Bilaspuri: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Language spoken by the people of the princely state of Bilaspur in the Punjab Hills. the northern parts of India.}}
{{Short description|Western Pahari language of north India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
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| states          = [[India]]
| states          = [[India]]
| region          = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
| region          = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
| speakers        = 295,000
| speakers        = {{sigfig|296,000|2}}
| date            = 1991
| date            = 2011
| ref              = <ref name="e20">{{e20|Bilaspuri}}</ref>
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam2            = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam3            = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4            = [[North-Western Indo-Aryan languages|North-Western]]
| fam4            = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| script          = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]]
| script          = [[Devanagari]], [[Takri]]
| nation          =
| nation          =  
| iso3            = kfs
| iso3            = kfs
| glotto          = bila1253
| glotto          = bila1253
| glottorefname    = Bilaspuri
| glottorefname    = Bilaspuri
| notice          = Indic
| notice          = Indic
| image            = bilaspuri.png
| image            = Bilaspuri language.png
| imagecaption    = Bilaspuri and Kahluri written in Takri Script
| imagecaption    = Bilaspuri and Kahluri written in Takri Script
}}{{Contains special characters|Indic}}'''Bilaspuri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯}}), or '''Kahluri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]:{{Lang|kfs|𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯}}) is a language spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in the [[Rupnagar district]] of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state.<ref name="e20" /> It is associated with the people of the former princely state of [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur]] in the Punjab Hills.
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Bilaspuri''' ([[Takri script|Himachali Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯}}), or '''Kahluri''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]:{{Lang|kfs|𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari|Western Pahari language]] spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=e25/> It is associated with the people of the former princely state of [[Bilaspur State|Bilaspur]] in the Hills State.


Bilaspuri is classified as one of the varieties of the [[Western Pahari]] language group. However, Bilaspuri is listed as Punjabi in the census.<ref>''International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics'', Volumes 21-22. University of Kerela[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CkwHAQAAIAAJ&q=census++kahluri+bagri&dq=census++kahluri+bagri&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMt-bLkbTpAhW3VBUIHbH-Bck4HhDoAQg3MAI]</ref> According to the 2011 Census, the speakers of Bilaspuri/Kahluri are 295,805.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf</ref>
Bilaspuri is classified as one of the varieties of the [[Western Pahari|Himachali language]] group. According to the 2011 Census, the speakers of Bilaspuri/Kahluri are 295,805.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521101450/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |date=21 May 2020 }}</ref>


The dialect of the hilly part of [[Hoshiarpur district]] is also known as ''Pahāṛī'' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚞𑚩𑚭𑚪𑚯}}).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7|page=439}}</ref>
The dialect of the hilly part of [[Hoshiarpur district]] is also known as ''Pahāṛī'' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|kfs|𑚞𑚩𑚭𑚪𑚯}}).<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7|page=439}}</ref>
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
|- class=small
! [[Short vowel|short]]
! [[Long vowel|long]]
! short
! long
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|ɪ}}, {{IPA link|ʏ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}, {{IPA link|yː}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
|{{IPA link|ɯ}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ə}}
|
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|
| {{IPA link|æː}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
| colspan=2|
|}
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
! colspan=2|
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br />[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɳ}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br />[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|p}}⠀{{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}⠀{{IPA link|d̪|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}⠀{{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}⠀{{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}⠀{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{IPA link|bʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{IPA link|dʱ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}} {{IPA link|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕʰ}} {{IPA link|dʑʱ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}} {{IPA link|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l̪|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɭ}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r̪|r}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|}


== Dialects ==
== Dialects ==
Following are the five dialects of Bilaspuri:
Following are the five dialects of Bilaspuri:


