue, thus he was succeeded by his brother Jaghar Singh.[3] Jaghar Singh's successor, Abhiraj Singh, died without issue so he was succeeded by Jaghar's other son, Jagrup Singh.[3]

Tributary under Kangra State[edit | edit source]

During the reign of Raja Umed Singh, Jaswan became a tributary of Kangra State under Raja Sansar Chand in 1786.[3] However, later during Umed's reign in 1805, he joined forces with other hill states against Kangra State.[3]

Sikh Empire and British Raj[edit | edit source]

Painting of Raja Abhiraj Singh of Jaswan State, attributed to the Nainsukh familial atelier, circa 19th century

In 1809, Jaswan became a tributary of the Sikhs.[3] In 1815, the Sikh Empire annexed Jaswan State and Umed Singh was reduced to a jagir.[3] This is because Maharaja Ranjit Singh ordered all his available forces to assemble at Sialkot. The raja of Jaswan, Ummed Singh (1800–1849), failed to obey the summons and was fined a sum beyond his means. The raja was forced to relinquish his state to the Sikh emperor, and accepted a jagir of 21 villages and 12,000 Rs per annum. In 1848, he joined the Sikh in an unsuccessful revolt against the British during the second Anglo-Sikh war.[3] His palaces were plundered and razed to the ground, and his territory annexed in 1849.[3] He was stripped of his title and exiled to Almora, where he died a year later in 1854.[4][3] Umed's son, Jai Singh, was also deported alongside his father and thus died in-exile as well.[3]

In 1877, the jagir in Jaswan, along with several other former properties in Rajpura and Amb, was restored to Ummed's grandson Ran Singh (b. 1833), who also later acquired the jagir of Ramkot in Jammu upon Ran's son's marriage to a granddaughter of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of J&K State.[4][3] Upon his son's marriage to Ranbir Singh's granddaughter, Ran Singh was granted a jagir at Mankot in Jammu.[3]

The titles claimed by the princes, however, were still denied any recognition until Raghunath Singh (b. 1852) was granted the title of raja due to his Katoch lineage and marriages to two of the daughters of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The title could not be passed on through inheritance, and he could not administer his jagir. Raghunath Singh died in 1918, after which Lachman Singh succeeded him.[4]

Rulers[edit | edit source]

The clan of the rulers of Jaswan was Jaswal.[3] The rulers originally appended Chand to their name but later would append Singh.[3]

List of rulers[edit | edit source]

List of rulers of Jaswan State
Name Portrait Reign References
Rajas:
Purab Chand 1170 – ? [2]
Unknown intermediary rulers
Govind Chand c.1550–1575 [3]
Bikram Chand c.1575–c.1580 [3]
Anirudh Chand c.1580–c.1600 [3]
Samir Chand c.1600–c.1630 [3]
Man Singh c.1630–c.1660 [3]
Ajab Singh c.1660–c.1690 [3]
Ram Singh c.1690–c.1720 [3]
Ajit Singh c.1720–c.1750 [3]
Jaghar Singh c.1750–c.1765 [3]
Abhiraj Singh[note 1] c.1765–c.1770 [3]
Jagrup Singh c.1770–1774 [3]
Prit Singh[note 2] 1774–1782 [3]
Umed Singh[note 3] 1782–1815 [3]
Annexation by the Sikh Empire 1815 [3]
Jagirdars
Umed Singh 1815–1849 [3]
Annexation by the British 1849 [3]
Titular
Umed Singh 1849–1854 [3]
Jai Singh 1854–1856 [3]
Ran Singh 1856–1892 [3]
Raghunath Singh 1892–1918 [3]
Lachman Singh 1918 – ? [4]

Religion[edit | edit source]

In surviving portraits of the rajas from Raja Ajit Singh to Raja Umed Singh, they were all depicted wearing Vaishnava tilaks.[3]

Artwork[edit | edit source]

There is evidence that a member of the Seu-Manaku-Nainsukh artisan family may have worked at Jaswan State at one time.[3] However, no surviving paintings produced at Jaswan have come down to us.[3] However, portraits produced in other hill states of some of the rulers of Jaswan have been recorded.[3]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Also known as 'Abhirai Singh'.
  2. ↑ Alias for Narpat Singh.
  3. ↑ Also spelt as 'Ummed Singh'.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Raza Khan, Ahsan (1977). Chieftains in the Mughal Empire During the Reign of Akbar. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 46. ISBN 9780896843769.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Jerath, Ashok (1998). Dogra Legends of Art and Culture. Indus Publishing Company. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-8173870828. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49 3.50 Archer, William G. (1973). "Painting in Jaswan". Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting. Vol. 1: Text. Sotheby Parke Bernet (London and New York) / Oxford University Press (Delhi). pp. 221–223.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "History of Una". National Informatics Centre. Retrieved 13 September 2019.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Princely states annexed by British India 30°29′02″N 76°35′38″E / 30.484°N 76.594°E / 30.484; 76.594

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