imported>Subins2000 →Places of interest: add image |
general fixed article per standard format and added references |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{ | {{more citations needed|date=August 2018}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = Velur | ||
| native_name | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang | | native_name_lang = | ||
| other_name | | other_name = Veloor | ||
| nickname | | nickname = | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = village | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = | ||
| image_alt | | image_alt = | ||
| image_caption | | image_caption = | ||
| pushpin_map | | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India | ||
| pushpin_label_position | | pushpin_label_position = | ||
| pushpin_map_alt | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
| pushpin_map_caption | | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India | ||
| coordinates | | coordinates = {{coord|10|38|36.4014|N|76|9|44.553|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| subdivision_type | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 | | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | ||
| subdivision_name2 | | subdivision_name2 = [[Thrissur]] | ||
| established_title | | established_title = <!-- Established --> | ||
| established_date | | established_date = | ||
| founder | | founder = | ||
| named_for | | named_for = | ||
| government_type | | government_type = | ||
| governing_body | | governing_body = | ||
| unit_pref | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| area_footnotes | | area_footnotes = | ||
| area_rank | | area_rank = | ||
| area_total_km2 | | area_total_km2 = 28.32 | ||
| elevation_footnotes | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| elevation_m | | elevation_m = | ||
| population_total | | population_total = 22155 | ||
| population_as_of | | population_as_of = 2001 | ||
| population_rank | | population_rank = | ||
| population_density_km2 | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_demonym | | population_demonym = | ||
| population_footnotes | | population_footnotes = | ||
| demographics_type1 | | demographics_type1 = Languages | ||
| demographics1_title1 | | demographics1_title1 = Official | ||
| demographics1_info1 | | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] | ||
| timezone1 | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 | | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | ||
| postal_code_type | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code | | postal_code = 680601 | ||
| area_code_type | | area_code_type = Telephone code | ||
| area_code | | area_code = 04885 | ||
| registration_plate | | registration_plate = | ||
| blank1_name_sec1 | | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] | ||
| blank1_info_sec1 | | blank1_info_sec1 = 0.89 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]] | ||
| blank2_name_sec1 | | blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy | ||
| blank2_info_sec1 | | blank2_info_sec1 = 90.15% | ||
| website | | website = | ||
| footnotes | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Velur''' or '''Veloor''' is a village and [[panchayat]] in [[Kunnamkulam]] Taluk, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India with a population of 22,155.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/tsr_02.PDF |title=Panchayat Level Statistics 2001, Thrissur District |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=2009-04-13 }}</ref> Other places close to Velur are [[Kechery]], [[Wadakkanchery]] etc. | '''Velur''' or '''Veloor''' is a village and [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[Kunnamkulam]] Taluk, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India with a population of 22,155.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/tsr_02.PDF |title=Panchayat Level Statistics 2001, Thrissur District |publisher=[[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=2009-04-13 |archive-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107152854/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/panchayat_statistics2001/tsr_02.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other places close to Velur are [[Kechery]], [[Wadakkanchery]] etc. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 67: | Line 67: | ||
* Fr. Johann Ernst Hanxleden,[2] who is popularly known as Arnos Pathiri, who written the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia [3] This Jesuit priest from Germany has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur church]] was founded by Arnos Pathiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honour of St. Francis Xavier. | * Fr. Johann Ernst Hanxleden,[2] who is popularly known as Arnos Pathiri, who written the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia [3] This Jesuit priest from Germany has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|Velur church]] was founded by Arnos Pathiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honour of St. Francis Xavier. | ||
