Timeline of the Kashmir conflict: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Timeline of  the conflict over Kashmir and inside Kashmir}}
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
 
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{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
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== 1846–1945: Princely state ==
== 1846–1945: Princely state ==
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1846|3|16|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]] was created with the signing of the Second Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India company and Raja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu. It was an addendum to the [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed one week earlier, which gave the terms of surrender of the Sikh Darbar at Lahore to the British. The Sikhs could not pay part of the demand made by the British; Gulab Singh paid Rs&nbsp;{{formatnum:7500000}} on their behalf, and in return received Kashmir Valley, part of the Sikh territories, to add to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule. Gulab Singh accepted overall British sovereignty.}} Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|title=Figures II|publisher=jammu-kashmir.com|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221031949/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|title=2001 census|publisher=kashmirstudygroup.net|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144924/http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called [[Kashmiriyat]].
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1846|3|16|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]] was created with the signing of the Second Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India company and Raja [[Gulab Singh]] of Jammu. It was an addendum to the [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed one week earlier, which gave the terms of surrender of the Sikh Darbar at Lahore to the British. The Sikhs could not pay part of the demand made by the British; Gulab Singh paid Rs&nbsp;{{formatnum:7500000}} on their behalf, and in return received Kashmir Valley, part of the Sikh territories, to add to Jammu and Ladakh already under his rule. Gulab Singh accepted overall British sovereignty.}} Kashmir Valley was a Muslim-majority<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|title=Figures II|publisher=jammu-kashmir.com|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221031949/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/basicfacts/tour/figures_ii.html|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|title=2001 census|publisher=kashmirstudygroup.net|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928144924/http://www.kashmirstudygroup.net/awayforward05/p6_kj_popdist.html|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> region speaking the Kashmiri language and had a distinct culture called [[Kashmiriyat]].
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1857|5|10|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1858|11|1|df=y}}|event= [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India's First War of Independence]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1857|5|10|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1858|11|1|df=y}}|event= [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|India's First War of Independence]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1858|8|2|df=y}} |event= End of [[Company rule in India]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1858|8|2|df=y}} |event= End of [[Company rule in India]].}}
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1927|4|20|df=y}}|event=
*{{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1927|4|20|df=y}}|event=
[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] passed the [[state subject (Kashmir)|Hereditary State Subject order]], granting special privileges to the state subjects for jobs and residence in the state. According to the order an "outsider" could gain state subject status "after the age of 18 on purchasing immovable property under permission of an ijazatnama and on obtaining a rayatnama after ten years continuous residence in the Jammu and Kashmir State".<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Subject Rules |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/actsandordinances/State_Subject_Rules.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre mulling option of introducing residency norms for Jammu & Kashmir |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-mulling-option-of-introducing-residency-norms-for-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/73087617.cms }}</ref>}}
[[Maharaja Hari Singh]] passed the [[state subject (Kashmir)|Hereditary State Subject order]], granting special privileges to the state subjects for jobs and residence in the state. According to the order an "outsider" could gain state subject status "after the age of 18 on purchasing immovable property under permission of an ijazatnama and on obtaining a rayatnama after ten years continuous residence in the Jammu and Kashmir State".<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Subject Rules |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/documents/actsandordinances/State_Subject_Rules.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Centre mulling option of introducing residency norms for Jammu & Kashmir |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-mulling-option-of-introducing-residency-norms-for-jammu-kashmir/articleshow/73087617.cms }}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1931}}|event=The movement against the Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] began and was brutally suppressed by the State forces. Hari Singh was part of a Hindu [[Dogra dynasty]] which ruled over a majority Muslim State. The predominantly Muslim population was kept poor, illiterate and inadequately represented in the State's services.}}<ref>Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1931}}|event=The movement against the Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] began and was brutally suppressed by the State forces. Hari Singh was part of a Hindu [[Dogra dynasty]] which ruled over a majority Muslim State. The predominantly Muslim population was kept poor, illiterate and inadequately represented in the State's services.}}<ref>Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1932|4}}|event=The Glancy Commission appointed by the Maharaja recommended the establishment of a legislative assembly, called the ''Praja Sabha''. It would have 75 members, with 15 official representatives, 33 elected representatives and the remaining seats held by the Maharaja's nominees. Of the 33 elected seats, 21 would be reserved for Muslims, 10 for Hindus and 2 for Sikhs.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=18}}{{sfnp|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|loc=Ch.&nbsp;5, Sec.&nbsp;v (Constructing Kashmiriyat)}} The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1932|4}}|event=The Glancy Commission appointed by the Maharaja recommended the establishment of a legislative assembly, called the ''Praja Sabha''. It would have 75 members, with 15 official representatives, 33 elected representatives and the remaining seats held by the Maharaja's nominees. Of the 33 elected seats, 21 would be reserved for Muslims, 10 for Hindus and 2 for Sikhs.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=18}}{{sfnp|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004|loc=Ch.&nbsp;5, Sec.&nbsp;v (Constructing Kashmiriyat)}} The Maharaja accepted these recommendations but delayed implementation, leading to protests in 1934. The Maharaja granted a constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but it was powerless.
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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|11}}|event=The British Resident in Kashmir observed that the Maharaja and Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak intended to stay away from the Indian Union (the proposed independent country, prior to the partition decision). The reason cited was "antagonism... displayed by a Congress Central Government" towards Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011|p=xv}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|11}}|event=The British Resident in Kashmir observed that the Maharaja and Prime Minister Ram Chandra Kak intended to stay away from the Indian Union (the proposed independent country, prior to the partition decision). The reason cited was "antagonism... displayed by a Congress Central Government" towards Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011|p=xv}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=The British Resident reported that the "new leaders" of the Muslim Conference, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas and [[Agha Shaukat Ali]], were stirring anti-Hindu sentiments in the guise of Muslim unity.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=The British Resident reported that the "new leaders" of the Muslim Conference, Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas and [[Agha Shaukat Ali]], were stirring anti-Hindu sentiments in the guise of Muslim unity.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=14}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=Hindu and Sikh refugees from the [[Hazara, Pakistan|Hazara district]] poured into [[Muzaffarabad]]. 2,500 of them were looked after by the state.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=61}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1946|12}}|event=Hindu and Sikh refugees from the [[Hazara District|Hazara district]] poured into [[Muzaffarabad]]. 2,500 of them were looked after by the state.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|p=61}}


=== Early 1947 ===
=== Early 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|1}}|event= Elections were held for the State's legislative assembly. The National Conference boycotted the elections, and the Muslim Conference won 16 of the 21 Muslim seats.}}{{sfnp|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=23}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|1}}|event= Elections were held for the State's legislative assembly. The National Conference boycotted the elections, and the Muslim Conference won 16 of the 21 Muslim seats.}}{{sfnp|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966|p=23}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3|2|df=y}} |event=[[Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] resigned as the premier of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]. Within a week, communal fires were set ablaze in [[Multan]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Amritsar]] and [[Lahore]], spreading to [[Campbellpur]], [[Murree]], [[Taxila]] and [[Attock]].}}{{sfnp|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002|p=513}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3|2|df=y}} |event=[[Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] resigned as the premier of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], representing a collapse of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist]] government of Punjab. Punjab was rocked by communal violence, culminating in [[1947 Rawalpindi massacres|massacres]] of Sikhs and Hindus in the [[Rawalpindi Division]]. Tens of thousands of refugees fled the area, with many seeking shelter in Jammu and Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Jalal, Self and Sovereignty|2002|p=513}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=Reuters reported that Kashmir had reinforced its troops along the Kashmir–Punjab border to ensure that the communal violence of Punjab did not spill into Kashmir. The border was virtually sealed.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=Reuters reported that Kashmir had reinforced its troops along the Kashmir–Punjab border to ensure that the communal violence of Punjab did not spill into Kashmir. The border was virtually sealed.}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=The British Resident reported that the [[Amin ul-Hasanat|Pir of Manki Sharif]], a Muslim League leader in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], had sent agents to Kashmir to prepare the people for a "holy crusade".}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=The British Resident reported that the [[Amin ul-Hasanat|Pir of Manki Sharif]], a Muslim League leader in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], had sent agents to Kashmir to prepare the people for a "holy crusade".}}{{sfnp|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996|p=15}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] arrived in India as the last [[Viceroy of India]], amidst country-wide communal riots. The [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist]] government of Punjab collapsed.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|3}}|event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] arrived in India as the last [[Viceroy of India]], amidst country-wide communal riots.}}


=== April 1947 ===
=== April 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4}}|event=Hindus and Sikhs of [[Sialkot]] fled to [[Jammu]] in the face of increasing tensions.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=162}} The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4}}|event=Hindus and Sikhs of [[Sialkot]] fled to [[Jammu]] in the face of increasing tensions.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|p=162}} The exodus increased in June and continued until August.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja was met by a gathering of 40,000 demobilised soldiers in [[Rawalakot]]. He was "specially impressed and alarmed", according to [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] sources.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=41}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|4|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja was met by a gathering of 40,000 demobilised soldiers in [[Rawalakot]]. He was "specially impressed and alarmed", according to [[Azad Kashmir]] sources.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=41}}


=== May 1947 ===
=== May 1947 ===
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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|24|df=y}} |event=The Indian National Congress acting president [[Acharya Kripalani]] visited Kashmir to discuss democratic reforms and joining the Constituent Assembly of India.}}{{sfnp|Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations|1966|p=95}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|24|df=y}} |event=The Indian National Congress acting president [[Acharya Kripalani]] visited Kashmir to discuss democratic reforms and joining the Constituent Assembly of India.}}{{sfnp|Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations|1966|p=95}}<ref>
{{citation |last=Burke |first=S. M. |title=Landmarks of The Pakistan Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YktuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |isbn=978-969-425-092-2 |page=457}}</ref>
{{citation |last=Burke |first=S. M. |title=Landmarks of The Pakistan Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YktuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab |isbn=978-969-425-092-2 |page=457}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|28|df=y}} |event=Muslim Conference acting president Choudhary Hamidullah announced that the party had decided "to acquire independence for the State".}}<ref>{{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=103}}; {{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|pp=70–71}}; {{harvp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2012|p=18}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|5|28|df=y}} |event=Muslim Conference acting president Choudhary Hamidullah announced that the party had decided "to acquire independence for the State".}}<ref>{{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=103}}; {{harvp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|pp=70–71}}; {{harvp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=18}}</ref>
 
=== June 1947 ===
=== June 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|3|df=y}} |event=Mountbatten proposed the [[Partition of India|partition plan]] to divide [[British India]] into independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|3|df=y}} |event=Mountbatten proposed the [[Partition of India|partition plan]] to divide [[British India]] into independent dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|13|df=y}} |event=At the Joint Defence Council meeting, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] disagreed on the accession of [[princely state]]s, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.}}<ref name="Noorani UN resolutions">[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/relevance-of-un-resolutions/article8123719.ece Relevance of U.N. resolutions], Frontline, 5 February 2016.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|13|df=y}} |event=At the Joint Defence Council meeting, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] disagreed on the accession of [[princely state]]s, Jinnah asserting that it was for the rulers to decide and Nehru insisting that it was for the people.}}<ref name="Noorani UN resolutions">[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/relevance-of-un-resolutions/article8123719.ece Relevance of U.N. resolutions], Frontline, 5 February 2016.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|19|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] visited Kashmir for 5&nbsp;days to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India or Pakistan. The Maharaja showed reluctance.}}<ref name="Kak p.37">{{harvp|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6|19|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] visited Kashmir for 5&nbsp;days to persuade the Maharaja to accede to India or Pakistan. The Maharaja showed reluctance.}}<ref name="Kak p.37">{{harvp|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=[[Poonch jagir|Poonchis]] started a 'No Tax' campaign against the Maharaja's administration.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Copland |first=I. |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900-1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India|2005}} |page=143}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=[[Poonch jagir|Poonchis]] started a 'No Tax' campaign against the Maharaja's administration.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Copland |first=I. |title=State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-00598-3 |ref={{sfnref|Copland, State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India|2005}} |page=143}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=The Maharaja met with Punjab businessman Rai Bahadur Gopal Das and expressed fears of ill-treatment at the hands of Congressmen. Gopal Das relayed this to Vallabhbhai Patel.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014|p=307}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|6}}|event=The Maharaja met with Punjab businessman Rai Bahadur Gopal Das and expressed fears of ill-treatment at the hands of Congressmen. Gopal Das relayed this to Vallabhbhai Patel.}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014|p=307}}


