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{{ | {{Short description|Region in India}} | ||
{{About| | |||
{{About|the region in India|the supercontinent|Gondwana}} | |||
{{other uses|Gondwana (disambiguation)}} | |||
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Gondwana | ||
| name | | official_name = | ||
| official_name | | type = [[Proposed states and union territories of India|Proposed state]] | ||
| type | | coordinates = {{coord|21|81|display=title,inline}} | ||
| coordinates | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_type | | subdivision_name = India | ||
| subdivision_name | | subdivision_type2 = Region | ||
| subdivision_type2 | | subdivision_name2 = [[Central India]] | ||
| subdivision_name2 | | blank_name_sec1 = Language | ||
| blank_name_sec1 | | blank_info_sec1 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]] | ||
| blank_info_sec1 | | seat_type = Proposed [[Capital (political)|capital]] | ||
| seat_type | | seat = [[Nagpur]] | ||
| seat | | parts_type = Proposed Divisions | ||
| parts_type | | parts_style = list | ||
| parts_style | | p1 = [[Vidarbha]] of [[Maharashtra]] | ||
| p1 | | p2 = Parts of [[Madhya Pradesh|MP]] | ||
| p2 | | p3 = West of [[Chhattisgarh]] | ||
| p3 | | p4 = Northern [[Telangana]] | ||
| p4 | | p5 = western [[Odisha]] and | ||
| p5 | | p6 = southern [[Uttar Pradesh]] | ||
| p6 | | image_skyline = | ||
| image_map = India in 1525 Joppen.jpg | |||
| map_caption = Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907 | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Gondwana''' is a region of | '''Gondwana''', also known as '''Gondaranya''', is a region of India named after the [[Gondi people]]. The supercontinent [[Gondwanaland]] was named after the Gondwana region, because it contained some ancient fossil-bearing rock formations.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Pratik |last=Chakrabarti|title=Gondwana and the Politics of Deep Past|journal=Past & Present|issue=242|year=2019|pages=119–153|doi=10.1093/pastj/gty016 |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gty016|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
Since Gondi people are spread widely across central India, the region has no unambiguous boundary. However, the core region can be considered to be the eastern part of the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], the parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]] immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The wider region extends into parts of northern [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], western [[Odisha]] and southern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. | |||
The region is part of the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], with an average height of about 600–700 metres | The region is part of the northern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], with an average height of about 600–700 metres. Geologically, it is mostly [[Precambrian]] rock, with some areas of [[Permian]] and [[Triassic]] age. In places, these older rocks are overlain with alluvium, while in the west, it is overlain by the igneous rocks of the [[Deccan Traps]]. The landscape is generally rugged and hilly. | ||
The climate is hot and semi-arid. | The climate is hot and semi-arid. Large sections are forest, specifically dry monsoon forest and monsoon scrub forest. Gondwana contains several national parks with tiger populations. | ||
Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of | Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of people from the "scheduled tribes" of India, including the Gonds. The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged. Gonds are followers of religion based on [[Gondi people|Gondi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&pg=PA155|title = Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands|last1 = Mehta|first1 = Behram H.|year = 1984}}</ref> | ||
==History== | |||
A number of old kingdoms were established by ruling families of the Gondis and other scheduled tribes in this region. The first of these was mentioned in 1398, when [[Narsingh Rai]], King of Kherla, Madhya Pradesh, is said to have ruled all the hills of Gondwana. He was overthrown and killed by [[Hoshang Shah]], king of [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]]. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, three main Gond kingdoms existed: [[Garha]]-[[Mandla]] occupied the upper [[Narmada River]] Valley, [[Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh|Deogarh]]-[[Nagpur]] occupied the [[Kanhan River]] and upper [[Wainganga River]] valleys, and Chandra-Sirpur occupied present-day [[Chandrapur District|Chandrapur]], [[Gadchiroli District|Gadchiroli]], and eastern [[Adilabad District|Adilabad]] districts. | |||
The three Gondi principalities of [[Garha Kingdom|Garha-Mandla]], [[Gonds of Deogarh|Deogarh]], and [[Kingdom of Chanda|Chanda-Sirpur]] were nominally subject to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperors. After the annexation of [[Berar Subah|Berar]] in 1595, the Mughals established governors at Paunar in [[Wardha District]] and Kherla in [[Betul District]]. However, the Mughals could not assert sovereignty over them, and the Gond kings enjoyed independence within their dominions and hence, Gondwana wasn't under the Mughal imperial administration. <ref>{{citation | |||
[[ | |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C1vz5ioOMwC | ||