*Velur kanal Samaram-1948. Velur Kanal Samaram was conducted by the Communist Party against the cruel treatment and exploitation of the labourers by the person who had undertaken the work of constructing a canal from the [[Vazhani Dam]] reservoir for irrigation. | *Velur kanal Samaram-1948. Velur Kanal Samaram was conducted by the Communist Party against the cruel treatment and exploitation of the labourers by the person who had undertaken the work of constructing a canal from the [[Vazhani Dam]] reservoir for irrigation. Some of the leaders of this historic struggle that helped in the growth of Communist Party in the area were A.S.N. Nambissan (former M.L.A.), C.P. Francis and K.S. Sankaran. | ||
*Marumarakkal Samaram in Velur Manimalarkavu-1952 | *Marumarakkal Samaram in Velur Manimalarkavu-1952 | ||
==Transport== | ==Transport== | ||
Transport is provided by State owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] | Transport is provided by State owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] and private transport bus operators. Road transport is also supported by private taxis and autorickshaws also called autos. | ||
Auto Rikshaws available at Post Office centre, Chungam, Pazhaya Post Office, Thandilam Road, Puliyannur, Thayyur | Auto Rikshaws available at Post Office centre, Chungam, Pazhaya Post Office, Thandilam Road, Puliyannur, Thayyur | ||
State Highway 76 pass through Velur. [[State Highway 76 (Kerala)|SH 76]] Kuranchery - Velur - [[Kechery]] Road. 12.838 km . | |||
Direct | Direct bus available from Thrissur Shakthan stand, Wadakanchery Ottupara bus stand, Guruvayur, Kunnamkulam, Kechery(6 km). | ||
The nearest railhead is | The nearest railhead is Wadakkanchery 13 km, Other nearest railway stations are Thrissur (20 km), Shoranur (28 km), and Guruvayur (15 km). | ||
Nearest Airports | Nearest Airports: | ||
*[[Cochin International Airport]] (Nedumabassery airport) (nearly 75 km) | |||
*[[Cochin International Airport]] (Nedumabassery airport)( | *[[Calicut International Airport]] (nearly 100 km) | ||
*[[Calicut International Airport]]( | |||
==Places of worship== | ==Places of worship== | ||
=== | ===St. Francis Xavier Forane Church=== | ||
Velur is centered around the [[St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur|St. Francis Xavier Forane]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], which is a protected monument<ref name=pillai>{{cite book |title=A Hand Book on Protected Monuments of Kerala |last=Pillai |first=R. Chandran |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Kerala]] |oclc= 63125677 }}</ref> in the [[Archdiocese of Thrissur]] with considerable antiquity and spiritual heritage. Historically this Forane church has been the mother church of many parishes. Four Forane divisions have come into existence out of this church. The fame of the church is closely linked with the fame of its founder, Fr. [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden]],<ref name=pillai/> who is popularly known as Arnos Padiri., who wrote the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia <ref>{{cite book |title=The Portuguese and the socio-cultural changes in India, 1500-1800 |last=Mathew |first=K. S. |year=2001 |publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, MESHAR |isbn=978-81-900166-6-7 |page=463 }}</ref> This [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] from [[Germany]] has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the Velur church was founded by Arnos Padiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honor of [[St. Francis Xavier]]. Recently a new Church is constructed near the old church. | |||
===Manimalarkavu temple=== | ===Manimalarkavu temple=== | ||
Manimalarkavu temple (one of the 18 royal temples ( | Manimalarkavu temple (one of the 18 royal temples (Pathinettara Kavu) under Cochin Kingdom) is a major place of worship for Hindus in Velur. "Manimalarkavu pooram" festival (or Kumra Bharani usually it falls between 15 February to 10 March) is one of the major attractions of tourists as it is colourful by the man-made horses of very huge sizes, which is rarely seen in other places. These man made horses (considers the daughter of the goddess) representing from each small localities (desham ) from this village (including from some neighbouring villages) and this festival is known as Kumbha Bharani Vela( Kuthira vela, No any animals used in this festival like Elephant). During these days many devi (goddess) temples in Kerala celebrating the yearly festivals in different ways. | ||
===Other places of worship=== | ===Other places of worship=== | ||