# North-east Bilaspuri (north-east of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali.
# North-east Bilaspuri: (north-east of Kumar Hati); resemblance with [[Mandeali]] and Baghliani dialect of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] of [[Arki, India|Arki]] tehsil of [[Solan district]].
# North Bilaspuri (north of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali.
# North Bilaspuri: (north of Kumar Hati); resemblance with [[Mandeali]].
# West Bilaspuri: has the maximum Punjabi words of all Kahluri dialects.
# West Bilaspuri: shares resemblance with [[Kangri language|Kangri]].
# Central Bilaspuri: Bilaspur (historic) town and surrounding area; shares resemblance to Punjabi.
# Central Bilaspuri: Bilaspur (historic) town and surrounding area; shares resemblance with Baghliani dialect of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]] of [[Arki, India|Arki]] tehsil of [[Solan district]].
# Davin or Daur: east and south-east of Bilaspur (historic) town.
# Davin or Daur: east and south-east of Bilaspur (historic town) shares resemblance with [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], a dialect of [[Keonthal|Keonthali]] sub group of [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]].


The dialects of Kahluri are so closely allied that one might call them one dialect Kahluri or Bilaspuri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=PLSI The Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Volume Eleven, Part Two|publisher=Orient Blackswan|pages=130}}</ref>
The dialects of Kahluri are so closely allied that one might call them one dialect Kahluri or Bilaspuri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=PLSI The Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Volume Eleven, Part Two|publisher=Orient Blackswan|pages=130}}</ref>


== Writing system ==
== Writing system ==
The native script of the language is [[Takri script]].{{wtc|Bilaspuri language}}
The native script of the language is [[Takri script]].
{{wiktionary category 2|Bilaspuri language}}


== Proverbs ==
== Proverbs ==
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== Status ==
== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. Some speaker may even call it a dialect of [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The language has no official status and recognised as a dialect of Punjabi, even when proven otherwise. Before independence there were certain institutions which enjoyed states patronage to publish in Kahluri. All of these institutions today lie in ruins since independence to favour Hindi. With no institute that imparts teaching for this language, the language/dialect is endangered due to dominance of other recognised languages like Standard Punjabi or Hindi.
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]]. Before independence there were certain institutions which enjoyed states patronage to publish in Kahluri. All of these institutions today lie in ruins since independence to favour Hindi. With no institute that imparts teaching for this language, the language/dialect is endangered due to dominance of other recognised languages like Hindi.


The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Punjabi, which was done on the basis of the conclusion made by G.A. Grierson who said Kahluri to be a 'rude' version of Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-1&pages=843#page/696/mode/1up|title=Lingusitic Survey|pages=677}}</ref> Since then linguists have changed this conclusion and have established it to be much more closer to others dialects of [[Western Pahari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Pahari|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/western-pahari}}</ref>  
The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state's Vidhan Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> The language is recorded under Western Pahari group of languages, which was done on the basis of the conclusion made by linguists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/western-pahari|title=Western Pahari|accessdate=8 March 2024}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 125: Line 235:


==External links==
==External links==
{{incubator|kfs}}
* Singh, Amitjit.  "[https://web.archive.org/web/20011201045942/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/sagar/sagar4.1.html#RTFToC1#RTFToC1 The Language Divide in Punjab.]" ''Sagar'', Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.
* Singh, Amitjit.  "[https://web.archive.org/web/20011201045942/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/sagar/sagar4.1.html#RTFToC1#RTFToC1 The Language Divide in Punjab.]" ''Sagar'', Volume 4, Number 1, Spring 1997.


Line 130: Line 241:


[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]  
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
 


{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}
{{IndoAryan-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 17:25, 25 February 2026


Bilaspuri
Kahluri
𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯, बिलासपूरी,
𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯, कहलूरी
Bilaspuri and Kahluri written in Takri Script
Native toIndia
RegionBilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh
Native speakers
300,000 (2011)e25
Devanagari, Takri
Language codes
ISO 639-3kfs
Glottologbila1253

Bilaspuri (Himachali Takri: 𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯), or Kahluri (Takri:𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯) is a Western Pahari language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh.[1] It is associated with the people of the former princely state of Bilaspur in the Hills State.