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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|11|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|13|df=y}}|event=Partition violence erupted in Sialkot, and drove the surviving Hindus and Sikhs to Jammu.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=166–167}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|11|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|13|df=y}}|event=Partition violence erupted in Sialkot, and drove the surviving Hindus and Sikhs to Jammu.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=166–167}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|14|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|15|df=y}}|event=Independence and [[Partition of British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Kashmir signed the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] with Pakistan. India requested further discussions for a standstill agreement.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|14|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|8|15|df=y}}|event=Independence and [[Partition of British India]] into [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. Kashmir signed the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] with Pakistan. India requested further discussions for a standstill agreement.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|18|df=y}} |event=In one of the worst train massacres of the Partition, [[Lohar]]s and 'Kashmiris' of [[Nizamabad (Pakistan) railway station|Nizamabad]] killed all the Hindu and Sikh passengers of a Wazirabad–Jammu train.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=144–149}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|18|df=y}} |event=In one of the worst train massacres of the Partition, [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]s and 'Kashmiris' of [[Nizamabad (Pakistan) railway station|Nizamabad]] killed all the Hindu and Sikh passengers of a Wazirabad–Jammu train.}}{{sfnp|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009|pp=144–149}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|20|df=y}} |event=Pakistan Army formulated [[Operation Gulmarg]] to organise a tribal invasion of Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|p=4}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|20|df=y}} |event=Pakistan Army formulated [[Operation Gulmarg]] to organise a tribal invasion of Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|p=4}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|23|df=y}} |event=Rebels under the command of [[Sardar Abdul Qayyum]] fired on the State Forces at [[Bagh, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Bagh]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57">{{harvp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=57}}</ref> According to Major General [[Henry Lawrence Scott]], the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.{{sfnp|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=47}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|23|df=y}} |event=Rebels under the command of [[Sardar Abdul Qayyum]] fired on the State Forces at [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57">{{harvp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=57}}</ref> According to Major General [[Henry Lawrence Scott]], the Chief of Staff of State Forces, they had been incited by 30 Muslims from West Punjab that entered the State a few days earlier.{{sfnp|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010|p=47}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Maharani's emissary delivered an invitation to Justice Mahajan, with a repeated request on 7&nbsp;September.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=123}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Maharani's emissary delivered an invitation to Justice Mahajan, with a repeated request on 7&nbsp;September.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=123}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference wrote to Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and claimed that the state's government and the National Conference were intriguing. "If, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them and the responsibility would be theirs," warned the communication.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|25|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference wrote to Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and claimed that the state's government and the National Conference were intriguing. "If, God forbid, the Pakistan Government or the Muslim League do not act, Kashmir might be lost to them and the responsibility would be theirs," warned the communication.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=103}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|28|df=y}} |event=Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]], who would later operate as 'General Tariq' commanding Pakistani irregulars, arrived in Rawalpindi.{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|p=115}} The [[21st Prince Albert Victor’s Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)|Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry]] (later 11th Cavalry) was briefed on Pakistan's "invasion plans" by Akbar Khan, along with Colonels Sher Khan and Khanzadeh.{{sfnp|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007|pp=151–153}}{{sfnp|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold|2008|p=59–}}<ref name="Wajahat review">{{citation |last=Amin |first=Agha Humayun |chapter=Memories of a Soldier by Major General Syed Wajahat Hussain (Book Review) |title=Pakistan Military Review, Volume 18 |date=August 2015 |isbn=978-1516850235 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|8|28|df=y}} |event=The Muslim Conference leader in Poonch, [[Sardar Ibrahim]], arrived in Lahore to seek Pakistan's assistance for a rebellion. He was ignored by officials, but entertained by the provincial Muslim League leader [[Mian Iftikharuddin]]. Ibrahim headed to [[Murree]] to set up a base for the rebellion.{{sfnp|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990|pp=68–70}}}}


=== September 1947 ===
=== September 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9}} |event=Pakistan Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan charged [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] with organising a revolt in Kashmir. Iftikharuddin introduced the Muslim Conference leader [[Sardar Ibrahim]] to Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]]. Sardar Ibrahim requested and received arms for the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013|pp=25–27}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9}} |event=Pakistan deputed [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] to visit Kashmir to assess Pakistan's prospects for its accession. En route, Iftikharuddin introduced [[Sardar Ibrahim]] to Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] in Murree. Sardar Ibrahim requested arms for the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=105}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007|p=115}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=Henry Lawrence Scott informed the Maharaja that 400 armed Muslims infiltrated from [[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]] into the state to terrorise the Hindu and Sikh minorities. Kashmir reported the information to Pakistan and urged it to control the infiltration.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=43}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=Henry Lawrence Scott informed the Maharaja that 400 armed Muslims infiltrated from [[Kahuta Tehsil|Kahuta]] into the state to terrorise the Hindu and Sikh minorities. Kashmir reported the information to Pakistan and urged it to control the infiltration.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=90–91}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=43}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=''[[Civil & Military Gazette]]'' reported that there was an [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in the Poonch]] area.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|p=115}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|4|df=y}} |event=''[[Civil & Military Gazette]]'' reported that there was an [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|uprising in the Poonch]] area.}}{{sfnp|Hiro, The Longest August|2015|p=115}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|9|df=y}} |event=Pakistan blocked supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stopped trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the standstill agreement.}}<ref name="October 1947">{{harvp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|9|9|df=y}} |event=Pakistan blocked supplies of petrol, sugar, salt and kerosene and stopped trade in timber, fruits, fur and carpets in violation of the standstill agreement.}}<ref name="October 1947">{{harvp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}</ref>
Line 105: Line 108:


=== October 1947 ===
=== October 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|3|df=y}} |event=[[Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar]], under the assumed name "Mr. Anwar", issued the proclamation of a provisional 'Pakistan-occupied Kashmir' government in [[Muzaffarabad]]. This government fails with the arrest of Gilkar in Srinagar.}}<ref name="Snedden p.59">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=233}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|1|df=y}} |event=[[Dwarkanath Kachru]], the secretary general of the [[All-India States Peoples' Conference]], visited Kashmir for four days. He reported to Nehru that the National Conference had decided in favour of accession to India.}}<ref name="Snedden p.67">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=67}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|5|df=y}} |event=Nehru is informed by Dwarakanath Kachru that the Maharaja had lost control of the western districts of the state.}}<ref name="Snedden p.67">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=67}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|3|df=y}} |event=[[Khwaja Ghulam Nabi Gilkar]], under the assumed name "Mr. Anwar", issued the proclamation of a provisional 'Azad Kashmir' government in [[Muzaffarabad]]. This government failed with the arrest of Gilkar in Srinagar.}}<ref name="Snedden p.59">{{harvp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=59}}</ref>{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=233}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=An [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|armed rebellion]] began in Poonch.}}<ref>{{citation |last=ul-Hassan |first=Syed Minhaj |title=Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947-48 AD. |journal=FWU Journal of Social Sciences |volume=9 |number=1 |year=2015 |page=1–7 |url=http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |ref={{sfnref|ul Hassan, Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir|2015}} |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063114/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Ganguly |title=Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=541 |pages=167–178 |date=September 1995 |publisher=Sage Publications |jstor=1048283 |doi=10.1177/0002716295541001012 |s2cid=144787951 |ref={{sfnref|Ganguly, Wars without End|1995}}}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=An [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|armed rebellion]] began in Poonch.}}<ref>{{citation |last=ul-Hassan |first=Syed Minhaj |title=Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir, 1947-48 AD. |journal=FWU Journal of Social Sciences |volume=9 |number=1 |year=2015 |pages=1–7 |url=http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |ref={{sfnref|ul Hassan, Qaiyum Khan and the War of Kashmir|2015}} |access-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309063114/http://www.sbbwu.edu.pk/journal/Journal%20June%202015/1.%20Qaiyum%20Khan%20and%20the%20War%20of%20Kashmir,%20proof%20reading%20and%20APA.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |first=Sumit |last=Ganguly |title=Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=541 |pages=167–178 |date=September 1995 |publisher=Sage Publications |jstor=1048283 |doi=10.1177/0002716295541001012 |s2cid=144787951 |ref={{sfnref|Ganguly, Wars without End|1995}}}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|6|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja replaced Chief of State Forces Banbury and Police Chief Powell with Hindu officers.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, October 1947|2010|p=9}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|7|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja imposed rigorous precensorship of the press, especially of all views regarding the State's accession.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=40}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|7|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja imposed rigorous precensorship of the press, especially of all views regarding the State's accession.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=40}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=The [[Azad Pattan|Owen Pattan]] post on Jhelum river was captured by rebels. [[Sehnsa]] and [[Throchi]] were abandoned by State Forces after attack.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=The [[Azad Pattan|Owen Pattan]] post on Jhelum river was captured by rebels. [[Sehnsa]] and [[Throchi]] were abandoned by State Forces after attack.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=Pakistani raids on the borders of [[Jammu district|Jammu]] and [[Kathua district|Kathua]] districts began.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990|p=226}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=246}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|9|df=y}}|event=Pakistani raids on the borders of [[Jammu district|Jammu]] and [[Kathua district|Kathua]] districts began.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990|p=226}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=246}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|10|df=y}} |event=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expedited Justice Mahajan's leave from Punjab High Court, which enabled him to accept the Prime Ministership. Mahajan visited Indian leaders and Lord Mountbatten in Delhi before he proceeded to Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=127–128}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|10|df=y}} |event=Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel expedited Justice Mahajan's leave from Punjab High Court, which enabled him to accept the Prime Ministership. Mahajan visited Indian leaders and Lord Mountbatten in Delhi before proceeding to Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=127–128}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|12|df=y}} |event=[[K. H. Khurshid]], Jinnah's private secretary, was sent to Kashmir to mobilise support for Pakistan, and reported: "Muslim Conference is now practically a dead organisation." He advocated Pakistan to use force, and "supply arms and foodstuff to the tribes within and without the state."}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|12|df=y}} |event=[[K. H. Khurshid]], Jinnah's private secretary, was sent to Kashmir to mobilise support for Pakistan, and reported: "Muslim Conference is now practically a dead organisation." He advocated Pakistan to use force, and "supply arms and foodstuff to the tribes within and without the state."}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=106}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|14|df=y}} |event=Some activists of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Akali Dal|Akalis]] mounted attacks on villages of the [[Jammu district]], which killed Muslims and set houses on fire}},{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|pp=25–26}} stated to be the beginning of the [[1947 Jammu massacres|1947 Jammu violence]].{{sfnp|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998|loc=p. 116, footnote 90.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|14|df=y}} |event=Some activists of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and the [[Akali Dal|Akalis]] mounted attacks on villages of the [[Jammu district]], which killed Muslims and set houses on fire}},{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|pp=25–26}} stated to be the beginning of the [[1947 Jammu massacres|1947 Jammu violence]].{{sfnp|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998|loc=p. 116, footnote 90.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|15|df=y}} |event=Mehr Chand Mahajan took charge as Prime Minister of the state. Concentration of tribesmen reported at [[Abbottabad]]-[[Mansehra]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|15|df=y}} |event=Mehr Chand Mahajan took charge as Prime Minister of the state. Concentration of tribesmen reported at [[Abbottabad]]-[[Mansehra]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |event=Brigadier N.S. Rawat given the charge of the Jammu Brigade of the State Forces, and Brigadier Khuda Baksh made Chief of Staff, second in command.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|p=227}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=54–55}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=144}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |event=Brigadier N.S. Rawat given the charge of the Jammu Brigade of the State Forces, and Brigadier Khuda Baksh made Chief of Staff, second in command.}}{{sfnp|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010|p=227}}{{sfnp|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003|pp=54–55}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|p=144}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=A battalion of [[Patiala State|Patiala State Forces]] arrives in Jammu and a mountain battery (artillery regiment) is stationed in Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|2002|p=130}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|17|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=A battalion of [[Patiala State|Patiala State Forces]] arrives in Jammu and a mountain battery (artillery regiment) is stationed in Srinagar.}}{{sfnp|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|1997|p=130}}{{sfnp|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah attended the meeting of the Standing Committee of [[All India States Peoples Conference]] in Delhi.}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Kaula |first1=Prithvi Nath |last2=Dhar |first2=Kanahaya Lal |title=Kashmir Speaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkI_AAAAMAAJ |year=1950 |publisher=S. Chand |page=62}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|18|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah attended the meeting of the Standing Committee of [[All India States Peoples Conference]] in Delhi.}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Kaula |first1=Prithvi Nath |last2=Dhar |first2=Kanahaya Lal |title=Kashmir Speaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkI_AAAAMAAJ |year=1950 |publisher=S. Chand |page=62}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|19|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja and the new prime minister travelled to [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]] and investigated the Pakistani border raids, visiting [[Jammu]] (19&nbsp;October), [[Bhimber]] (20&nbsp;October), [[Kathua]] (21&nbsp;October) and returning to Srinagar on 22&nbsp;October.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=144–147}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|19|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja and the new prime minister travelled to [[Jammu Division|Jammu province]] and investigated the Pakistani border raids, visiting [[Jammu]] (19&nbsp;October), [[Bhimber]] (20&nbsp;October), [[Kathua]] (21&nbsp;October) and returning to Srinagar on 22&nbsp;October.}}{{sfnp|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963|pp=144–147}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|20|df=y}} |event=Lorries carrying 900 Mahsud tribesmen departed the [[Federally Administered Tribal Area|Frontier tribal region]] heading to Kashmir. Governor [[George Cunningham (governor)|George Cunningham]] sent a letter to Indian Army Chief Gen. [[Rob Lockhart]] warning him about the invasion; the letter was received on 23 or 24&nbsp;October.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010|p=34}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|20|df=y}} |event=Lorries carrying 900 Mahsud tribesmen departed the [[Federally Administered Tribal Area|Frontier tribal region]] heading to Kashmir. Governor [[George Cunningham (governor)|George Cunningham]] sent a letter to Indian Army Chief Gen. [[Rob Lockhart]] warning him about the invasion; the letter was received on 23 or 24&nbsp;October.}}{{sfnp|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010|p=34}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja appointed [[Bakshi Tek Chand]], a retired judge of the Punjab High Court, to frame a constitution for the state.}}<ref name=Puri/> This stalled due to the impending invasion.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=The Maharaja appointed [[Bakshi Tek Chand]], a retired judge of the Punjab High Court, to frame a constitution for the state.}}<ref name=Puri/> This stalled due to the impending invasion.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Dak Bungalow at [[Bhimber]] was attacked by rebels. There were accusations that this was an effort to kill or abduct the Maharaja, who had been scheduled to visit that day.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Dak Bungalow at [[Bhimber]] was attacked by rebels. There were accusations that this was an effort to kill or abduct the Maharaja, who was scheduled to visit that day.}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Journalist [[G. K. Reddy]], working for [[Associated Press of India]] (API) in Lahore, received a telephone call from the Pakistan Army Headquarters in Rawalpindi, stating that the Ramkot post was being attacked that night, and the news should be published as coming from [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|pp=4–5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |event=Journalist [[G. K. Reddy]], working for [[Associated Press of India]] (API) in Lahore, received a telephone call from the Pakistan Army Headquarters in Rawalpindi, stating that the Ramkot post was being attacked that night, and the news should be published as coming from [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013|pp=4–5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}}|event=Pakistan precipitated the first [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War]] when it launched a tribal ''lashkar'' (levy) from [[Waziristan]] to overthrow the Maharaja's government.}}<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf Pakistan Covert Support] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114721/http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf |date=12 September 2014 }}</ref> Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]], recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded [[Kashmir]] along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn17 note 17]}} Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.<ref name="Snedden p.59"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|10|22|df=y}}|event=Pakistan precipitated the first [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|Indo-Pakistani War]] when it launched a tribal ''lashkar'' (levy) from [[Waziristan]] to overthrow the Maharaja's government.}}<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf Pakistan Covert Support] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114721/http://www.princeton.edu/~jns/publications/Understanding%20Support%20for%20Islamist%20Militancy.pdf |date=12 September 2014 }}</ref> Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan's [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North West Frontier Province]], recruited covertly by the Pakistani Army, invaded [[Kashmir]] along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn17 note 17]}} Pro-Pakistan members of the Maharaja's army rebelled at Domel (Muzaffarabad) and took control of the Jhelum river bridge.<ref name="Snedden p.59"/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=All the Muslim members of the State Police in Jammu City were disarmed and ordered to go to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=53}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|22|df=y}} |event=All the Muslim members of the State Police in Jammu City were disarmed and ordered to go to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=53}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Government of India|New Delhi]] received the news of tribal invasion via two channels, from General Gracey of Pakistan Army communicated to General Lockhart and from R.L. Batra, the Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, to Nehru.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=58}} Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Government of India|New Delhi]] received the news of tribal invasion via two channels, from General Gracey of Pakistan Army communicated to General Lockhart and from R.L. Batra, the Deputy Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, to Nehru.}}{{sfnp|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015|p=58}} Batra carried a message from the Maharaja which requested military assistance and proposed accession to India.{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=A second provisional government of [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] was established under the leadership of [[Sardar Ibrahim]] with nominal headquarters at [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=61}}  
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=A second provisional government of [[Azad Kashmir]] was established under the leadership of [[Sardar Ibrahim]] with nominal headquarters at [[Palandri]].}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=61}}  
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Bhimber]] fell to rebels after an attack by armoured vehicles of the [[Pakistan Army]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom|1977}} quoted at [http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ Valorous Actions of Kashmir War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130042034/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ |date=30 November 2016 }}, Pak Army Museum, retrieved 16 March 2017.</ref>{{sfnp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|24|df=y}} |event=[[Bhimber]] fell to rebels after an attack by armoured vehicles of the [[Pakistan Army]].}}<ref name="Cheema p.57"/><ref>{{harvtxt|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom|1977}} quoted at [http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ Valorous Actions of Kashmir War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130042034/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/actions-of-kashmir-war/ |date=30 November 2016 }}, Pak Army Museum, retrieved 16 March 2017.</ref>{{sfnp|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|25|df=y}} |event=A Defence Committee meeting in Delhi, headed by Lord Mountbatten, considered the Maharaja's request. Ministers were unanimous in sending military assistance, but disagreed on whether to accept Kashmir's accession. The secretary of the States Department, [[V. P. Menon]], was sent to Kashmir to assess the situation.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|25|df=y}} |event=A Defence Committee meeting in Delhi, headed by Lord Mountbatten, considered the Maharaja's request. Ministers were unanimous in sending military assistance, but disagreed on whether to accept Kashmir's accession. The secretary of the States Department, [[V. P. Menon]], was sent to Kashmir to assess the situation.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=189|loc=Chapter 8}}
Line 134: Line 137:
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Indian army entered the state to repel the invaders.  Sheikh Abdullah endorsed the accession but termed it ''ad hoc'' and to be ultimately decided by the people of Jammu and Kashmir. He was appointed head of the emergency administration.}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 note 19]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Indian army entered the state to repel the invaders.  Sheikh Abdullah endorsed the accession but termed it ''ad hoc'' and to be ultimately decided by the people of Jammu and Kashmir. He was appointed head of the emergency administration.}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 note 19]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered General [[Douglas Gracey]] to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declined, pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from Supreme Commander [[Claude Auchinleck]] to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=Mohammad Ali Jinnah ordered General [[Douglas Gracey]] to send Pakistani troops into Kashmir. Gracey declined, pointing out the fact of Kashmir's accession to India. Gracey had a 'stand down order' from Supreme Commander [[Claude Auchinleck]] to the effect that, in the event of an inter-Dominion war, all the British officers in both the armies must stand down.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Kashmir Liberation Committee was formed to manage Pakistan's conduct of the war. It was headed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, with Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] as the military member, [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]], the finance minister, and [[Sardar Ibrahim]], the president of the provisional Pakistan-occupied Kashmir government.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=54}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=105}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|27|df=y}} |event=The Kashmir Liberation Committee was formed to manage Pakistan's conduct of the war. It was headed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, with Colonel [[Akbar Khan (Pakistani general)|Akbar Khan]] as the military member, [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]], the finance minister, and [[Sardar Ibrahim]], the president of the provisional Azad Kashmir government.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=54}}{{sfnp|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998|p=105}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|28|df=y}} |event=Field Marshal Auchinleck flew to Lahore to explain the stand down order to Jinnah. Upon his suggestion, Jinnah invited the Indian leaders for a conference in Lahore but the Indian Cabinet declined the invitation.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|28|df=y}} |event=Field Marshal Auchinleck flew to Lahore to explain the stand down order to Jinnah. Upon his suggestion, Jinnah invited the Indian leaders for a conference in Lahore but the Indian Cabinet declined the invitation.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|29|df=y}} |event=Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan entered the war officially by deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=196}} Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=55}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|29|df=y}} |event=Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan entered the war officially by deciding to maintain a force of at least 5,000 tribesmen in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|p=196}} Tribesmen again poured into Kashmir.{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=55}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency Administration in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953|loc=119, footnote 5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the head of the Emergency Administration in Kashmir.}}{{sfnp|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953|loc=119, footnote 5}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Major William Brown, the commander of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], led a coup against the governor of [[Gilgit]] and imprisoned him. A provisional government was declared by the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=113–114}}<ref name=Bangash>{{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |pages=117–143 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |year=2010 |s2cid=159652497 }}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|10|31|df=y}} |event=Major William Brown, the commander of the [[Gilgit Scouts]], led a coup against the governor of [[Gilgit]] and imprisoned him. A provisional government was declared by the rebels.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=113–114}}<ref name=Bangash>{{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |title=Three Forgotten Accessions: Gilgit, Hunza and Nagar |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=38 |pages=117–143 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/03086530903538269 |year=2010 |s2cid=159652497 }}</ref>