There are many other worship places in Velur village. They are mainly Cheramankadu ayyapan temple, Velur Karthiani temple, Kandamkolangara Shiva temple, Cherunthala Shiva temple, Kurur Krishna temple, Kuttikattukolangare Devi temple, pazhavoor Ayyappan Kavu Temple, Pazhavoor Sree Kottayil Bagavathy Temple, Nelluvai Dhanwandhari Temple, Thayyur Nithya Sahaya Matha Church,Thayyoor Subramaniyaswami Temple, Thayyoor Lothykavu Temple, St. Antoney's church Thandilum, Sree Rama Swami Temple Vellatanjur, Santhanagopalamurthy Temple Kuruvannur, Sri Parikkal Bagwathi Temple Puliyannur and Thandilum Mosque. | There are many other worship places in Velur village. They are mainly Cheramankadu ayyapan temple, Velur Karthiani temple, Kandamkolangara Shiva temple, Cherunthala Shiva temple, Kurur Krishna temple, Kurumal Sree Bhagavathi Temple, Kurumal Karuvathoor Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kuttikattukolangare Devi temple, pazhavoor Ayyappan Kavu Temple, Pazhavoor Sree Kottayil Bagavathy Temple, Nelluvai Dhanwandhari Temple, Thayyur Nithya Sahaya Matha Church, Thayyoor Subramaniyaswami Temple, Thayyoor Lothykavu Temple, St. Antoney's church Thandilum, Sree Rama Swami Temple Vellatanjur, Santhanagopalamurthy Temple Kuruvannur, Sri Parikkal Bagwathi Temple Puliyannur and Thandilum Mosque. | ||
== Places of interest == | == Places of interest == | ||
| Line 108: | Line 103: | ||
*[http://www.arnospathiri.in/ Arnos Padiri Building] | *[http://www.arnospathiri.in/ Arnos Padiri Building] | ||
*Manimalarkavu Temple | *Manimalarkavu Temple | ||
* | *Cheramankadu ayyapan temple | ||
*Kodasheri Mala | *Kodasheri Mala | ||
*Peruvan Mala | *Peruvan Mala | ||
| Line 115: | Line 110: | ||
*Thayyur Kotta | *Thayyur Kotta | ||
*Kurumal Bhagavathi temple | *Kurumal Bhagavathi temple | ||
* | * | ||
*Kurumal Sreerama swami temple | |||
== | == Government offices == | ||
*Velur co-operative society ( | *Velur co-operative society (near Velur church (main), Velur Chungam, Kiralur, old post office) | ||
*Velur-chungam - Primary Health Centre | *Velur-chungam - Primary Health Centre | ||
*Health Centre at Velur panjayath Building , | *Health Centre at Velur panjayath Building, near post office (homeopathic and ayurvedhic treatments ) | ||
*BSNL Office at Post Office Centre, Velur | *BSNL Office at Post Office Centre, Velur | ||
*KSEB Office at Old Post Office Centre,Velur | *KSEB Office at Old Post Office Centre, Velur | ||
*Village Office Near Post Office Centre,Velur | *Village Office Near Post Office Centre, Velur | ||
*Milk Society , Thayyur Road,Near Post Office Centre,Velur | *Milk Society, Thayyur Road, Near Post Office Centre, Velur | ||
== Other institutions == | == Other institutions == | ||
*Govt.R S R V H S S Velur | *Govt. R S R V H S S Velur | ||
*St. Xavier’s U P School, St. Francis Xavier’s Nursery School | *St. Xavier’s U P School, St. Francis Xavier’s Nursery School | ||
*PMLP School Kiraloor | *PMLP School Kiraloor | ||
* | *Sal Sabeel LP School (CBSE), Kurumal (Kiraloor) | ||
*Sri Vigneswra CBSE School, Kiraloor Road, Velur Chungam | *Sri Vigneswra CBSE School, Kiraloor Road, Velur Chungam | ||
*RMLP School, Velur West | *RMLP School, Velur West | ||
*FATRI – Family apostolate training & research institute. | *FATRI – Family apostolate training & research institute. | ||
*Lisieux College, Naduvilangadi | *Lisieux College, Naduvilangadi | ||
*Sanjo Bhavan of sisters of St. Joseph the worker, Velur Bazar | *Sanjo Bhavan of sisters of St. Joseph the worker, Velur Bazar | ||
*St. Thomas UPS Puliannur | *St. Thomas UPS Puliannur | ||
*Govt.HS School, Thayyur | *Govt.HS School, Thayyur | ||
The village has some important government offices - like the Village office, post office, KSEB Section Office,South Indian Bank,Velur Service Co operative Bank (3 Branches), [[Krishi Bhavan]], Telephone Exchange (BSNL) etc. The village is covered under all cellular / mobile operators (GSM and CDMA) and 4G Coverage by Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited in Kerala circle. | The village has some important government offices - like the Village office, post office, KSEB Section Office, South Indian Bank, Velur Service Co operative Bank (3 Branches), [[Krishi Bhavan]], Telephone Exchange (BSNL) etc. The village is covered under all cellular / mobile operators (GSM and CDMA) and 4G Coverage by Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited in Kerala circle. | ||
==Notable people from Velur== | ==Notable people from Velur== | ||
* [[Pushpavathy Poypadathu]], singer | |||
* Pushpavathy, | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| Line 154: | Line 145: | ||
* [http://www.velurchurch.in/ Velur Church Website] | * [http://www.velurchurch.in/ Velur Church Website] | ||
*Page hosted by Local Self Government Department of Govt. of Kerala: [http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/pages/lb_general_info.php?intID=5&ID=732&ln=en Velur Grama Panchayath] | *Page hosted by Local Self Government Department of Govt. of Kerala: [http://www.lsg.kerala.gov.in/pages/lb_general_info.php?intID=5&ID=732&ln=en Velur Grama Panchayath] | ||