|last=Gommans |first=Jos |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |page=35|quote = Part of the sub-continent, however, remained outside the Mughal part because it was beyond the natural terrain of Mughal armies. Without exception, these natural outer frontiers consisted of the humid, malaria infested, dense forests and swamps of Gondwana, eastern Bengal and Assam, and along the foothills of the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.|isbn=9780415239899}}</ref> After the fall of the Mughals, Gondwana came under the rule of the [[Bundela]] and [[Maratha]] empires. | |||
In the 17th century [[Chhatar Sal]], the Bundela deprived the [[Garha Kingdom|Mandla principality]] of part of the [[Vindhya|Vindhyan Plateau]] and the Narmada Valley. In 1733 the Maratha [[Peshwa]] won [[Bundelkhand]]; and in 1735 the Marathas had [[Marathas of Saugor|established their power in Saugor]]. In 1742 the Peshwa advanced to Mandla, and from this time until 1781, when Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla was finally overthrown, Garha-Mandla was practically a Maratha dependency. Meanwhile, the other independent principalities of Gondwana had in turn fallen. In 1743 [[Raghoji Bhonsle]] of Berar established himself at Nagpur and by 1751 had conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda, and [[Chhattisgarh]]. | |||
The [[Maratha]] conquest of the region in the 18th century was followed by the [[British East India Company|British]] imposition of permanent settlement in the 19th century. A number of rebellions against British rule took place throughout the 19th century, some of which focused on the protection of forests against commercial logging.{{cn|date=December 2024}} | |||
==Emblem of Gondwana State== | |||
{{South Asia in 1525 CE|right|Gondwana circa 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=21 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | |||
The emblem of Gondwana is of a lion, triumphing over an elephant. This visual trope, of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or more elephants, is common in architectural sculpture. There are many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures such as makaras. Many [[Gondwana Kingdom]] forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways.{{cn|date=December 2024}} | |||
== Gondwana Express == | |||
The | The [[Raigarh–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gondwana Express|Gondwana express]] train runs between [[Raigarh]] and [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] in India. It is a 5-day service. It operates as train number 12409 from Raigarh to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12410 in the reverse direction after the name of Gondwana kingdom.{{cn|date=December 2024}} | ||
==Popular movements== | ==Popular movements== | ||
Political and communal movements | |||
Political and communal movements against the dominant political structure still occur in the region, including the Gondwana Praja Party, founded in 2014 in [[Maharashtra]] state. This party was founded to demand the new formation of the old Gondwana State for the tribal people of central India. There is also the [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]], founded by Heera Singh Markam.{{cn|date=December 2024}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
* McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921'']. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Virginia. | * McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html ''Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305230224/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html |date=5 March 2007 }}. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia. | ||
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gondwana}} | * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Gondwana}} | ||
{{Proposed states and territories of India}} | {{Proposed states and territories of India}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Regions of India]] | [[Category:Regions of India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 07:59, 9 February 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2024) |
Gondwana | |
|---|---|
 Gondwana kingdom 1525, as depicted in central India, on a map drawn in 1907 | |
| Coordinates: 21°N 81°E / 21°N 81°E | |
| Country | India |
| Region | Central India |
| Proposed capital | Nagpur |
| Proposed Divisions | List
|
| Language | Gondi |
Gondwana, also known as Gondaranya, is a region of India named after the Gondi people. The supercontinent Gondwanaland was named after the Gondwana region, because it contained some ancient fossil-bearing rock formations.[1]
Since Gondi people are spread widely across central India, the region has no unambiguous boundary. However, the core region can be considered to be the eastern part of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, the parts of Madhya Pradesh immediately to the north of it, and parts of the west of Chhattisgarh. The wider region extends into parts of northern Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, western Odisha and southern Uttar Pradesh.
The region is part of the northern Deccan plateau, with an average height of about 600–700 metres. Geologically, it is mostly Precambrian rock, with some areas of Permian and Triassic age. In places, these older rocks are overlain with alluvium, while in the west, it is overlain by the igneous rocks of the Deccan Traps. The landscape is generally rugged and hilly.