=== November 1947 ===
=== November 1947 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|1|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] and [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] met in Lahore, as the Governors General<!--governors general is correct plural--> of India and Pakistan. Mountbatten offered India's proposal that the accession of [[Junagadh state|Junagadh]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] and Kashmir should be decided by an impartial reference to the will of the people in the form of a [[plebiscite]]. Jinnah rejected the offer.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Kashmir Dispute, 1947-2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGkoAEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940018-8 |orig-year=first published in 2013 by [[Tulika Books]] |pages=13–14}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|1|df=y}} |event=[[Lord Mountbatten]] and [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] met in Lahore, as the Governors General<!--governors general is correct plural--> of India and Pakistan. Mountbatten offered India's proposal that the accession of [[Junagadh state|Junagadh]], [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]] and Kashmir should be decided by an impartial reference to the will of the people in the form of a [[plebiscite]]. Jinnah rejected the offer.}}<ref>{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGkoAEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-940018-8 |orig-year=first published in 2013 by [[Tulika Books]] |pages=13–14}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date=Early November<!--{{Start date|1947|11|DD|df=y}}--> |event=Sheikh Abdullah recommended that India give an ultimatum and declare war against Pakistan upon the expiry of the ultimatum. Nehru did not favour a broader war.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=97}}
* {{Timeline-event |date=Early November<!--{{Start date|1947|11|DD|df=y}}--> |event=Sheikh Abdullah recommended that India give an ultimatum and declare war against Pakistan upon the expiry of the ultimatum. Nehru did not favour a broader war.}}{{sfnp|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014|p=97}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=Tribesmen broke through to within {{convert|5|mi}} of the Srinagar airport and were beaten back. Indians suffered heavy casualties. Indian Home Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] argued for the army to be reinforced; two more battalions were air-lifted, and a squadron of armoured cars and field artillery were dispatched from [[Pathankot]].}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=Tribesmen broke through to within {{convert|5|mi}} of the Srinagar airport and were beaten back. Indians suffered heavy casualties. Indian Home Minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] argued for the army to be reinforced; two more battalions were air-lifted, and a squadron of armoured cars and field artillery were dispatched from [[Pathankot]].}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=[[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]], in the eastern part of the [[Poonch jagir|Poonch district]] fell to rebels; [[Bagh, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Bagh]] and [[Rawalakot]] followed in quick succession. Hindu and Sikh refugees from these areas took shelter in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Mirpur, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], which were all surrounded by rebels.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|3|df=y}} |event=[[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]], in the eastern part of the [[Poonch jagir|Poonch district]] fell to rebels; [[Bagh, Azad Kashmir|Bagh]] and [[Rawalakot]] followed in quick succession. Hindu and Sikh refugees from these areas took shelter in [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], which were all surrounded by rebels.}}{{sfnp|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003|p=142}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |event=Most of the tribesmen withdrew to [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the face of the Indian assault. Many returned home, sensing that the fight was lost.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=56}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |event=Most of the tribesmen withdrew to [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the face of the Indian assault. Many returned home, sensing that the fight was lost.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=56}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|11|6|df=y}}|event=Convoys of Muslim refugees from [[Jammu]] going to West Punjab were attacked by armed bands supported by State troops; very few survived.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}} 6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=31}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|5|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1947|11|6|df=y}}|event=Convoys of Muslim refugees from [[Jammu]] going to West Punjab were attacked by armed bands supported by State troops; very few survived.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}} 6 November became a remembrance day in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=31}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=Reinforced Indian troops in the Kashmir Valley engaged the tribesmen at [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947#Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley|Shalateng]] and inflicted heavy casualties. The defeated tribal forces were pursued and [[Baramulla]] and [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] were recaptured.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=Reinforced Indian troops in the Kashmir Valley engaged the tribesmen at [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947#Indian operation in the Kashmir Valley|Shalateng]] and inflicted heavy casualties. The defeated tribal forces were pursued and [[Baramulla]] and [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] were recaptured.}}{{sfnp|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015|loc=Chapter 8}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=[[Rajouri]] was captured by Azad rebels. 30,000 Hindus and Sikhs gathered there were killed in the [[1947 Rajouri Massacre]] before it was relieved, with the exception of 1,500 who escaped to the hills.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|7|df=y}} |event=[[Rajouri]] was captured by Azad rebels. 30,000 Hindus and Sikhs gathered there were killed in the [[1947 Rajouri Massacre]] before it was relieved, with the exception of 1,500 who escaped to the hills.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|9|df=y}} |event=An attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu was repelled by Indian troops, killing 150 of the attackers. No further attacks on convoys were reported after this incident.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|9|df=y}} |event=An attack on a convoy of Muslim refugees from Jammu was repelled by Indian troops, killing 150 of the attackers. No further attacks on convoys were reported after this incident.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=53–54}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|13|df=y}} |event=Major General [[Kulwant Singh (general)|Kulwant Singh]] issued an order to the 50 Para Brigade to relieve [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Jhangar]], [[Mirpur, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] in seven days. The ambitious plan was criticised by General [[Roy Bucher]].}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|13|df=y}} |event=Major General Kalwant Singh issued an order to the 50 Para Brigade to relieve [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]], [[Jhangar]], [[Mirpur, Azad Kashmir|Mirpur]], [[Kotli]] and [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] in seven days. The ambitious plan was criticised by General [[Roy Bucher]].}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=160}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|16|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived in [[Gilgit]] and took over the administration. The provisional government was dismissed.}}<ref name=Bangash/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|16|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's Political Agent, Khan Mohammad Alam Khan, arrived in [[Gilgit]] and took over the administration. The provisional government was dismissed.}}<ref name=Bangash/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] was formed with Hari Wazir as party president and Hansraj Pangotra as general secretary. [[Pandit Prem Nath Dogra]] and [[Balraj Madhok]] were also major founding members.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://jknewsline.com/jammu-praja-parishad-the-first-party-to-oppose-article-370/ |title=Jammu Praja Parishad: The first party to oppose Article 370 |date=2020-11-21 |publisher=JK Newsline |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/L0EQ5 |archive-date=2022-03-06}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] was formed with Hari Wazir as party president and Hansraj Pangotra as general secretary. [[Pandit Prem Nath Dogra]] and [[Balraj Madhok]] were also major founding members.}}<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://jknewsline.com/jammu-praja-parishad-the-first-party-to-oppose-article-370/ |title=Jammu Praja Parishad: The first party to oppose Article 370 |date=2020-11-21 |publisher=JK Newsline |access-date=2022-03-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220306101840/https://jknewsline.com/jammu-praja-parishad-the-first-party-to-oppose-article-370/ |archive-date=2022-03-06}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|18|df=y}} |event=50 Para Brigade relieved Nowshera.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=161}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|18|df=y}} |event=50 Para Brigade relieved Nowshera.}}{{sfnp|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005|p=161}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|25|df=y}} |event=Mirpur fell to rebels. 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs taking shelter at the town were killed in the [[1947 Mirpur Massacre]] during the rebel occupation.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}} The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=30}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1947|11|25|df=y}} |event=Mirpur fell to rebels. 20,000 Hindus and Sikhs taking shelter at the town were killed in the [[1947 Mirpur Massacre]] during the rebel occupation.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|p=56}} The day is remembered as the "Mirpur day" in Indian-administered Jammu.{{sfnp|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013|p=30}}
Line 216: Line 219:
== 1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum ==
== 1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum ==
=== 1949 ===
=== 1949 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|1|df=y}} |event=A ceasefire between Indian and Pakistani forces left India in control of the [[Kashmir Valley]], most of the [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] province and [[Ladakh]], while Pakistan gained control of the western districts comprising the present day [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]], the [[Gilgit Agency]] and [[Baltistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|1|df=y}} |event=A ceasefire between Indian and Pakistani forces left India in control of the [[Kashmir Valley]], most of the [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] province and [[Ladakh]], while Pakistan gained control of the western districts comprising the present day [[Azad Kashmir]], the [[Gilgit Agency]] and [[Baltistan]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|5|df=y}} |event=UNCIP stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan would be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|title=Resolution adopted at the meeting of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 5 January, 1949.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214234518/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902172823/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Pakistan-occupied Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|title=Kashmir, UN Security Council Resolution 91|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214225034/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source|date=May 2018}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|1|5|df=y}} |event=UNCIP stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan would be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|title=Resolution adopted at the meeting of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 5 January, 1949.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214234518/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 1948<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|title=Resolution adopted by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan on 13 August 1948.|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902172823/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom1.htm|archive-date=2 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle that Pakistan would secure the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a truce agreement, the details of which were to be determined, followed by a plebiscite. However, the countries failed to arrive at a truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation, one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army was to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|title=Kashmir, UN Security Council Resolution 91|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214225034/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kashun91.htm|archive-date=14 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2018}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|df=y}} |event=<!--Early in the year,-->[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched an agitation calling for the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. 294 members of the party were arrested.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=195}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|df=y}} |event=<!--Early in the year,-->[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched an agitation calling for the full integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. 294 members of the party were arrested.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=195}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|4|28|df=y}} |event=[[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] signed the [[Karachi Agreement (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir)|Karachi Agreement]] with Pakistan, which ceded control over defence and foreign affairs and complete control over [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. The agreement was kept secret until 1990.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=90,&nbsp;342}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|4|28|df=y}} |event=[[Azad Kashmir]] signed the [[Karachi Agreement (Azad Kashmir)|Karachi Agreement]] with Pakistan, which ceded control over defence and foreign affairs and complete control over [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. The agreement was kept secret until 1990.}}{{sfnp|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013|pp=90,&nbsp;342}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|16|df=y}} |event=Nominated by the Maharaja, Sheikh Abdullah and his colleagues joined the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]}}<ref>{{citation |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |title=Hindus and Others: The question of identity in India today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-JtAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Viking |page=205|isbn=9780670854851 }}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|16|df=y}} |event=Nominated by the Maharaja, Sheikh Abdullah and his colleagues joined the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]}}<ref>{{citation |last=Pandey |first=Gyanendra |title=Hindus and Others: The question of identity in India today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h-JtAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Viking |page=205|isbn=9780670854851 }}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|20|df=y}} |event=Maharaja Hari Singh announced his decision to abdicate and appointed his son [[Karan Singh]] as the Prince Regent.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=185}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|6|20|df=y}} |event=Maharaja Hari Singh announced his decision to abdicate and appointed his son [[Karan Singh]] as the Prince Regent.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=185}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|10|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] adopted [[Article 370]] of the Constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession: defence, foreign affairs and communications.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1949|10|17|df=y}} |event=The [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] adopted [[Article 370]] of the Constitution, ensuring a special status and internal autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir, with Indian jurisdiction in Kashmir limited to the three areas agreed in the Instrument of Accession: defence, foreign affairs and communications.}}


=== 1950 ===
=== 1950 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|5|df=y}} |event=UN mediator, Sir [[Owen Dixon]], arrived in the subcontinent.}}<ref name=Noorani>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1921/stories/20021025002508200.htm The Dixon Plan], Frontline, 12 October 2002.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|5|df=y}} |event=UN mediator, Sir [[Owen Dixon]], arrived in the subcontinent.}}<ref name=Noorani>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1921/stories/20021025002508200.htm The Dixon Plan], Frontline, 12 October 2002.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|7|df=y}} |event=India–Pakistan summit in the presence of Owen Dixon failed to make progress. After the summit, Dixon received a tentative proposal from Nehru for "partition cum plebisicte": plebiscite to be held in the Kashmir Valley and the remaining state to be partitioned as per prevailing control.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|7|df=y}} |event=India–Pakistan summit in the presence of Owen Dixon failed to make progress. After the summit, Dixon received a tentative proposal from Nehru for a "partition cum plebiscite": a plebiscite to be held in the Kashmir Valley and the remaining state to be partitioned as per prevailing control.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|8|df=y}} |event=Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the partition-cum-plebiscite principle provided India agreed to put the state under neutral administration. India rejected any idea of replacing the National Conference administration. Dixon reported failure.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950|8|df=y}} |event=Liaquat Ali Khan accepted the partition-cum-plebiscite principle provided India agreed to put the state under neutral administration. India rejected any idea of replacing the National Conference administration. Dixon reported failure.}}<ref name=Noorani/>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}} |event=At the end of the year, [[Jihadism|Jehadist]] rhetoric inflamed Pakistan and continued into 1951.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1950}} |event=At the end of the year, [[Jihadism|Jehadist]] rhetoric inflamed Pakistan and continued into 1951.}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}}
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=== 1951 ===
=== 1951 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|6|df=y}} |event=India moved troops to the India–Pakistan border in response to the rhetoric from Pakistan. A military stand-off ensued. Pakistan regarded India's behaviour as "aggressive".}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}} Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.{{sfnp|Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan|2014|p=84}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|6|df=y}} |event=India moved troops to the India–Pakistan border in response to the rhetoric from Pakistan. A military stand-off ensued. Pakistan regarded India's behaviour as "aggressive".}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=191–217}} Liaquat Ali Khan displayed a clenched fist in defiance.{{sfnp|Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan|2014|p=84}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|9|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1951|10|df=y}}|event=Elections were held for the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]], with 75 seats allocated to the Indian-administered part of Kashmir and 25 seats reserved for the Pakistan-administered part. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won all 75 seats in a [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election#The election|rigged election]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55–57}} The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|Resolution 91]] to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951"/>{{primary-source-inline|date=October 2016}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|9|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1951|10|df=y}}|event=Elections were held for the [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir]], with 75 seats allocated to the Indian-administered part of Kashmir and 25 seats reserved for the Pakistan-administered part. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won all 75 seats in a [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election#The election|rigged election]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=55–57}} The UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 91|Resolution 91]] to the effect that such elections did not substitute a plebiscite.<ref name="UNCIP Resolution, 1951"/>{{primary source inline|date=October 2016}}


=== 1952 ===
=== 1952 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|10|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] became an affiliate of the newly founded [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the precursor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|p=87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|10|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] became an affiliate of the newly founded [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the precursor of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|p=87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=186}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1951|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly passed legislation stripping the Maharaja of all powers and making the government answerable to the Assembly.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=186}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] renewed agitation and called for the full integration of the state with India. The army was called to impose order and several hundred activists were imprisoned. Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=196}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}}|event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] renewed agitation and called for the full integration of the state with India. The army was called to impose order and several hundred activists were imprisoned. Jana Sangh and other Hindu nationalist parties staged a demonstration outside the Indian Parliament in support of the Praja Parishad.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=196}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] veers around to the position of demanding self-determination for Kashmiris, having previously endorsed accession to India (c.1947). In his Ranbirsinghpura speech in April, he questioned the state's continued accession to India.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=196}}{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn16 note 16], [https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn23 note 23]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|1|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=[[Sheikh Abdullah]] veers around to the position of demanding self-determination for Kashmiris, having previously endorsed accession to India (c.1947). In his Ranbirsinghpura speech in April, he questioned the state's continued accession to India.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=196}}{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn16 note 16], [https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn23 note 23]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=State Constituent Assembly considered a proposal for abolishing the hereditary monarchy.}}<!--It also adopted a state flag.-->{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|6|df=y}} |event=State Constituent Assembly considered a proposal for abolishing the hereditary monarchy.}}<!--It also adopted a state flag.-->{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=197}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|7|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah signed the [[1952 Delhi Agreement|Delhi Agreement]] with the Indian government on Centre-State relationship}},{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197–200}} which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|7|df=y}} |event=Sheikh Abdullah signed the [[1952 Delhi Agreement|Delhi Agreement]] with the Indian government on Centre-State relationship}},{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–200}} which provided for the autonomy of the State within India and the autonomy for regions within the State.{{sfnp|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009|p=258}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution which abolished the monarchy and replaced it with an elected ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State). The Prince Regent [[Karan Singh]] was elected to the position.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|p=200}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=The Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution which abolished the monarchy and replaced it with an elected ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' (Head of State). The Prince Regent [[Karan Singh]] was elected to the position.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|p=200}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] relaunched its agitation campaign for a third time. The [[Jana Sangh]] and other Hindu nationalist parties launched a parallel agitation in Delhi, which supported the Praja Parishad.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}} Two days after a Hartal (Voluntary shutdown protest) in Jammu, Praja Parishad president [[Prem Nath Dogra]] and general secretary Sham Lal Sharma were arrested.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Raju G.C. |author-link= |date=28 May 2019 |title=Perspectives On Kashmir The Roots Of Conflict In South Asia |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Perspectives_On_Kashmir/ZqiaDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT148&printsec=frontcover |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= |isbn=9781000301366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Iqbal Chand |author-link= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Dark Secrets Politics, Intrigue and Proxy Wars in Kashmir |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Dark_Secrets/Iu1WEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT242&printsec=frontcover |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |page= |isbn=9789354355455}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|11|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu Praja Parishad]] relaunched its agitation campaign for a third time. The [[Jana Sangh]] and other Hindu nationalist parties launched a parallel agitation in Delhi, which supported the Praja Parishad.{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}} Two days after a Hartal (Voluntary shutdown protest) in Jammu, Praja Parishad president [[Prem Nath Dogra]] and general secretary Sham Lal Sharma were arrested.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Raju G.C. |author-link= |date=28 May 2019 |title=Perspectives On Kashmir The Roots Of Conflict In South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqiaDwAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT148 |location= |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= |isbn=9781000301366}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=Iqbal Chand |author-link= |date=28 January 2022 |title=Dark Secrets Politics, Intrigue and Proxy Wars in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iu1WEAAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+1953+killed&pg=PT242 |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |page= |isbn=9789354355455}}</ref>
 
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|12|14|df=y}} |event=A "Satyagrahi" named Mela Ram was shot and killed by police in Chhamb while attempting to hoist the Indian national flag. It is estimated over 30,000 individuals came to his funeral in mourning and in support of the movement.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBREAAAQBAJ&dq=mela+ram+jammu+1952&pg=PT149 |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Talrejā |first=Kanaʼiyālālu Manghandāsu |author-link= |date=22 October 2008 |title=Secessionism in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLiNAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan |page=300 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chander |first1=Harish |first2=K |last2=Padmini |author-link= |date=2000 |title=Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a Contemporary Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T5uAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Noida News |page=262 |isbn=9788190099110}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1952|12|14|df=y}} |event=A "Satyagrahi" named Mela Ram was shot and killed by police in Chhamb while attempting to hoist the Indian national flag. It is estimated over 30,000 individuals came to his funeral in mourning and in support of the movement.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBREAAAQBAJ&dq=mela+ram+jammu+1952&pg=PT149 |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Talrejā |first=Kanaʼiyālālu Manghandāsu |author-link= |date=22 October 2008 |title=Secessionism in India |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Secessionism_in_India/KLiNAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan |page=300 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chander |first1=Harish |first2=K |last2=Padmini |author-link= |date=2000 |title=Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a Contemporary Study |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/Dr_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_a_Contemporary/4T5uAAAAMAAJ |location= |publisher=Noida News |page=262 |isbn=9788190099110}}</ref>


=== 1953 ===
=== 1953 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Jana Sangh leader [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen. He was promptly arrested at the Jammu border. In a widespread agitation in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, 10,000 activists were imprisoned.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Jana Sangh leader [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]] made a bid to enter Jammu and Kashmir, citing his rights as an Indian citizen. He was promptly arrested at the Jammu border. In a widespread agitation in Jammu, Punjab and Delhi, 10,000 activists were imprisoned.}}{{sfnp|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968|pp=197–203}}{{sfnp|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015|pp=86–87}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Abdullah headed a subcommittee of the National Conference which recommended four options for the state's future, all involving a plebiscite or independence. Abdullah remained firm in negotiations with the central government regarding centre–state relations.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=64}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=223}}  
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|5|df=y}} |event=Abdullah headed a subcommittee of the National Conference which recommended four options for the state's future, all involving a plebiscite or independence. Abdullah remained firm in negotiations with the central government regarding centre–state relations.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=64}}{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=223}}  
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|6|2|df=y}} |event=Pakistani prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] and Nehru meet in London.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=85}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1953|6|2|df=y}} |event=Pakistani prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]] and Nehru meet in London.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=85}}
Line 263: Line 265:
{{Cite news |title=Kashmir's accession |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 1954 |publication-date=17 February 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310181154/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-10|quote=The report of the Drafting Committee "ratifying the accession" of the Jammu and Kashmir State to India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Jammu on February 15 before it was adjourned sine die. Earlier, Premier Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, speaking on the report, declared amidst cheers: "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it."}}
{{Cite news |title=Kashmir's accession |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 February 1954 |publication-date=17 February 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310181154/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/02/17/stories/2004021700320900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-10|quote=The report of the Drafting Committee "ratifying the accession" of the Jammu and Kashmir State to India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly in Jammu on February 15 before it was adjourned sine die. Earlier, Premier Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed, speaking on the report, declared amidst cheers: "We are today taking the decision of final and irrevocable accession to India and no power on earth could change it."}}
</ref>
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1954|5|df=y}} |event=Pakistan and US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement. Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016|p=11}} He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.<ref name="kashmirlibrary.org Plebiscite">{{cite web |title=Plebiscite Conundrum |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216123304/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source|reason=unreliable web site|date=October 2016}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1954|5|df=y}} |event=Pakistan and US signed a mutual defence assistance agreement. Nehru withdrew the plebiscite offer to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016|p=11}} He stated his concerns about the cold-war alignments and that such an alliance affects the Kashmir issue. India resisted plebiscite efforts from this point.<ref name="kashmirlibrary.org Plebiscite">{{cite web |title=Plebiscite Conundrum |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216123304/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/plebiscite.shtml |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=unreliable web site|date=October 2016}}


=== 1955–1957 ===
=== 1955–1957 ===
Line 281: Line 283:
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|3|df=y}} |event=The Chinese government signed an agreement with Pakistan on the boundary between the [[Northern Areas]] and the [[Xinjiang]] province, ceding the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=76}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|3|df=y}} |event=The Chinese government signed an agreement with Pakistan on the boundary between the [[Northern Areas]] and the [[Xinjiang]] province, ceding the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=76}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|27|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|1|4|df=y}}|event=A mass uprising occurred in the Kashmir Valley when the [[Theft of the Holy Relic from the Hazratbal Shrine|holy relic was found missing]] from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]]; the lost relic was recovered after a few days.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|27|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|1|4|df=y}}|event=A mass uprising occurred in the Kashmir Valley when the [[Theft of the Holy Relic from the Hazratbal Shrine|holy relic was found missing]] from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]]; the lost relic was recovered after a few days.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|30|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] officially merged with the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]], who continued to push the original demands of the Parishad.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://www.google.co.nz/books/edition/THE_FORGOTTEN_HISTORY_OF_INDIA/0VBREAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+30+december+1963&pg=PT151&printsec=frontcover |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1963|12|30|df=y}} |event=The [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] officially merged with the [[Bharatiya Jan Sangh]], who continued to push the original demands of the Parishad.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Anand |first=Arun |author-link= |date=29 November 2021 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HISTORY OF INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBREAAAQBAJ&dq=jammu+praja+parishad+30+december+1963&pg=PT151 |location= |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page= |isbn=9789355211866}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|4|8|df=y}} |event=The government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was released after 11&nbsp;years.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Abdullah, Sheikh; Taing, M. Y. (1985), Atish-e-Chinar (in Urdu). Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah's autobiography.|publisher=Shaukat Publications. It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah's wishes.|location=Srinagar|pages=774–825}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|4|8|df=y}} |event=The government dropped all charges in the Kashmir Conspiracy Case.}} [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was released after 11&nbsp;years.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Abdullah, Sheikh; Taing, M. Y. (1985), Atish-e-Chinar (in Urdu). Often referred to as Sheikh Abdullah's autobiography.|publisher=Shaukat Publications. It has not been copyrighted in deference to Sheikh Abdullah's wishes.|location=Srinagar|pages=774–825}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|11|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|11|24|df=y}}|event=[[President's rule|Articles 356 and 357]] of the Indian Constitution were extended to the State, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. The State Assembly then amended the State Constitution, changing the posts of ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' and "prime minister" to Governor and "chief minister", consistent with the Indian Constitution. Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]] regarded it the "end of the road" for Article 370 and the constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=81–82}}<ref>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm Article 370: Law and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620074036/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm |date=20 June 2014 }}, Frontline, 16 September 2000.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1964|11|21|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1964|11|24|df=y}}|event=[[President's rule|Articles 356 and 357]] of the Indian Constitution were extended to the State, by virtue of which the Central Government can assume the government of the State and exercise its legislative powers. The State Assembly then amended the State Constitution, changing the posts of ''Sadr-i-Riyasat'' and "prime minister" to Governor and "chief minister", consistent with the Indian Constitution. Scholar [[Sumantra Bose]] regarded it the "end of the road" for Article 370 and the constitutional autonomy guaranteed by it.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|pp=81–82}}<ref>[[A. G. Noorani]], [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm Article 370: Law and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620074036/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1719/17190890.htm |date=20 June 2014 }}, Frontline, 16 September 2000.</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|1|3|df=y}} |event=The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the Indian National Congress, a centralising strategy.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=82}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|1|3|df=y}} |event=The Jammu and Kashmir National Conference dissolved itself and merged into the Indian National Congress, a centralising strategy.}}{{sfnp|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003|p=82}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1965|9|23|df=y}}|event=[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]: Pakistan took advantage of the discontent in the Kashmir Valley and sent a few thousand armed Pakistani infiltrators across the cease-fire line in [[Operation Gibraltar]]. Incidents of violence increased in Kashmir Valley, and a full Indo-Pakistani war broke out until a ceasefire was made.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1965|8|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1965|9|23|df=y}}|event=[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]: Pakistan took advantage of the discontent in the Kashmir Valley and sent a few thousand armed Pakistani infiltrators across the cease-fire line in [[Operation Gibraltar]]. Incidents of violence increased in Kashmir Valley, and a full Indo-Pakistani war broke out until a ceasefire was made.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1966}} |event=On 10 January, the [[Tashkent Declaration]] was signed by both countries, agreeing to revert to their pre-1965 positions under Russian mediation. Pakistan-supported guerrilla groups in Kashmir increased their activities after the ceasefire. Kashmiri nationalists Amanullah Khan and [[Maqbool Bhat]] formed another Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called the Jammu and Kashmir National Liberation Front (NLF) in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation.}}{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993|pp=31–32}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1966}} |event=On 10 January, the [[Tashkent Declaration]] was signed by both countries, agreeing to revert to their pre-1965 positions under Russian mediation. Pakistan-supported guerrilla groups in Kashmir increased their activities after the ceasefire. Kashmiri nationalists Amanullah Khan and [[Maqbool Bhat]] formed another Plebiscite Front with an armed wing called the Jammu and Kashmir National Liberation Front (NLF) in Azad Kashmir, with the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation.}}{{sfnp|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993|pp=31–32}}


=== 1970–1979 ===
=== 1970–1979 ===
Line 299: Line 301:
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1976|df=y}} |event=Maqbool Bhat was arrested on his return to Kashmir.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1976|df=y}} |event=Maqbool Bhat was arrested on his return to Kashmir.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|6|17|df=y}} |event=Mid-term elections were called by the government. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won a majority in what was regarded as the first [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|"free and fair" election]] in the State. Abdullah was re-elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] on 9&nbsp;July.}}<ref name="Noorani2000" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|title=Recalling 1975 Accord|website=Greater Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313221148/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|6|17|df=y}} |event=Mid-term elections were called by the government. Sheikh Abdullah's National Conference won a majority in what was regarded as the first [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|"free and fair" election]] in the State. Abdullah was re-elected as the [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister]] on 9&nbsp;July.}}<ref name="Noorani2000" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|title=Recalling 1975 Accord|website=Greater Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313221148/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/opinion/recalling-1975-accord/135149.html|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|5|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) was founded in the United Kingdom by converting the UK chapter of the [[Plebiscite Front (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir)|Plebiscite Front]].}} [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] was elected as its General Secretary the following year.{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=129–130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1977|5|df=y}} |event=[[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) was founded in the United Kingdom by converting the UK chapter of the [[Plebiscite Front (Azad Kashmir)|Plebiscite Front]].}} [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]] was elected as its General Secretary the following year.{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=129–130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1979|df=y}} |event=The USSR invaded Afghanistan. The US and Pakistan became involved in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the [[Mujahideen]] on Afghanistan.}}<ref name="US and Pak">{{citation |title=India: Arms and Abuses in Indian Punjab and Kashmir |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=September 1994 |url=http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312221731/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-date=12 March 2004 |at=Introduction}}</ref> The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1979|df=y}} |event=The USSR invaded Afghanistan. The US and Pakistan became involved in training, recruiting, arming, and unleashing the [[Mujahideen]] on Afghanistan.}}<ref name="US and Pak">{{citation |title=India: Arms and Abuses in Indian Punjab and Kashmir |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=September 1994 |url=http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312221731/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/kashmir/1994/index.htm |archive-date=12 March 2004 |at=Introduction}}</ref> The Mujahideen so recruited would, in the late 1980s, take on their own agenda of establishing Islamic rule in Kashmir.


=== 1980–1986 ===
=== 1980–1986 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1980|df=y}} |event=Pakistani President [[Zia ul-Haq]] sought help from the chief of [[Jamaat-e-Islami AJK|Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] for raising an [[Kashmir insurgency|insurgency]] in Indian-administered Kashmir. He promised to divert funds and resources from the American-sponsored insurgency in Afghanistan. The chief Maulana Abdul Bari travelled to Indian-administered Kashmir and conferred with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], telling them "you will have to do the fighting and they [Pakistan] will provide all assistance."}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1980|df=y}} |event=Pakistani President [[Zia ul-Haq]] sought help from the chief of [[Jamaat-e-Islami AJK|Jamaat-e-Islami in Azad Kashmir]] for raising an [[Kashmir insurgency|insurgency]] in Indian-administered Kashmir. He promised to divert funds and resources from the American-sponsored insurgency in Afghanistan. The chief Maulana Abdul Bari travelled to Indian-administered Kashmir and conferred with the [[Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir]], telling them "you will have to do the fighting and they [Pakistan] will provide all assistance."}}<ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157}}; {{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=26}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=109–112}}
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157}}; {{harvp|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012|p=26}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=109–112}}
</ref>
</ref>
Line 310: Line 312:
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|loc=p. 157}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|loc=pp.113–115}}
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|loc=p. 157}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|loc=pp.113–115}}
</ref>
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|df=y}} |event=[[Ansarul Islam]], possibly the first Islamist militant group in Kashmir and a precursor to the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], was founded by Hilal Ahmed Mir. Some sources credit [[Muhammad Ahsan Dar]] for the founding.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=120–121}}{{sfnp|Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir|2013|p=423}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1983|9|df=y}} |event=[[Ansarul Islam (Kashmir)|Ansarul Islam]], possibly the first Islamist militant group in Kashmir and a precursor to the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]], was founded by Hilal Ahmed Mir. In 1985–86, it started sending members to Pakistan and Afghanistan for armed training.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=120–121}}{{sfnp|Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir|2013|p=423}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|02|06|df=y}} |event=The Indian consul general in [[Birmingham, UK|Birmingham]], Ravindra Mhatre, was abducted by JKLF militants and murdered. India hanged [[Maqbool Bhat]] soon afterward. Amanullah Khan and Hashim Qureshi were expelled from the UK and returned to Pakistan.}}{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=132–133}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|02|06|df=y}} |event=The Indian consul general in [[Birmingham, UK|Birmingham]], Ravindra Mhatre, was abducted by JKLF militants and murdered. India hanged [[Maqbool Bhat]] soon afterward. }}{{sfnp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|pp=132–133}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], frustrated with the sluggishness of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, sought a relationship with JKLF. Negotiations continued till 1986–87.}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|04|df=y}} |event=Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] appointed [[Jagmohan]] as the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. She apprehended that the security situation in the state was due to turn to worse.<ref>Rahul Pandita, [https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-jagmohan-myth/ The Jagmohan Myth], OPEN Magazine, 15 April 2022.</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|04|13|df=y}} |event=The Indian Army captured the [[Siachen Glacier]] region of [[Kashmir]] during [[Operation Meghdoot]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|07|df=y}} |event=Farooq Abdullah's government in Jammu and Kashmir was toppled by engineering defections. His brother-in-law [[Ghulam Mohammad Shah|G. M. Shah]] became the chief minister with the support of the Congress party.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|09|df=y}} |event=Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], frustrated with the sluggishness of Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir, sought a relationship with JKLF. Negotiations continued till 1986–87.}}<ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|pp=167–168}};  {{harvp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|p=163}}; {{harvp|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=148}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=123–124}}
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|pp=167–168}};  {{harvp|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007|p=163}}; {{harvp|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007|p=148}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=123–124}}
</ref>
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1984|4|13|df=y}} |event=The Indian Army captured the [[Siachen Glacier]] region of [[Kashmir]] during [[Operation Meghdoot]].}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|df=y}} |event=JKLF's [[Farooq Haider (JKLF)|Farooq Haider]] and Raja Muzaffar agreed to partner with Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] to start an [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] in Kashmir. Rauf Kashmiri was sent to Kashmir to explore opportunities.}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157–158}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=124–125}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|df=y}} |event=JKLF's [[Farooq Haider (JKLF)|Farooq Haider]] and Raja Muzaffar agreed to partner with Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] to start an [[Kashmir insurgency|armed insurgency]] in Kashmir. Rauf Kashmir was sent to Kashmir to explore opportunities. Amanullah Khan approved the partnership in May 1987.}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|2|df=y}} - {{End date|1986|3|df=y}} |event=The [[1986 Anantnag riots]] broke out. Properties and homes of [[Kashmiri Hindus]] were attacked and numerous Hindu Temples were vandalised and set on fire.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |title=Hindu-Moslem riots reported in Kashmir, Calcutta |website=AP News |date=February 22, 1986 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201006081342/https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |archive-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref>
{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157–158}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=124–125}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|03|df=y}} |event=G. M. Shah's government was dismissed due to deteriorating law and order situation in Jammu and Kashmir and [[Governor's Rule]] was declared, to be headed by Jagmohan.}}
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|12|df=y}} |event=Amanullah Khan and Hashim Qureshi were expelled from the UK and returned to Pakistan.{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=138}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=123}} Amanullah Khan approved the partnership with ISI in May 1987.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{harvp|Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate|2016|p=157–158}}; {{harvp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|pp=124–125}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1986|2|df=y}} - {{End date|1986|3|df=y}} |event=The [[1986 Anantnag riots]] broke out. Properties and homes of [[Kashmiri Hindus]] were attacked and numerous Hindu Temples were vandalised and set on fire.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |title=Hindu-Moslem riots reported in Kashmir, Calcutta |website=AP News |date=February 22, 1986 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/4FlVG |archive-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref>


== 1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency ==
== 1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency ==
Line 330: Line 334:
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1988|7|31|df=y}} |event=''De facto'' launch of the [[Kashmir insurgency]] by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) with four attempted bombings in the Kashmir Valley. Two were successful. The group that carried out was ''Al-Hamza''.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1988|7|31|df=y}} |event=''De facto'' launch of the [[Kashmir insurgency]] by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (JKLF) with four attempted bombings in the Kashmir Valley. Two were successful. The group that carried out was ''Al-Hamza''.}}{{sfnp|Jamal, Shadow War|2009|p=130}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=The end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan released a great deal of militant energy and weapons to Kashmir. Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir.}}<ref name="US and Pak"/><ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=The end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan released a great deal of militant energy and weapons to Kashmir. Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir.}}<ref name="US and Pak"/><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Pakistan admission over Kashmir |date=19 March 2002 |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112043514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}
{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Pakistan admission over Kashmir |date=19 March 2002 |access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112043514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn48 note 48]}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn48 note 48]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=Mass [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] started in Kashmir Valley}}<ref name="exodus">
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1989|df=y}} |event=Mass [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] started in Kashmir Valley}}<ref name="exodus">
Line 338: Line 342:
=== 1990–1999 ===
=== 1990–1999 ===
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|df=y}} |event=Jagmohan was appointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigned.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|df=y}} |event=Jagmohan was appointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigned.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|20|df=y}} |event=An estimated 100 people were killed when a large group of unarmed protesters were fired upon by Indian troops at the Gawkadal bridge. This incident provoked an insurgency by the entire population.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=150}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|1|21|df=y}} |event=An estimated 50 people were killed when a large group of unarmed protesters were fired upon by Indian troops at the [[1990 Gawkadal massacre|Gawkadal bridge]].}}<ref name="IE">Mir Ehsan, [https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kashmirs-first-blood/ Kashmir's first blood], The Indian Express, 1 May 2005.</ref><ref name="KL">{{Cite news |last=Life |first=Kashmir |date=2013-01-21 |title=Gawkadal A Massacre, A Case |url=https://kashmirlife.net/gawkadal-a-massacre-a-case-17813/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |newspaper=Kashmir Life}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|3|1|df=y}} |event=An estimated one million took to the streets and more than 40 people were killed in police firing.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=150}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|3|1|df=y}} |event=An estimated one million took to the streets and more than 40 people were killed in police firing.}}{{sfnp|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003|p=150}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|2|13|df=y}} |event=Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was killed by the militants for implementing pro-Indian media policy.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1990|2|13|df=y}} |event=Lassa Kaul, director of Srinagar Doordarshan, was killed by the militants for implementing pro-Indian media policy.}}
Line 347: Line 351:
{{cite web |title=Human Rights in Kashmir |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218210204/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}
{{cite web |title=Human Rights in Kashmir |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218210204/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/human-rights.shtml |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn51 note 51]}}
</ref>{{sfnp|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150216090621/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn51 note 51]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1991|12|28|df=y}} |event=The [[Kashmiri Hindu]] organisation [[Panun Kashmir]] adopts the Margdarshan resolution in Jammu for the establishment of a separate [[Union Territory]] in Kashmir for Kashmiri Hindus, known as [[Panun Kashmir]]. The day is referred to as Homeland Day.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/panun-kashmir-renews-demand-for-homeland-for-kps-in-kashmir/790279/ |title=Panun Kashmir renews demand for 'homeland' for KPs in Kashmir |website=The Print |date=December 28, 2021 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/pZs9z |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |title=Panun Kashmir reiterates demand for separate homeland in valley |website=Deccan Herald |date=December 28, 2020 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/4FgAC |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms?from=mdr |title=Separate homeland would satisfy aspirations of Kashmiri Pandits: Panun Kashmir |website=The Economic Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.ph/buVko |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1991|12|28|df=y}} |event=The [[Kashmiri Hindu]] organisation [[Panun Kashmir]] adopts the Margdarshan resolution in Jammu for the establishment of a separate [[Union Territory]] in Kashmir for Kashmiri Hindus, known as [[Panun Kashmir]]. The day is referred to as Homeland Day.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/panun-kashmir-renews-demand-for-homeland-for-kps-in-kashmir/790279/ |title=Panun Kashmir renews demand for 'homeland' for KPs in Kashmir |website=The Print |date=December 28, 2021 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307062830/https://theprint.in/india/panun-kashmir-renews-demand-for-homeland-for-kps-in-kashmir/790279/ |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |title=Panun Kashmir reiterates demand for separate homeland in valley |website=Deccan Herald |date=December 28, 2020 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230331072557/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/panun-kashmir-reiterates-demand-for-separate-homeland-in-valley-932564.html |archive-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms |title=Separate homeland would satisfy aspirations of Kashmiri Pandits: Panun Kashmir |website=The Economic Times |date=December 28, 2013 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220307064211/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/separate-homeland-would-satisfy-aspirations-of-kashmiri-pandits-panun-kashmir/articleshow/28052075.cms |archive-date=March 7, 2022}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1998|df=y}} |end_date=present|event= [[Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)]] launched officially by the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir.}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1998|df=y}} |end_date=present|event= [[Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)]] launched officially by the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir.}}<ref>
{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |title=Operation Sadbhavana |last=Defense |first=Ministry of |website=Public Information Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-03-10}}
{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |title=Operation Sadbhavana |last=Defense |first=Ministry of |website=Public Information Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033357/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/feacontent.aspx?relid=93711 |archive-date=2018-02-20 |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-03-10}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{Cite journal |first1=Mudera P. |last1=Cariappa |first2=Eugene V. |last2=Bonventre |first3=Bikash K. |last3=Mohanti |date=2008-08-01 |title=Operation Sadbhavana: Winning Hearts and Minds in the Ladakh Himalayan Region |journal=Military Medicine |language=en |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=749–753 |doi=10.7205/MILMED.173.8.749 |pmid=18751591 |issn=0026-4075 |doi-access=free}}
{{Cite journal |first1=Mudera P. |last1=Cariappa |first2=Eugene V. |last2=Bonventre |first3=Bikash K. |last3=Mohanti |date=2008-08-01 |title=Operation Sadbhavana: Winning Hearts and Minds in the Ladakh Himalayan Region |journal=Military Medicine |language=en |volume=173 |issue=8 |pages=749–753 |doi=10.7205/MILMED.173.8.749 |pmid=18751591 |issn=0026-4075 |doi-access=}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |title=How successful has Sadbhavana been in Kashmir |date=7 May 2016 |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033614/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live}}
{{Cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |title=How successful has Sadbhavana been in Kashmir |date=7 May 2016 |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033614/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/how-successful-has-sadbhavana-been-in-kashmir/233100.html |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live}}
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</ref>
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1999|5|3|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1999|7|26|df=y}}|event= [[Kargil War]]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1999|5|3|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|1999|7|26|df=y}}|event= [[Kargil War]]}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|1999|7|13|df=y}} |event=Terrorist entered to a residential complex of the [[Border Security Force|Indian Border Security Forces]] and taken 12 hostages, after killing three officials. The hostages were freed at the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=199907130001|title=GTD ID:199907130001|work=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-28}}</ref>}}


=== 2001–2009 ===
=== 2001–2009 ===
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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|10|df=y}} |event=: Kashmiri assembly in [[Srinagar]] was attacked, 38 fatalities.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|10|df=y}} |event=: Kashmiri assembly in [[Srinagar]] was attacked, 38 fatalities.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|12|df=y}} |event=The Indian Parliament in New Delhi was attacked.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2001|12|df=y}} |event=The Indian Parliament in New Delhi was attacked.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2002|9|11|df=y}}  |event=: Mushtaq Ahmed Lone, the Kashmir Law Minister was shot dead at an election rally in Kupwara, India, by armed terrorist diseguised with burkas, killing two of the minister´s bodyguardas and wounding five people more, for the attack, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], Al Barq and Al-Arifeen each claimed the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/election/2002/sep/11jk.htm|title=J&K minister Mushtaq Ahmed Lone shot dead by militants|work=Rediff.com|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2002/09/12/internacional/1031781631_850215.html?outputType=amp|title=Los separatistas asesinan a un ministro en Cachemira en plena campaña electoral|work=El País (in Spanish)|date=12 September 2002 |accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref> Eight days later, militants shot a civilian worker Azad Ahad Khan in [[Srinagar]], died from his wounds in a hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200209190005|title=GTD ID:200209190005|work=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|4|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2003|5|df=y}} |event=[[Operation Sarp Vinash]] launched by the Indian army. The largest network of terrorist hideouts covering 100 square kilometers in [[Pir Panjal]] found and more than 60 terrorists killed.}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|4|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2003|5|df=y}} |event=[[Operation Sarp Vinash]] launched by the Indian army. The largest network of terrorist hideouts covering 100 square kilometers in [[Pir Panjal]] found and more than 60 terrorists killed.}}<ref>
{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms?from=mdr |title=Operation Sarp Vinash: Army clears Hill Kaka |last=Kumar |first=Devesh |date=2003-05-24 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live}}
{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms |title=Operation Sarp Vinash: Army clears Hill Kaka |last=Kumar |first=Devesh |date=2003-05-24 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044308/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/operation-sarp-vinash-army-clears-hill-kaka/articleshow/47305413.cms |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |title=Fernandes reveals 'Sarp Vinash' toll |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105210943/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |archive-date=5 November 2005 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2003-07-31 |url-status=dead}}
{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |title=Fernandes reveals 'Sarp Vinash' toll |access-date=2018-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105210943/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/07/31/stories/2003073102911200.htm |archive-date=5 November 2005 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2003-07-31 |url-status=dead}}
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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|5|2|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan restored diplomatic ties.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|5|2|df=y}} |event=India and Pakistan restored diplomatic ties.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|7|11|df=y}} |event=: [[Delhi]]-[[Lahore]] bus service resumed.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2003|7|11|df=y}} |event=: [[Delhi]]-[[Lahore]] bus service resumed.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2004|4|1|df=y}} |event=An explosive device blats at a government building in Srinagar, wounding one employer, trying to boycott the [[2004 Indian general election|coutrywide elections]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200404010002|title=GTD ID:200404010002|website=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2004|9|24|df=y}} |event=Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and President [[Musharraf]] met in New York during UN General Assembly.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2004|9|24|df=y}} |event=Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and President [[Musharraf]] met in New York during UN General Assembly.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2005|11|16|df=y}} |event=Four civilians were killed and forty five were wounded, when a car bomb blasts near a bank branch in [[Lal Chowk]], Srinagar. Al-Arifeen claimed the attack in a telephone call to the Kashmir News Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/11/16/india.bombing/|title=Srinagar car bombing kills three|work=CNN Edition|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200504060002|title=GTD ID:200511160001|website=Global Terrorism Database|accessdate=2024-03-23}}</ref>}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2006|7|df=y}} |event=Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talks were held.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2006|7|df=y}} |event=Second round of Indo-Pakistani peace talks were held.}}
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2008|08|22|df=y}} |event=Following [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence, the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|title=Kashmiris march for independence|date=2008-08-22|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214003015/https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2008|08|22|df=y}} |event=Following [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], hundreds of thousands of Muslims marched in Srinagar for independence, the largest protest against Indian rule in over a decade.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|title=Kashmiris march for independence|date=2008-08-22|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2019-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214003015/https://www.france24.com/en/20080823-kashmiris-march-independence-kashmir-india-pakistan|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2010|6|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of a young Kashmiri, Tufail Ahmad Mattoo, [[2010 Kashmir unrest|protest demonstrations]] continued in Kashmir for months.}}<ref name="Matoo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |title=A Youth's Death in Kashmir Renews a Familiar Pattern of Crisis |last=POLGREEN |first=LYDIA |date=2010-07-11 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020062538/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2010|6|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of a young Kashmiri, Tufail Ahmad Mattoo, [[2010 Kashmir unrest|protest demonstrations]] continued in Kashmir for months.}}<ref name="Matoo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |title=A Youth's Death in Kashmir Renews a Familiar Pattern of Crisis |last=POLGREEN |first=LYDIA |date=2010-07-11 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020062538/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/12/world/asia/12kashmir.html |archive-date=20 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|8|df=y}} |event=The Chief Minister of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, [[Omar Abdullah]], said that the security situation was not yet conducive to the revoking of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in the state.}}<ref name="AFSPA">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |title=Situation in Jammu and Kashmir not conducive to revoking AFSPA: Omar Abdullah |last=PTI |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-08-15 |location=[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816064519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |archive-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|8|df=y}} |event=The Chief Minister of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, [[Omar Abdullah]], said that the security situation was not yet conducive to the revoking of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in the state.}}<ref name="AFSPA">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |title=Situation in Jammu and Kashmir not conducive to revoking AFSPA: Omar Abdullah |last=PTI |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-08-15 |location=[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816064519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Situation-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-not-conducive-to-revoking-AFSPA-Omar-Abdullah/articleshow/15503465.cms |archive-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|9|df=y}} |event=Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] visited Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir within two months of taking office. Despite the threat of protests from separatists (see [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]) there were no security incidents.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|title=BBC News - Kashmir profile - Timeline|work=BBC News|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210100706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|archive-date=10 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2012|9|df=y}} |event=Indian President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] visited Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir within two months of taking office. Despite the threat of protests from separatists (see [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]) there were no security incidents.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|title=BBC News - Kashmir profile - Timeline|work=BBC News|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210100706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-16069078|archive-date=10 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2014|11|25|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2014|12|20|df=y}} |event=Despite boycott calls by separatist [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat leaders]], the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 state election]] saw the highest voter turnout in the 25 years since insurgency erupted in the region.}} Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the [[Kashmiri people]] in favour of democracy of India.<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2014|11|25|df=y}} |end_date={{End date|2014|12|20|df=y}} |event=Despite boycott calls by separatist [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat leaders]], the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 state election]] saw the highest voter turnout in the 25 years since insurgency erupted in the region.}} Indian authorities claimed that this was a vote of the [[Kashmiri people]] in favour of democracy of India.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204035903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|title=Syed Ali Shah Geelani's J&K election boycott call resonates in his hometown Sopore|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204035903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/syed-ali-shah-geelanis-jk-election-boycott-call-resonates-in-his-hometown-sopore/516279-37-64.html|archive-date=4 February 2015|url-status=dead}}
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{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|title=Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records|date=20 December 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171902/http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|title=Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records|date=20 December 2014|work=NDTV.com|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171902/http://www.ndtv.com/assembly/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-in-25-years-jharkhand-breaks-records-715845|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|title=Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years, Jharkhand breaks records|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 December 2014|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|title=Jammu and Kashmir registers highest voter turnout in 25 years, Jharkhand breaks records|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=23 December 2014|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141223/nation-current-affairs/article/jammu-and-kashmir-registers-highest-voter-turnout-25-years|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315203847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|title=J&K polls: 76 per cent voter turnout recorded in the final phase|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}
{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315203847/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jk-polls-76-per-cent-voter-turnout-recorded-in-the-final-phase/519066-3-245.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|title=J&K polls: 76 per cent voter turnout recorded in the final phase|work=IBNLive|access-date=1 April 2015}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|title=People of Jammu and Kashmir have rejected bullet for ballot: PM Narendra Modi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182424/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}
{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|title=People of Jammu and Kashmir have rejected bullet for ballot: PM Narendra Modi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=1 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182424/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-11-28/news/56540384_1_jammu-and-kashmir-prime-minister-narendra-modi-nc-congress|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}
</ref>
</ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2016|7|8|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani]] on 8&nbsp;July, [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|violent protests]] broke out in Kashmir Valley. An imposed curfew continued, and more than 90 people were killed. Subsequently [[Operation All Out (Kashmir)|Operation All-Out]] was launched by the Indian security forces.}}<ref>
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2016|7|8|df=y}} |event=Following the killing of [[Burhan Muzaffar Wani]] on 8&nbsp;July, [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest|violent protests]] broke out in Kashmir Valley. An imposed curfew continued, and more than 90 people were killed. Subsequently [[Operation All Out (Kashmir)|Operation All-Out]] was launched by the Indian security forces.}}<ref>
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-->
-->


===2019-present===
===2019–present===
{{See also|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}
{{See also|2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown}}


* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2019|08|05|df=y}} |event=The [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status]] enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir was [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] by the Government of India through Presidential orders backed by parliamentary resolutions. Simultaneously, the state was converted into a [[union territory]], with [[Ladakh]] separated into a separate union territory, through the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]].}}<ref name="VoA">
* {{Timeline-event |date={{Start date|2019|08|05|df=y}} |event=The [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|special status]] enjoyed by Jammu and Kashmir was [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|revoked]] by the Government of India through Presidential orders backed by parliamentary resolutions. Simultaneously, the state was converted into a [[union territory]], with [[Ladakh]] separated into a separate union territory, through the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]].}}<ref name="VoA">
{{cite news |title=US Senator Barred From Kashmir as Lockdown Enters 3rd Month |url=https://www.voanews.com/south-central-asia/us-senator-barred-kashmir-lockdown-enters-3rd-month |work=Voice of America |date=5 October 2019}}
{{cite news |title=US Senator Barred From Kashmir as Lockdown Enters 3rd Month |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_us-senator-barred-kashmir-lockdown-enters-3rd-month/6177108.html |work=Voice of America |date=5 October 2019}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/children-among-minors-detained-kashmir-article-370-abrogation-reports-1605322-2019-10-01 |title=9-year-olds among 144 minors detained in Kashmir since Article 370 abrogation}}
{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/children-among-minors-detained-kashmir-article-370-abrogation-reports-1605322-2019-10-01 |title=9-year-olds among 144 minors detained in Kashmir since Article 370 abrogation|date=October 2019 }}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine |title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir |url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2019 |magazine=Time |date=21 August 2019}}
{{cite magazine |title=At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir |url=https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821182839/https://time.com/5657293/india-kashmir-detention-security-lockdown/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2019 |magazine=Time |date=21 August 2019}}
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</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |work=BBC |date=10 August 2019}}
{{cite news |title=Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |work=BBC |date=10 August 2019}}
</ref><ref>
</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Restrictions eased as Kashmir enters Day 22 of lockdown |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/restrictions-eased-as-kashmir-enters-day-22-of-lockdown/articleshow/70839690.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2019 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826101759/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/restrictions-eased-as-kashmir-enters-day-22-of-lockdown/articleshow/70839690.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=Restrictions eased as Kashmir enters Day 22 of lockdown |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/restrictions-eased-as-kashmir-enters-day-22-of-lockdown/articleshow/70839690.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2019}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title=627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/627-persons-detained-in-j-k-since-august-2019-government-in-lok-sabha-121031000122_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=10 March 2021}}
{{cite news |title=627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/627-persons-detained-in-j-k-since-august-2019-government-in-lok-sabha-121031000122_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=10 March 2021}}
</ref>  
</ref>  
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== Bibliography ==
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |title=History and Timeline of the Kashmir Conflict |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm |archive-date=2 October 2010 |ref={{sfnref|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010}}}}
* {{cite web |title=History and Timeline of the Kashmir Conflict |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=5 December 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002041652/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm |archive-date=2 October 2010 |ref={{sfnref|kashmirlibrary.org, Timeline|2010}} }}
* {{cite journal |author=Rakesh Ankit |title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=3 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |date=March 2010 |pages=46–50 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010}}}}
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* {{citation |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=Pandit Ramchandra Kak: The Forgotten Premier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEAFgW8TYwC&pg=PA36 |pages=36–39 |date=April 2010 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=By George: The Cunningham Contribution |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=3 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |date=March 2010 |pages=46–50 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, The Cunningham Contribution|2010}} |access-date=14 November 2016 |archive-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115132231/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-march-2010.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=5 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Pandit Ramchandra Kak: The Forgotten Premier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzEAFgW8TYwC&pg=PA36 |pages=36–39 |date=April 2010 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak|2010}} }}
* {{cite journal |first=Rakesh |last=Ankit |title=October 1947 |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |date=November 2010 |pages=9–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA9 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, October 1947|2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Henry Scott: The forgotten soldier of Kashmir |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=5 |url=http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |date=May 2010 |pages=44–49 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Henry Scott|2010}} |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510084911/http://documents.mx/documents/epilogue-magazine-may-2010.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=October 1947 |journal=Epilogue |volume=4 |number=11 |date=November 2010 |pages=9–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMxJzb7N_8wC&pg=PA9 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, October 1947|2010}} }}
* {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Britain and Kashmir, 1948: 'The Arena of the UN' |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=24 |pages=273–290 |number=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2013.789771 |s2cid=154021048 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Britain and Kashmir|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Britain and Kashmir, 1948: 'The Arena of the UN' |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=24 |pages=273–290 |number=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2013.789771 |s2cid=154021048 |ref={{sfnref|Ankit, Britain and Kashmir|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bajwa |first=Kuldip Singh |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947-1948: Political and Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC&pg=PA83 |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0923-6 |ref={{sfnref|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003}}}}
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* {{citation |first=Craig |last=Baxter |author-link = Craig Baxter |chapter=The Jana Sangh |editor=Donald Eugene Smith |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |ref={{sfnref|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015}}}}  
* {{citation |last=Bajwa |first=Kuldip Singh |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947–1948: Political and Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bREjE5yXNMC |year=2003 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0923-6 |ref={{sfnref|Bajwa, Jammu and Kashmir War|2003}} }}
* {{citation |first=Navnita Chadha |last=Behera |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Baxter |first=Craig |author-link=Craig Baxter |chapter=The Jana Sangh |editor=Donald Eugene Smith |title=South Asian Politics and Religion |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dknWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |date=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7908-3 |pages=86– |ref={{sfnref|Baxter, The Jana Sangh|2015}} }}  
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Behera |first=Navnita Chadha |title=Demystifying Kashmir |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-8131708460 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM6kW9ZRMRkC |ref={{sfnref|Behera, Demystifying Kashmir|2007}} }}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=NOTHING BUT!: Book Three: What Price Freedom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HESVAgAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1625-9 |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharya, What Price Freedom|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Brecher |first=Michael |title=The Struggle for Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4KAQAAIAAJ |year=1953 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953}}}}
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC |ref={{sfnref|Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Brown |first=William |title=Gilgit Rebellion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-4112-3 |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Gilgit Rebellion|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Brecher |first=Michael |title=The Struggle for Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS4KAQAAIAAJ |year=1953 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Brecher, The Struggle for Kashmir|1953}} }}
* {{citation |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |title=Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot 1947-1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199061723 |ref={{sfnref|Chattha, Partition and Locality|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Brown |first=William |title=Gilgit Rebellion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-4112-3 |ref={{sfnref|Brown, Gilgit Rebellion|2014}} }}
** {{citation |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas Ahmad |title=Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947-1961 |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Ilyas%20PhD-E-Thesis.pdf |publisher=University of Southampton |date=September 2009 |access-date=2016-02-16 |ref={{sfnref|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428102705/http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Ilyas%20PhD-E-Thesis.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016}}
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* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas |title=Partition and Locality: Violence, Migration and Development in Gujranwala and Sialkot 1947–1961 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199061723 |ref={{sfnref|Chattha, Partition and Locality|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=Rekha |last=Chowdhary |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6 |ref={{sfnref|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015}}}}
** {{citation |last=Chattha |first=Ilyas Ahmad |title=Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947–1961 |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Ilyas%20PhD-E-Thesis.pdf |publisher=University of Southampton |date=September 2009 |access-date=2016-02-16 |ref={{sfnref|Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath|2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428102705/http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366712/1.hasCoversheetVersion/Ilyas%20PhD-E-Thesis.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2016 }}
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cheema |first=Brig Amar |title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-301-4 |ref={{sfnref|Cheema, The Crimson Chinar|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last=Dasgupta |first=C. |author-link=Chandrashekhar Dasgupta |title=War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEtuAAAAMAAJ |date=2014 |orig-year=first published 2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1795-7 |ref={{sfnref|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Chowdhary |first=Rekha |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-2oCgAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-41405-6 |ref={{sfnref|Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism|2015}} }}
<!-- D -->
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=1968 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6 |ref={{sfnref|Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir|1968}} }}
* {{citation |last=Dasgupta |first=C. |author-link=Chandrashekhar Dasgupta |title=War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEtuAAAAMAAJ |date=2014 |orig-year=first published 2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-1795-7 |ref={{sfnref|Dasgupta, War and Diplomacy in Kashmir|2014}} }}
<!-- E -->
* {{citation |last=Effendi |first=Col. M. Y. |title=Punjab Cavalry: Evolution, Role, Organisation and Tactical Doctrine 11 Cavalry, Frontier Force, 1849-1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXeAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=978-0-19-547203-5 |ref={{sfnref|Effendi, Punjab Cavalry|2007}} }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Garner |first1=George |title=Chechnya and Kashmir: The Jihadist Evolution of Nationalism to Jihad and Beyond |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=25 |issue=3 |year=2013 |pages=419–434 |issn=0954-6553 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2012.664202 |ref={{sfnref|Garner, Chechnya and Kashmir|2013}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=Opening a Window in Kashmir |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=39 |pages=3905–3913 |number=35 |date=28 August 2004 |jstor=4415473 |ref={{sfnref|Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir|2004}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ramachandra |last=Guha |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=Opening a Window in Kashmir |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=39 |pages=3905–3913 |number=35 |date=28 August 2004 |jstor=4415473 |ref={{sfnref|Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir|2004}}}}
* {{citation |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=RA1-PR16 |date=2011 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-54020-9 |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=RA1-PR16 |date=2011 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-0-330-54020-9 |ref={{sfnref|Guha, India after Gandhi|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Sisir |title=Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeaBnQAACAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations|1966}}}}
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Sisir |title=Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeaBnQAACAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations|1966}} }}
* {{citation |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3 |ref={{sfnref|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015}}}}
<!-- H -->
* {{citation |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hiro, The Longest August|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |author-link=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJGdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3 |ref={{sfnref|Hajari, Midnight's Furies|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last=Hussain |first=Syed Taffazull |title=Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905-1939. 2016 Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 |year=2016 |publisher=Syed Taffazull Hussain |isbn=978-1-60481-603-7 |ref={{sfnref|Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ |date=2015 |publisher=Nation Books |isbn=978-1-56858-503-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hiro, The Longest August|2015}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal|title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hussain |first=Syed Taffazull |title=Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography: The Crucial Period 1905–1939. 2016 Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RwFAQAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Syed Taffazull Hussain |isbn=978-1-60481-603-7 |ref={{sfnref|Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography|2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan|2014}}}}
<!-- I -->
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Ibrahim Khan |first1=Muhammad |title=The Kashmir Saga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCtuAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Verinag |ref={{sfnref|Ibrahim Khan, The Kashmir Saga|1990}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003}}}}
<!-- J -->
** {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563766-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa6CAgAAQBAJ |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59937-0 |ref={{sfnref |Jalal, Self and Sovereignty |2002}} }}
* {{citation |last=Kapoor |first=Sindhu |title=Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir from 1925 to 1951 |publisher=University of Jammu/Shodhganga |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78307 |year=2014 |hdl=10603/78307 |ref={{sfnref|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |author-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74499-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, The Struggle for Pakistan|2014}} }}
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1966 |isbn=9781400875238 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |ref={{sfnref|Jamal, Shadow War|2009}} }}
* {{citation |last1=Kumar |first1=Radha |last2=Puri |first2=Ellora |chapter=Jammu and Kashmir |editor=Radha Kumar |title=Negotiating Peace in Deeply Divided Societies: A Set of Simulations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |date=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0218-2 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009}}}}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kluAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566486-7 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, The Origins of a Dispute|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi9WAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195797671 |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|2002}}}}
** {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |author-link=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBORQgAACAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563766-3 |ref={{sfnref|Jha, Rival Versions of History|1996}} }}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW5u9QSxCFwC |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAT3oENcxDgC |year=2008 |publisher=India Research Press |isbn=978-81-87943-52-5 |ref={{sfnref|Joshi, Kashmir, 1947–1965: A Story Retold|2008}} }}
* {{citation |last=Schaffer |first=Howard B. |title=The Limits of Influence: America's Role in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyYOWdA5PNkC |date=2009 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-0370-9 |ref={{sfnref|Schaffer, Limits of Influence|2009}}}}
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* {{citation |first=Mahesh |last=Shankar |title=Nehru's legacy in Kashmir: Why a plebiscite never happened|journal=India Review |volume=15 |pages=1–21 |number=1 |date=2016 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1129926 |s2cid=155701436 |ref={{sfnref|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kapoor |first=Sindhu |title=Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir from 1925 to 1951 |journal=University |publisher=University of Jammu/Shodhganga |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/78307 |year=2014 |hdl=10603/78307 |ref={{sfnref|Kapoor, Politics of Protests in Jammu and Kashmir|2014}} }}
* {{citation |first=Shuja |last=Nawaz |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |journal=India Review |volume=7 |pages=115–154 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |date=May 2008 |s2cid=155030407 |ref={{sfnref|Nawaz, First Kashmir Revisited|2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1966 |isbn=9781400875238 |orig-year=1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA160 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |pages=160– |ref={{sfnref|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Kumar |first1=Radha |last2=Puri |first2=Ellora |chapter=Jammu and Kashmir |editor=Radha Kumar |title=Negotiating Peace in Deeply Divided Societies: A Set of Simulations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsWGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |date=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-321-0218-2 |ref={{sfnref|Kumar & Puri, Jammu and Kashmir: Negotiating Peace|2009}} }}
* {{citation |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Pampori |first=Mohammad Sultan |title=Kashmir in chains, 1819-1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Pampori Pub. House |ref={{sfnref|Pampori, Kashmir in Chains|1992}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi9WAAAAYAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Roxford Books |isbn=0-907129-08-0 |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Incomplete Partition|1997}} }}
* {{citation |last=Parashar |first=Parmanand |title=Kashmir and the Freedom Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0fUEZDsvqoC&pg=PA198 |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-514-1 |ref={{sfnref|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement|2004}}}}
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* {{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=Kashmir Towards Insurgency |location=Delhi |year=1993 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn31b |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993}}}}
* {{citation |last=Mahajan |first=Mehr Chand |author-link=Mehr Chand Mahajan |title=Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AW5u9QSxCFwC |year=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Mahajan, Looking Back|1963}} }}
* {{citation |last=Puri |first=Luv |author-link=Luv Puri |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Pakistan-occupied Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItY3BAAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80084-6 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC&pg=PA101 |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=The First Kashmir War Revisited |journal=India Review |volume=7 |pages=115–154 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/14736480802055455 |date=May 2008 |s2cid=155030407 |ref={{sfnref|Nawaz, First Kashmir Revisited|2008}}}}
* {{citation |first=Mridu |last=Rai |author-link=Mridu Rai |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom|1977}}}}
* {{citation |last=Palit |first=D. K. |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |year=1972 |publisher=Palit & Dutt |ref={{sfnref|Palit, Jammu and Kashmir Arms|1972}} }}
* {{citation |first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=978-1860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
* {{citation |last=Pampori |first=Mohammad Sultan |title=Kashmir in chains, 1819–1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UJuAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Pampori Pub. House |ref={{sfnref|Pampori, Kashmir in Chains|1992}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sherwani |first=Latif Ahmed |title=The Partition of India and Mountbatten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac4oqDNFzVcC |publisher=Council for Pakistan Studies |year=1986 |id=GGKEY:0KUG6RJYNX6 |ref={{sfnref|Sherwani, Partition of India and Mountbatten|1986}}}}
* {{citation |last=Parashar |first=Parmanand |title=Kashmir and the Freedom Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0fUEZDsvqoC |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-514-1 |ref={{sfnref|Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990}}}}
* {{citation |first=Balraj |last=Puri |author-link=Balraj Puri |title=Kashmir Towards Insurgency |location=Delhi |year=1993 |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn31b |publisher=kashmirlibrary.org |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Kashmir Towards Insurgency|1993}} }}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-year=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}}}}  
* {{citation |last=Puri |first=Luv |author-link=Luv Puri |title=Across the Line of Control: Inside Azad Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItY3BAAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80084-6 |ref={{sfnref|Puri, Across the Line of Control|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Sm Jasbir |title=Roar of the Tiger - Illustrated History of Operations in Kashmir by 4th Battalion The Kumaon Regt in 1965 War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mcXVjswUrcC&pg=PA4 |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-03-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013}}}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}} }}
* {{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}}}}
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* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Wajidalis |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rai |first=Mridu |author-link=Mridu Rai |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTHTI-Eus8kC |ref={{sfnref|Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Riedel |first=Bruce |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3DQKuPzAXAC |year=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2283-0 |ref={{sfnref|Riedel, Deadly Embrace|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Pakistan: A Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC |year=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998}}}}
<!-- S -->
* {{citation |last1=Zaidi |first1=Z. H. |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan : pangs of birth, 15 August-30 September 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan |isbn=978-969-8156-09-1 |ref={{sfnref |Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers |2001}}}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_egBAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Ferozsons |ref={{sfnref|Saraf, Kashmiris Fight for Freedom|1977}} }}
* {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schaffer |first=Howard B. |title=The Limits of Influence: America's Role in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kyYOWdA5PNkC |date=2009 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-0370-9 |ref={{sfnref|Schaffer, Limits of Influence|2009}} }}
** {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publishers |orig-year=first published by Oxford University Press Pakistan in 1998 |isbn=978-969-35-1992-1 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=978-1860648984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}} }}
* {{citation |last=Shankar |first=Mahesh |title=Nehru's legacy in Kashmir: Why a plebiscite never happened|journal=India Review |volume=15 |pages=1–21 |number=1 |date=2016 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2016.1129926 |s2cid=155701436 |ref={{sfnref|Shankar, Nehru's Legacy in Kashmir|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Sherwani |first=Latif Ahmed |title=The Partition of India and Mountbatten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac4oqDNFzVcC |publisher=Council for Pakistan Studies |year=1986 |id=GGKEY:0KUG6RJYNX6 |ref={{sfnref|Sherwani, Partition of India and Mountbatten|1986}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|1990}} }}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820–1956: The State Force Background |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-year=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |ref={{sfnref|Brahma Singh, History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|2010}} }}  
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Sm Jasbir |title=Roar of the Tiger - Illustrated History of Operations in Kashmir by 4th Battalion The Kumaon Regt in 1965 War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mcXVjswUrcC |date=2013 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-03-8 |ref={{sfnref|Jasbir Singh, Roar of the Tiger|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJDsk_g6tXUC&pg=PA160 |year=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3322-9 |pages=160– |ref={{sfnref|V. K. Singh, Leadership in the Indian Army|2005}} }}
* {{citation |last=Sirrs |first=Owen L. |title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_S-TDAAAQBAJ |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-19609-9 |ref={{sfnref |Sirrs, Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate |2016}} }}
* {{citation |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Snedden |title=Kashmir: The Unwritten History |publisher=HarperCollins India |year=2013 |isbn=978-9350298985 |orig-year=first published as ''The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir'', 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History|2013}} }}
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Wajidalis |ref={{sfnref|Suharwardy, Tragedy in Kashmir|1983}} }}
* {{citation |last=Swami |first=Praveen |author-link=Praveen Swami |title=India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The covert war in Kashmir, 1947–2004 |series=Asian Security Studies |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vrl8AgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-415-40459-4 |ref={{sfnref|Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad|2007}} }}
<!-- T -->
* {{citation |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Pakistan: A Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC |year=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-21606-1 |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History|1998}} }}
<!-- Z -->
* {{citation |last1=Zaidi |first1=Z. H. |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: Pakistan : pangs of birth, 15 August-30 September 1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgRuAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan |isbn=978-969-8156-09-1 |ref={{sfnref |Zaidi, Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers |2001}} }}
* {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|1998}} }}
** {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publishers |orig-year=first published by Oxford University Press Pakistan in 1998 |isbn=978-969-35-1992-1 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007}} }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of the Kashmir Conflict}}
[[Category:Kashmir conflict|*]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian history timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pakistani history timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Regional timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Regional timelines|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Timelines of military conflicts|Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Timelines of 20th-century military conflicts|Kashmir]]
[[Category:Timelines of 21st-century military conflicts|Kashmir]]

Latest revision as of 17:48, 20 March 2026

The following is a timeline of the Kashmir conflict, a territorial conflict between India, Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, China. India and Pakistan have been involved in four wars and several border skirmishes over the issue.

1846–1945: Princely state[edit | edit source]

1946–1947: Kashmir unrest and accession[edit | edit source]

1946[edit | edit source]

Early 1947[edit | edit source]

April 1947[edit | edit source]

May 1947[edit | edit source]

June 1947[edit | edit source]

July 1947[edit | edit source]

August 1947[edit | edit source]

September 1947[edit | edit source]

October 1947[edit | edit source]

November 1947[edit | edit source]

December 1947[edit | edit source]

1948: War and diplomacy[edit | edit source]

January 1948[edit | edit source]

February–April 1948[edit | edit source]

May 1948[edit | edit source]

July 1948[edit | edit source]

August–December 1948[edit | edit source]

1949–1962: Plebiscite conundrum[edit | edit source]

1949[edit | edit source]

1950[edit | edit source]

1951[edit | edit source]

1952[edit | edit source]

1953[edit | edit source]

1954[edit | edit source]

1955–1957[edit | edit source]

1959–1962[edit | edit source]

1963–1987: Rise of Kashmiri nationalism[edit | edit source]

1963–1969[edit | edit source]

1970–1979[edit | edit source]

1980–1986[edit | edit source]

1987–present: Kashmir Insurgency[edit | edit source]

1987–1989[edit | edit source]

1990–1999[edit | edit source]

2001–2009[edit | edit source]

2010–2018[edit | edit source]

2019–present[edit | edit source]

See also: 2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Figures II". jammu-kashmir.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "2001 census". kashmirstudygroup.net. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Prem Nath Bazaz, Struggle for Freedom in Kashmir, New Delhi 1954, pp.140-166
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict (2003), p. 18.
  5. ↑ Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects (2004), Ch. 5, Sec. v (Constructing Kashmiriyat).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Guha, Opening a Window in Kashmir (2004), p. 80.
  7. ↑ Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34", Pacific Affairs, 54 (2): 228–259, doi:10.2307/2757363, JSTOR 2757363
  8. ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), p. 103.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Hiro, The Longest August (2015), Chapter 6.
  10. ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), p. 114.
  11. ↑ Hussain, Sheikh Abdullah – A Biography (2016), p. 248.
  12. ↑ Parashar, Kashmir and the Freedom Movement (2004), pp. 142–143.
  13. ↑ Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 327.
  14. ↑ Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (1966), p. 203.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Jha, Rival Versions of History (1996), p. 14.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Guha, India after Gandhi (2011), p. xv.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (1966), p. 23.
  18. ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 61.
  19. ↑ Jalal, Self and Sovereignty (2002), p. 513.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Jha, Rival Versions of History (1996), p. 15.
  21. ↑ Chattha, Partition and its Aftermath (2009), p. 162.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History (2013), p. 41.
  23. ↑ Jha, The Origins of a Dispute (2003), p. 46.
  24. ↑ Jha, Prem Shankar (March 1998), "Response (to the reviews of The Origins of a Dispute: Kashmir 1947)", Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 36 (1): 113–123, doi:10.1080/14662049808447762
  25. ↑ Mahajan, Looking Back (1963), p. 113.
  26. ↑ Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations (1966), p. 95.
  27. ↑ Burke, S. M. (2001), Landmarks of The Pakistan Movement, Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab, p. 457, ISBN 978-969-425-092-2
  28. ↑ Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (1998), p. 103; Zaheer, Rawalpindi Conspiracy (2007), pp. 70–71; Puri, Across the Line of Control (2013), p. 18
  29. ↑ A. G. Noorani, Relevance of U.N. resolutions, Frontline, 5 February 2016.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ankit, Pandit Ramchandra Kak (2010)
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  270. ↑ "9-year-olds among 144 minors detained in Kashmir since Article 370 abrogation". October 2019.
  271. ↑ "At Least 2,300 People Have Been Detained During the Lockdown in Kashmir". Time. 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019.
  272. ↑ "Kashmir city on lockdown after calls for protest march". The Guardian. 23 August 2019.
  273. ↑ "Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'". BBC. 10 August 2019.
  274. ↑ "Restrictions eased as Kashmir enters Day 22 of lockdown". The Economic Times. 26 August 2019. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  275. ↑ "627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha". Business Standard. 10 March 2021.
  276. ↑ "Thousands detained in Indian Kashmir crackdown, official data reveals". Reuters. 12 September 2019.
  277. ↑ Wallen, Joe (25 September 2019). "Young boys tortured in Kashmir clampdown as new figures show". The Telegraph.
  278. ↑ "627 persons detained in Jammu-Kashmir since August 2019: Govt in Lok Sabha". Business Standard. 10 March 2021.
  279. ↑ "Supreme Court says no minors were held in Jammu and Kashmir". The Hindu. 13 December 2019.

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