*[http://lsgkerala.in/velurpanchayat/history/ Velur Panchayath History] | *[http://lsgkerala.in/velurpanchayat/history/ Velur Panchayath History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152907/http://lsgkerala.in/velurpanchayat/history/ |date=21 December 2019 }} | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
*[[Roads in Kerala]] | *[[Roads in Kerala]] | ||
*[[List of | *[[List of state highways in Kerala]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
{{Thrissur district}} | {{Thrissur district}} | ||
* [http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=SH&pageId=249 Public Works Department, Government of Kerala] | * [http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=SH&pageId=249 Public Works Department, Government of Kerala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161434/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=SH&pageId=249 |date=21 July 2011 }} | ||
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]] | [[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]] | ||
Latest revision as of 00:33, 27 March 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2018) |
Velur
Veloor | |
|---|---|
village | |
  Velur Location in Kerala, India  Velur Velur (India) | |
| Coordinates: 10°38′36.4014″N 76°9′44.553″E / 10.643444833°N 76.16237583°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Thrissur |
| Area | |
| • Total | 28.32 km2 (10.93 sq mi) |
| Population (2001) | |
| • Total | 22,155 |
| • Density | 780/km2 (2,000/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Malayalam, English |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 680601 |
| Telephone code | 04885 |
| Sex ratio | 0.89 ♂/♀ |
| Literacy | 90.15% |
Velur or Veloor is a village and panchayat in Kunnamkulam Taluk, Thrissur district, Kerala, India with a population of 22,155.[1] Other places close to Velur are Kechery, Wadakkanchery etc.
History[edit | edit source]
This village was a part of Chengazhinad (one of the 18 states of Cochin Kingdom) under rule of Chengazhi Nambiar or (Chengazhi Nambi).
Historical struggles[edit | edit source]
- Fr. Johann Ernst Hanxleden,[2] who is popularly known as Arnos Pathiri, who written the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia [3] This Jesuit priest from Germany has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the Velur church was founded by Arnos Pathiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honour of St. Francis Xavier.
- Velur kanal Samaram-1948. Velur Kanal Samaram was conducted by the Communist Party against the cruel treatment and exploitation of the labourers by the person who had undertaken the work of constructing a canal from the Vazhani Dam reservoir for irrigation. Some of the leaders of this historic struggle that helped in the growth of Communist Party in the area were A.S.N. Nambissan (former M.L.A.), C.P. Francis and K.S. Sankaran.
- Marumarakkal Samaram in Velur Manimalarkavu-1952
Transport[edit | edit source]
Transport is provided by State owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and private transport bus operators. Road transport is also supported by private taxis and autorickshaws also called autos.
Auto Rikshaws available at Post Office centre, Chungam, Pazhaya Post Office, Thandilam Road, Puliyannur, Thayyur State Highway 76 pass through Velur. SH 76 Kuranchery - Velur - Kechery Road. 12.838 km . Direct bus available from Thrissur Shakthan stand, Wadakanchery Ottupara bus stand, Guruvayur, Kunnamkulam, Kechery(6 km).
The nearest railhead is Wadakkanchery 13 km, Other nearest railway stations are Thrissur (20 km), Shoranur (28 km), and Guruvayur (15 km).
Nearest Airports:
- Cochin International Airport (Nedumabassery airport) (nearly 75 km)
- Calicut International Airport (nearly 100 km)
Places of worship[edit | edit source]
St. Francis Xavier Forane Church[edit | edit source]
Velur is centered around the St. Francis Xavier Forane Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, which is a protected monument[2] in the Archdiocese of Thrissur with considerable antiquity and spiritual heritage. Historically this Forane church has been the mother church of many parishes. Four Forane divisions have come into existence out of this church. The fame of the church is closely linked with the fame of its founder, Fr. Johann Ernst Hanxleden,[2] who is popularly known as Arnos Padiri., who wrote the first Malayalam - Portuguese Encyclopedia [3] This Jesuit priest from Germany has given his energy not only to Velur but to the whole world through his literary works. It is believed that the Velur church was founded by Arnos Padiri about three centuries ago on 3 December 1712 in honor of St. Francis Xavier. Recently a new Church is constructed near the old church.