The climate is hot and semi-arid. Large sections are forest, specifically dry monsoon forest and monsoon scrub forest. Gondwana contains several national parks with tiger populations.
Gondwana has a relatively high proportion of people from the "scheduled tribes" of India, including the Gonds. The scheduled tribes are recognised as economically and socially disadvantaged. Gonds are followers of religion based on Gondi.[2]
History[edit | edit source]
A number of old kingdoms were established by ruling families of the Gondis and other scheduled tribes in this region. The first of these was mentioned in 1398, when Narsingh Rai, King of Kherla, Madhya Pradesh, is said to have ruled all the hills of Gondwana. He was overthrown and killed by Hoshang Shah, king of Malwa. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, three main Gond kingdoms existed: Garha-Mandla occupied the upper Narmada River Valley, Deogarh-Nagpur occupied the Kanhan River and upper Wainganga River valleys, and Chandra-Sirpur occupied present-day Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, and eastern Adilabad districts.
The three Gondi principalities of Garha-Mandla, Deogarh, and Chanda-Sirpur were nominally subject to the Mughal emperors. After the annexation of Berar in 1595, the Mughals established governors at Paunar in Wardha District and Kherla in Betul District. However, the Mughals could not assert sovereignty over them, and the Gond kings enjoyed independence within their dominions and hence, Gondwana wasn't under the Mughal imperial administration. [3] After the fall of the Mughals, Gondwana came under the rule of the Bundela and Maratha empires.
In the 17th century Chhatar Sal, the Bundela deprived the Mandla principality of part of the Vindhyan Plateau and the Narmada Valley. In 1733 the Maratha Peshwa won Bundelkhand; and in 1735 the Marathas had established their power in Saugor. In 1742 the Peshwa advanced to Mandla, and from this time until 1781, when Gond dynasty of Garha-Mandla was finally overthrown, Garha-Mandla was practically a Maratha dependency. Meanwhile, the other independent principalities of Gondwana had in turn fallen. In 1743 Raghoji Bhonsle of Berar established himself at Nagpur and by 1751 had conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda, and Chhattisgarh.
The Maratha conquest of the region in the 18th century was followed by the British imposition of permanent settlement in the 19th century. A number of rebellions against British rule took place throughout the 19th century, some of which focused on the protection of forests against commercial logging.[citation needed]
Emblem of Gondwana State[edit | edit source]
Template:South Asia in 1525 CE The emblem of Gondwana is of a lion, triumphing over an elephant. This visual trope, of a triumphant lion vanquishing one or more elephants, is common in architectural sculpture. There are many minor variations on this motif, including the use of leonine creatures variously described as vyālas or yālīs, and the incorporation of other fantastic creatures such as makaras. Many Gondwana Kingdom forts constructed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries carried this representation on their barbicans and gateways.[citation needed]
Gondwana Express[edit | edit source]
The Gondwana express train runs between Raigarh and Hazrat Nizamuddin in India. It is a 5-day service. It operates as train number 12409 from Raigarh to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12410 in the reverse direction after the name of Gondwana kingdom.[citation needed]
Popular movements[edit | edit source]
Political and communal movements against the dominant political structure still occur in the region, including the Gondwana Praja Party, founded in 2014 in Maharashtra state. This party was founded to demand the new formation of the old Gondwana State for the tribal people of central India. There is also the Gondwana Ganatantra Party, founded by Heera Singh Markam.[citation needed]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Chakrabarti, Pratik (2019). "Gondwana and the Politics of Deep Past". Past & Present (242): 119–153. doi:10.1093/pastj/gty016.
- ↑ Mehta, Behram H. (1984). "Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands".
- ↑ Gommans, Jos (2002), Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700, Routledge, p. 35, ISBN 9780415239899,
Part of the sub-continent, however, remained outside the Mughal part because it was beyond the natural terrain of Mughal armies. Without exception, these natural outer frontiers consisted of the humid, malaria infested, dense forests and swamps of Gondwana, eastern Bengal and Assam, and along the foothills of the Himalayas and the Western Ghats.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- McEldowney, Philip F. (1980) Colonial Administration and Social Developments in middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921 Archived 5 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.