Bilaspuri is classified as one of the varieties of the Himachali language group. According to the 2011 Census, the speakers of Bilaspuri/Kahluri are 295,805.[2]

The dialect of the hilly part of Hoshiarpur district is also known as Pahāṛī (Takri: 𑚞𑚩𑚭𑚪𑚯).[3]

Phonology[edit | edit source]

Vowels[edit | edit source]

Front Central Back
short long short long
Close ɪ, ʏ iː, yː ɨ ɯ, ʊ uː
Close-mid eː ə oː
Open-mid æː ɔː
Open aː

Consonants[edit | edit source]

Bilabial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		plain p⠀b t⠀d ʈ⠀ɖ tɕ⠀dʑ k⠀ɡ
aspirated pʰ bʱ tʰ dʱ ʈʰ ɖʱ tɕʰ dʑʱ kʰ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Approximant w l ɭ j
Trill r ɽ

Dialects[edit | edit source]

Following are the five dialects of Bilaspuri:

  1. North-east Bilaspuri: (north-east of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali and Baghliani dialect of Mahasui of Arki tehsil of Solan district.
  2. North Bilaspuri: (north of Kumar Hati); resemblance with Mandeali.
  3. West Bilaspuri: shares resemblance with Kangri.
  4. Central Bilaspuri: Bilaspur (historic) town and surrounding area; shares resemblance with Baghliani dialect of Mahasui of Arki tehsil of Solan district.
  5. Davin or Daur: east and south-east of Bilaspur (historic town) shares resemblance with Hinduri, a dialect of Keonthali sub group of Mahasui.

The dialects of Kahluri are so closely allied that one might call them one dialect Kahluri or Bilaspuri.[4]

Writing system[edit | edit source]

The native script of the language is Takri script. Template:Wiktionary category 2

Proverbs[edit | edit source]

𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯 (𑚠𑚮𑚥𑚭𑚨𑚞𑚱𑚤𑚯) कहलूरी (बिलासपूरी) Transliteration (Roman ITRANS) Equivalent Idiom in English
𑚏𑚥𑚯 𑚝𑚯𑚫 𑚈𑚆 𑚀𑚞𑚱𑚫 𑚙𑚲 𑚟𑚮𑚔𑚲𑚢𑚱𑚫𑚩 𑚌𑚴𑚖𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫𑚤𑚲 चली नीं ओए अप्पूं ते फिट्टेमूंह गोड्डेयांरे chalI nIM oe appUM te phiTTemUMha goDDeyAMre A bad workman quarrels with his own tools.
𑚑𑚠𑚤𑚲 𑚤𑚭 𑚞𑚙𑚶𑚚𑚤 𑚊𑚶𑚦𑚭𑚥𑚮𑚣𑚭 जबरे रा पत्थर क्वालिया jabare rA patthara kvAliyA Might is right.
𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚯𑚣𑚲𑚫 𑚟𑚱𑚔𑚯𑚣𑚲𑚫 𑚝𑚲𑚩𑚤𑚭 अपणीयें फूटीयें नेहरा apaNIyeM phUTIyeM neharA Only the wearer knows where the shoe pinches.
𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚭 𑚨𑚳 𑚀𑚞𑚘𑚭, 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚣𑚭 𑚨𑚳 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚣𑚭 अपणा से अपणा, पराया से पराया apaNA se apaNA, parAyA se parAyA Blood is thicker than water.
𑚜𑚲𑚥𑚭 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚭𑚫𑚛𑚭 𑚞𑚤 𑚠𑚲𑚥𑚭 𑚝𑚃𑚫 𑚉𑚫𑚛𑚭 धेला आई जांदा पर बेला नईं औंदा dhelA AI jAMdA para belA naIM auMdA Time once lost cannot be got back
𑚜𑚭𑚝𑚭𑚤𑚲 𑚸𑚲𑚙 𑚞𑚤𑚭𑚥𑚭 𑚙𑚲 𑚝𑚑𑚤𑚯 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚭𑚫𑚛𑚲/

𑚑𑚮𑚝𑚲𑚫 𑚤𑚵𑚫𑚛𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚑𑚭𑚘𑚭 𑚙𑚮𑚝𑚲 𑚢𑚤𑚱𑚤𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚤𑚯 𑚃 𑚸𑚠𑚤 𑚥𑚶𑚣𑚭𑚅𑚘𑚯

धानारे खेत पराला ते नजरी आई जांदे/

जिनें रौंदेयां जाणा तिने मरूरेयां री ई खबर ल्याऊणी

dhAnAre kheta parAlA te najarI AI jAMde/

jineM rauMdeyAM jANA tine marUreyAM rI I khabara lyAUNI

Coming events cast their shadows beforehand.
𑚩𑚲𑚥 𑚠𑚲𑚠𑚲 𑚩𑚲𑚥 𑚢𑚲𑚤𑚭 𑚀𑚫𑚌𑚘 𑚙𑚲𑚤𑚯 𑚛𑚲𑚩𑚥𑚷 हेल बेबे हेल मेरा अंगण तेरी देहळ hela bebe hela merA aMgaNa terI dehaLa To waste time by loitering.
𑚠𑚩𑚰𑚆 𑚏𑚑𑚶𑚑𑚲-𑚏𑚭𑚤𑚲𑚫 𑚝𑚯𑚫 𑚈𑚫𑚌𑚯 𑚙𑚭𑚫 𑚌𑚥𑚶𑚥𑚲𑚫 𑚛𑚲𑚸𑚲𑚣𑚭𑚫 𑚁𑚤𑚛𑚯 बहुए चज्जे-चारें नीं ओंगी तां गल्लें देखेयां आरदी bahue chajje-chAreM nIM oMgI tAM galleM dekheyAM AradI If not competent in deeds, why not boast in words?
𑚜𑚯𑚆 𑚜𑚢𑚭𑚊𑚪𑚭 𑚊𑚝𑚶𑚝 𑚊𑚤 𑚠𑚩𑚰𑚆 धीए धमाकड़ा कन्न कर बहुए dhIe dhamAka.DA kanna kara bahue To speak to someone but to mean it for some other.
𑚑𑚮𑚨𑚤𑚲 𑚀𑚙𑚶𑚚𑚲 𑚥𑚴𑚃 𑚙𑚮𑚨𑚤𑚭 𑚨𑚠 𑚊𑚴𑚃 जिसरे अत्थे लोई तिसरा सब कोई jisare atthe loI tisarA saba koI One who can reward can win hearts
𑚸𑚶𑚦𑚭𑚑𑚲𑚤𑚭 𑚌𑚶𑚦𑚭' 𑚢𑚮𑚖𑚊 ख्वाजेरा ग्वाऽ मिडक khvAjerA gvA.a miDaka Birds of same feather flock together
𑚠𑚲𑚛𑚲 𑚁𑚃 𑚑𑚫𑚌 𑚙𑚭𑚫 𑚠𑚮𑚝 𑚊𑚰𑚪𑚮𑚣𑚲 𑚤𑚲 𑚊𑚝𑚶𑚝 बेदे आई जंग तां बिन कुड़िये रे कन्न बेदे आई जंग तां बिन कुड़िये रे कन्न

Status[edit | edit source]

The language is commonly called Pahari or Himachali. Before independence there were certain institutions which enjoyed states patronage to publish in Kahluri. All of these institutions today lie in ruins since independence to favour Hindi. With no institute that imparts teaching for this language, the language/dialect is endangered due to dominance of other recognised languages like Hindi.

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.[5] There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language.[6] The language is recorded under Western Pahari group of languages, which was done on the basis of the conclusion made by linguists.[7]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
  2. ↑ 2011 Census censusindia.gov.in Archived 21 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
  4. ↑ PLSI The Languages of Himachal Pradesh, Volume Eleven, Part Two. Orient Blackswan. p. 130.
  5. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". Zee News.
  6. ↑ "Pahari Inclusion". The Statesman.
  7. ↑ "Western Pahari". Retrieved 8 March 2024.

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Western Pahari languages


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