Manimalarkavu temple[edit | edit source]
Manimalarkavu temple (one of the 18 royal temples (Pathinettara Kavu) under Cochin Kingdom) is a major place of worship for Hindus in Velur. "Manimalarkavu pooram" festival (or Kumra Bharani usually it falls between 15 February to 10 March) is one of the major attractions of tourists as it is colourful by the man-made horses of very huge sizes, which is rarely seen in other places. These man made horses (considers the daughter of the goddess) representing from each small localities (desham ) from this village (including from some neighbouring villages) and this festival is known as Kumbha Bharani Vela( Kuthira vela, No any animals used in this festival like Elephant). During these days many devi (goddess) temples in Kerala celebrating the yearly festivals in different ways.
Other places of worship[edit | edit source]
There are many other worship places in Velur village. They are mainly Cheramankadu ayyapan temple, Velur Karthiani temple, Kandamkolangara Shiva temple, Cherunthala Shiva temple, Kurur Krishna temple, Kurumal Sree Bhagavathi Temple, Kurumal Karuvathoor Sree Ramaswami Temple, Kuttikattukolangare Devi temple, pazhavoor Ayyappan Kavu Temple, Pazhavoor Sree Kottayil Bagavathy Temple, Nelluvai Dhanwandhari Temple, Thayyur Nithya Sahaya Matha Church, Thayyoor Subramaniyaswami Temple, Thayyoor Lothykavu Temple, St. Antoney's church Thandilum, Sree Rama Swami Temple Vellatanjur, Santhanagopalamurthy Temple Kuruvannur, Sri Parikkal Bagwathi Temple Puliyannur and Thandilum Mosque.
Places of interest[edit | edit source]
- St. Francis Xavier Forane Church (Protected Monument)
- Arnos Padiri Building
- Manimalarkavu Temple
- Cheramankadu ayyapan temple
- Kodasheri Mala
- Peruvan Mala
- Cheernthala Sheva Temple
- Karthyane Temple
- Thayyur Kotta
- Kurumal Bhagavathi temple
- Kurumal Sreerama swami temple
Government offices[edit | edit source]
- Velur co-operative society (near Velur church (main), Velur Chungam, Kiralur, old post office)
- Velur-chungam - Primary Health Centre
- Health Centre at Velur panjayath Building, near post office (homeopathic and ayurvedhic treatments )
- BSNL Office at Post Office Centre, Velur
- KSEB Office at Old Post Office Centre, Velur
- Village Office Near Post Office Centre, Velur
- Milk Society, Thayyur Road, Near Post Office Centre, Velur
Other institutions[edit | edit source]
- Govt. R S R V H S S Velur
- St. Xavier’s U P School, St. Francis Xavier’s Nursery School
- PMLP School Kiraloor
- Sal Sabeel LP School (CBSE), Kurumal (Kiraloor)
- Sri Vigneswra CBSE School, Kiraloor Road, Velur Chungam
- RMLP School, Velur West
- FATRI – Family apostolate training & research institute.
- Lisieux College, Naduvilangadi
- Sanjo Bhavan of sisters of St. Joseph the worker, Velur Bazar
- St. Thomas UPS Puliannur
- Govt.HS School, Thayyur
The village has some important government offices - like the Village office, post office, KSEB Section Office, South Indian Bank, Velur Service Co operative Bank (3 Branches), Krishi Bhavan, Telephone Exchange (BSNL) etc. The village is covered under all cellular / mobile operators (GSM and CDMA) and 4G Coverage by Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited in Kerala circle.
Notable people from Velur[edit | edit source]
- Pushpavathy Poypadathu, singer
External links[edit | edit source]
- Website : Velur Grama Panchayath
- Velur Church Website
- Page hosted by Local Self Government Department of Govt. of Kerala: Velur Grama Panchayath
- Velur Panchayath History Archived 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Panchayat Level Statistics 2001, Thrissur District" (PDF). Government of Kerala. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pillai, R. Chandran (2001). A Hand Book on Protected Monuments of Kerala. Department of Archaeology, Government of Kerala. OCLC 63125677.
- ↑ Mathew, K. S. (2001). The Portuguese and the socio-cultural changes in India, 1500-1800. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, MESHAR. p. 463. ISBN 978-81-900166-6-7.
- Public Works Department, Government of Kerala Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine