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{{Short description|Battle of 1819 between a force of the Sikh Empire and Jabbar Khan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{infobox military conflict
{{infobox military conflict
| conflict   = Battle of Shopian<ref group="nb">The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Supin, Supine, Shupiyan, Supiya, and Soopyn.</ref>
| conflict         = Battle of Shopian<ref group="nb">The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Supin, Supine, Shupiyan, Supiya, and Soopyn.</ref>
| partof     = [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]
| partof           = [[Afghan–Sikh Wars]]
| image       =  
| image             =  
| caption     =  
| caption           =  
| date       = 3 July 1819{{#tag:ref|The date of the battle is disputed. It has also been given as 5 July 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=52}}</ref>|group=nb}}
| date             = 3 July 1819{{#tag:ref|The date of the battle is disputed. It has also been given as 5 July 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=52}}</ref>|group=nb}}
| place       = [[Shopian]]
| place             = [[Shopian]], [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|33.72|N|74.83|E|}}
| coordinates       = {{Coord|33.72|N|74.83|E|}}
| map_type   =  
| map_type         = India
| latitude   =  
| latitude         =  
| longitude   =  
| longitude         =  
| map_size   =  
| map_size         = 300px
| map_caption =  
| map_caption       =  
| map_label   =  
| map_label         =  
| territory   =  
| territory         =  
| result     = Sikh victory
| result           = {{ublist|Sikh victory}}
*Srinagar and Kashmir annexed into the Sikh Empire
*Srinagar and Kashmir annexed into the Sikh Empire
| status     =  
| status           =  
|combatant1=[[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|50px]] [[Sikh Empire]]
| combatant1       = [[Sikh Empire]]
|combatant2=[[File:Flag of Herat until 1842.svg|50px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
| combatant2        = [[Afghan Empire]]
| commander1  =[[Ranjit Singh]]<br/>[[Misr Diwan Chand]]<br/>[[Kharak Singh]]<br/>[[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
| commander1        = [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]<br>[[Misr Diwan Chand]]<br/>[[Hari Singh Nalwa]]<br/>[[Khushal Singh Jamadar]]<br/>[[Kharak Singh]]<br>[[Akali Phoola Singh]]<br>[[Sham Singh Attariwala]]<br>[[Jawala Singh]]<br>[[Hukam Singh Chimni]]
| commander2 = Jabbar Khan<br/>Agar Khan
| commander2       = Jabbar Khan{{WIA}}<br/>[[Raja Aghar Khan]]
| strength1   = 2,000 soldiers{{#tag:ref|The entire expedition had 30,000 troops, however most were not present on the battlefield. Kharak Singh's 8,000 troops were stationed in the area around Surdee Thana and Ranjit Singh's 10,000 troops were stationed  at [[Bhimber]] and along the route to Surdee Thana. An unknown number of troops were also [[garrison]]ed throughout the forts captured in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] on the route from Surdee Thana to [[Shopian]]|group=nb}}
| strength1         = 30,000{{#tag:ref|The entire expedition had 30,000 troops, however most were not present on the battlefield. Kharak Singh's 8,000 troops were stationed in the area around Surdee Thana and Ranjit Singh's 10,000 troops were stationed  at [[Bhimber]] and along the route to Surdee Thana. An unknown number of troops were also [[garrison]]ed throughout the forts captured in the [[Pir Panjal Range]] on the route from Surdee Thana to [[Shopian]]|group=nb}}
| strength2   = 120000
| strength2         = Unknown
| strength3   =  
| strength3         =  
| casualties1 =  
| casualties1       =  
| casualties2 =  
| casualties2       =  
| casualties3 =
| casualties3       =  
| notes      =
| notes             =
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)}}
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Afghan-Sikh Wars}}


The '''Battle of Shopian''' took place on 3 July 1819 between an expeditionary force from the [[Sikh Empire]] and Jabbar Khan, the governor of the [[Durrani Empire]] province of [[Kashmir]]. It was the decisive battle during the Sikh expedition into Kashmir in 1819.
The '''Battle of Shopian''' took place on 3 July 1819 between an expeditionary force from the [[Sikh Empire]] and Jabbar Khan, the governor of the [[Kashmir Valley]] province of the [[Durrani Empire]]. It was the decisive battle during the Sikh expedition into Kashmir in 1819.


== Background ==
== Background ==
From 1814 to 1819, the [[Sikh Empire]] was forced to send successive punitive expeditions against the hill states of [[Bhimber]], [[Rajauri]], [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], and others. By subduing rebellions in these states, the Sikh Empire was attempting to keep control of the routes through the [[Pir Panjal range]] and into Kashmir. However the Durrani Empire kept [[de facto]] control of the areas because the Pir Panjal Range blocked supplies and fresh troops to the Sikh armies.
[[File:Sikh map of Kashmir created shortly before their campaign in the region in 1819.jpg|thumb|Sikh map of Kashmir created shortly before their campaign in the region in 1819]]
From 1814 to 1819, the [[Sikh Empire]] was forced to send successive punitive expeditions against the hill states of [[Bhimber]], [[Rajauri]], [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], [[Nurpur State|Nurpur]], and others. By subduing rebellions in these states, the Sikh Empire was attempting to keep control of the routes through the [[Pir Panjal range|Pir Panjal Range]] and into Kashmir. However the Durrani Empire kept [[de facto]] control of the areas because the Pir Panjal Range blocked supplies and fresh troops to the Sikh armies.


By 1819, [[Azim Khan]] had taken a force of troops to [[Kabul]]. [[Birbal Dhar]], Azim Khan's revenue minister, traveled to [[Lahore]], the capital of the Sikh Empire, and asked Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] to annex Kashmir from the Durrani Empire.<ref>{{harvp|Nalwa|2009|p=45}}</ref> He informed Ranjit Singh that Azim Khan was no longer leading the Durrani forces in Kashmir, and supplied information on invasion routes into Kashmir.
After the death of Fateh Khan Wazir in 1818, governor [[Azim Khan]] left Kashmir for [[Kabul]] to assume Wazir's office, leaving Jabbar Khan in charge of Kashmir.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=128}} [[Birbal Dhar]], Azim Khan's revenue minister, betrayed his master and traveled to [[Lahore]], the capital of the Sikh Empire, asking [[Ranjit Singh]] to annex Kashmir, saying the Afghan rule was very unpopular among the people of Kashmir.<ref>{{harvp|Nalwa|2009|p=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the Sikhs Volume 5|last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram  |year=1991 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=9788121505154|pages=128}}</ref>


== 1819 Kashmir expedition ==
== 1819 Kashmir expedition ==
{{operational plan
The Sikh expeditionary force established two [[Armory (military)|armories]] for the expedition at [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]] and [[Wazirabad]].<ref name=Johar>{{harvp|Johar|2000}}</ref> On 20 April, Ranjit Singh ordered his men from Lahore to the hill states at the foot of the Pir Panjal range.<ref name=Johar/> The expedition was split into three columns: [[Misr Diwan Chand]] commanded the advance force of about 12,000 with heavy artillery where [[Kharak Singh]] and [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] marched behind him, and [[Ranjit Singh]] commanded the rear guard,<ref name=Johar/>{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=129}} protecting the [[supply train]].<ref>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=51}}</ref> The expeditionary force marched to [[Bhimber]] and resupplied, capturing the fort of a local [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] without resistance.<ref name=Johar/> On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached [[Rajouri]] and its ruler,
| name        = 1819 Kashmir expedition
[[Raja Aghar Khan]], rebelled and forced a battle. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] took command of a force and routed his army, which offered an [[unconditional surrender]] after losing most of its men and war supplies.<ref name=Johar/> Aghar Khan's brother, [[Raja]] Rahimullah Khan, was appointed the [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]] in return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (Baramgala, {{coord|33.605|74.4136}}, the lower end of the [[Pir Panjal Pass]]).{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}}
| partof      = [[Afghan-Sikh Wars]]
| image      =
| caption    =
| scope      =
| type        = [[Expeditionary warfare|Military Expedition]]
| location    = [[Kashmir]]
| coordinates =
| map_type    =
| latitude    =
| longitude  =
| map_size    =
| map_caption =
| map_label  =
| planned    =
| planned_by  =
| objective  = Annex Kashmir to Sikh Empire
| target      =
| date        =
| time        =
| time-begin  = 20 April 1819
| time-end    = 5 July 1819
| timezone    =
| executed_by = Sikh Army
| outcome    = Decisive Sikh Victory
| casualties  =
| fatalities  =
| injuries    =
}}
The Sikh expeditionary force established two [[Armory (military)|armories]] for the expedition at [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]] and [[Wazirabad]].<ref name=Johar>{{harvp|Johar|2000}}</ref> On 20 April, Ranjit Singh ordered 30,000 men from Lahore to the hill states at the foot of the Pir Panjal range.<ref name=Johar/> The expedition was split into three columns: [[Misr Diwan Chand]] commanded the advance force, [[Kharak Singh]] commanded the rear guard, and Ranjit Singh commanded a reserve of 10,000 troops<ref name=Johar/> protecting the [[supply train]].<ref>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=51}}</ref> The expeditionary force marched to [[Bhimber]] and resupplied, capturing the fort of a local [[Hakim (title)|Hakim]] without resistance.<ref name=Johar/> On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached [[Rajouri]] and its ruler, [[Raja]] Agarullah Khan, rebelled and forced a battle. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] took command of a force and routed his army, which offered an [[unconditional surrender]] after losing most of its men and war supplies.<ref name=Johar/> His brother, [[Raja]] Rahimullah Khan, was appointed the [[Raja]] of [[Rajauri]] in return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (Baramgala, {{coord|33.605|74.4136}}, the lower end of the [[Pir Panjal Pass]]).{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}}


Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed [[faujdar]] charged with guarding it fled to [[Srinagar]].{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}} Mir Mohammad Khan, the [[kotwal]] of [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], and  Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of [[Shopian]], attempted a defense at the Dhaki Deo and Maja passes but were defeated and surrendered to Misr Diwan Chand on 23 June 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52/> Kharak Singh now advanced to Surdee Thana.<ref name=Prinsep52/>{{#tag:ref|Surdee Thana is possibly modern-day [[Thannamang]]. Travel guides from later eras note a route through the Pir Panjal Range from Rajauri to a town named "Thanna" and from "Thanna" to [[Shopian]]<ref>{{harvp|Drew|1875|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Murray|1883|page=203}}</ref>|group=nb}} while Misr Diwan Chand split his force into three divisions and ordered them to cross the Pir Panjal Range through different passes.
Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed [[faujdar]] charged with guarding it fled to [[Srinagar]].{{sfn|Johar|1985|pp=129–130}} Mir Mohammad Khan, the [[kotwal]] of [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]], and  Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of [[Shopian]], attempted a defense at the Dhaki Deo and Maja passes but were defeated and surrendered to Misr Diwan Chand on 23 June 1819.<ref name=Prinsep52/> Kharak Singh now advanced to Surdee Thana,<ref name=Prinsep52/>{{#tag:ref|Surdee Thana is possibly modern-day [[Thanamandi]]. Travel guides from later eras note a route through the Pir Panjal Range from Rajauri to a town named "Thanna" and from "Thanna" to [[Shopian]]<ref>{{harvp|Drew|1875|page=156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Murray|1883|page=203}}</ref>|group=nb}} while Misr Diwan Chand split his force into three divisions and ordered them to cross the Pir Panjal Range through different passes.


== Battle ==
== Battle ==
The army regrouped at Surai Ali{{#tag:ref|Also referred to as Serai Illahi<ref name=SMC1718>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|pp=17–18}}</ref> and Serai Ali<ref name=Johar/>|group=nb}} on the road to Shopian. On 3 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to [[Srinagar]] but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan. The Durrani force had heavily [[Fortification|entrenched]] itself in preparation for the Sikh [[artillery]] attack and brought heavy artillery,<ref name=SMC1718/> which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.<ref>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=25}}</ref>
[[File:Plate 22. Fort of Shupayan - Part 2. Recollections of India (FIRST EDITION) 5588 022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Fort of Shupayan, from where Ranjit Singh controlled the region, as sketched by [[Charles Hardinge, 2nd Viscount Hardinge|Charles Hardinge]]]]
The army regrouped at Surai Ali{{#tag:ref|Also referred to as Serai Illahi<ref name=SMC1718>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|pp=17–18}}</ref> and Serai Ali<ref name=Johar/>|group=nb}} on the road to Shopian. On 3 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to [[Srinagar]] but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=129}} The Durrani force had heavily [[Fortification|entrenched]] itself in preparation for the Sikh [[artillery]] attack and brought heavy artillery,<ref name=SMC1718/> which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.<ref>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=25}}</ref>


Once his artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the battle with an [[Barrage (artillery)|artillery barrage]] and multiple infantry and cavalry charges. The Durrani army was able to hold back the Sikh attempts to storm their lines until the Sikhs began moving their guns forward. However, when Misr Diwan Chand was overseeing the movement of guns on the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening and led the Durrani right flank which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's [[artillery battery]], captured two guns, and threw the Sikh left flank in "disarray".<ref>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|p=19}}</ref> However the Durrani force attacking the Sikh left flank was exposed from their left and [[Akali Phoola Singh]], the commander of the Sikh right flank, rallied his troops and led his command in a charge across the battlefield to the artillery battery. After a close quarters fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, the ill-trained Durrani soldiers proved to be ineffective against the much superior martial skills of the Sikh soldiers and sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while escaping the battlefield.<ref name=Johar/>
Once his artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the battle with an [[Barrage (artillery)|artillery barrage]] and multiple infantry and cavalry charges. The Durrani army was able to hold back the Sikh attempts to storm their lines until the Sikhs began moving their guns forward. However, while Misr Diwan Chand was overseeing the movement of guns on the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening and led the Durrani right flank which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's [[artillery battery]], captured two guns, and threw the Sikh left flank in "disarray".<ref>{{Harvp|Sikh Missionary College|p=19}}</ref> However the Durrani force attacking the Sikh left flank was exposed from their left and [[Akali Phoola Singh]], the commander of the Sikh right flank, rallied his troops and led his command in a charge across the battlefield to the artillery battery. After a close quarters fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, the Durrani soldiers proved to be ineffective against the much superior martial skills of the Sikh soldiers and sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while escaping the battlefield.<ref name=Johar/> On 15 July 1819, the Sikh army made their way into Srinagar.{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=130}}


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
Although both sides sustained heavy losses, Jabbar Khan and his army fled from the battlefield away from Kashmir over the [[Indus]] river.<ref name=Prinsep53>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=53}}</ref> When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large [[Shawl]]-making industry, was also the center of trade between [[Punjab region|Panjab]], [[Tibet]], [[Skardu|Iskardo]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=Chopra26>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=26}}</ref>
Jabbar Khan and his army fled from the battlefield to Muzaffarbad but were turned away by the governor, then fleeing to Peshawar and finally to Kabul.<ref name=Prinsep53>{{harvp|Prinsep|1846|p=53}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1991|p=130}} When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large [[Shawl]]-making industry, was also the center of trade between [[Punjab region|Panjab]], [[Tibet]], [[Skardu|Iskardo]], and [[Ladakh]].<ref name=Chopra26>{{harvp|Chopra|1928|page=26}}</ref>


After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering [[Kashmir]]. However, when Ranjit Singh installed [[Moti Ram]], the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.<ref name=Prinsep53/> The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with Tibet. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.<ref name=Chopra26/>
After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering [[Kashmir]]. However, when Ranjit Singh installed [[Moti Ram]], the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.<ref name=Prinsep53/> The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with Tibet. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.<ref name=Chopra26/>
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Shopian}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shopian}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1819]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1819]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:1810s battles|Shopian]]
[[Category:Battles involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:1819 in India]]
[[Category:Origins of the Kashmir conflict]]

Latest revision as of 05:03, 24 March 2026

Battle of Shopian[nb 1]
Part of Afghan–Sikh Wars
Date3 July 1819[nb 2]
Location
Shopian, Kashmir
33°43′N 74°50′E / 33.72°N 74.83°E / 33.72; 74.83
Result
  • Sikh victory
  • Srinagar and Kashmir annexed into the Sikh Empire
Belligerents
Sikh Empire Afghan Empire
Commanders and leaders
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Misr Diwan Chand
Hari Singh Nalwa
Khushal Singh Jamadar
Kharak Singh
Akali Phoola Singh
Sham Singh Attariwala
Jawala Singh
Hukam Singh Chimni		 Jabbar KhanTemplate:WIA
Raja Aghar Khan
Strength
30,000[nb 3] Unknown
Battle of Shopian is located in India
Battle of Shopian
Location within India
Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Afghanistan (1900-1950)

The Battle of Shopian took place on 3 July 1819 between an expeditionary force from the Sikh Empire and Jabbar Khan, the governor of the Kashmir Valley province of the Durrani Empire. It was the decisive battle during the Sikh expedition into Kashmir in 1819.

Background[edit | edit source]

Sikh map of Kashmir created shortly before their campaign in the region in 1819

From 1814 to 1819, the Sikh Empire was forced to send successive punitive expeditions against the hill states of Bhimber, Rajauri, Poonch, Nurpur, and others. By subduing rebellions in these states, the Sikh Empire was attempting to keep control of the routes through the Pir Panjal Range and into Kashmir. However the Durrani Empire kept de facto control of the areas because the Pir Panjal Range blocked supplies and fresh troops to the Sikh armies.

After the death of Fateh Khan Wazir in 1818, governor Azim Khan left Kashmir for Kabul to assume Wazir's office, leaving Jabbar Khan in charge of Kashmir.[2] Birbal Dhar, Azim Khan's revenue minister, betrayed his master and traveled to Lahore, the capital of the Sikh Empire, asking Ranjit Singh to annex Kashmir, saying the Afghan rule was very unpopular among the people of Kashmir.[3][4]

1819 Kashmir expedition[edit | edit source]

The Sikh expeditionary force established two armories for the expedition at Gujrat and Wazirabad.[5] On 20 April, Ranjit Singh ordered his men from Lahore to the hill states at the foot of the Pir Panjal range.[5] The expedition was split into three columns: Misr Diwan Chand commanded the advance force of about 12,000 with heavy artillery where Kharak Singh and Hari Singh Nalwa marched behind him, and Ranjit Singh commanded the rear guard,[5][6] protecting the supply train.[7] The expeditionary force marched to Bhimber and resupplied, capturing the fort of a local Hakim without resistance.[5] On 1 May, both columns of the Sikh Army reached Rajouri and its ruler, Raja Aghar Khan, rebelled and forced a battle. Hari Singh Nalwa took command of a force and routed his army, which offered an unconditional surrender after losing most of its men and war supplies.[5] Aghar Khan's brother, Raja Rahimullah Khan, was appointed the Raja of Rajauri in return for assistance in navigating the 'Behram Pass' (Baramgala, 33°36′18″N 74°24′49″E / 33.605°N 74.4136°E / 33.605; 74.4136, the lower end of the Pir Panjal Pass).[8]

Once the Sikh forces reached the Behram Pass, the Durrani-appointed faujdar charged with guarding it fled to Srinagar.[8] Mir Mohammad Khan, the kotwal of Poonch, and Mohammad Ali, the kotwal of Shopian, attempted a defense at the Dhaki Deo and Maja passes but were defeated and surrendered to Misr Diwan Chand on 23 June 1819.[1] Kharak Singh now advanced to Surdee Thana,[1][nb 4] while Misr Diwan Chand split his force into three divisions and ordered them to cross the Pir Panjal Range through different passes.

Battle[edit | edit source]

The Fort of Shupayan, from where Ranjit Singh controlled the region, as sketched by Charles Hardinge

The army regrouped at Surai Ali[nb 5] on the road to Shopian. On 3 July 1819, the Sikh army attempted to march through Shopian to Srinagar but was stopped by a Durrani army headed by Jabbar Khan.[6] The Durrani force had heavily entrenched itself in preparation for the Sikh artillery attack and brought heavy artillery,[11] which the Sikhs were unprepared for because they had brought only light guns.[12]

Once his artillery was in range, Misr Diwan Chand opened the battle with an artillery barrage and multiple infantry and cavalry charges. The Durrani army was able to hold back the Sikh attempts to storm their lines until the Sikhs began moving their guns forward. However, while Misr Diwan Chand was overseeing the movement of guns on the Sikh left flank, Jabbar Khan saw an opening and led the Durrani right flank which stormed Misr Diwan Chand's artillery battery, captured two guns, and threw the Sikh left flank in "disarray".[13] However the Durrani force attacking the Sikh left flank was exposed from their left and Akali Phoola Singh, the commander of the Sikh right flank, rallied his troops and led his command in a charge across the battlefield to the artillery battery. After a close quarters fight which resulted in both sides resorting to using swords and daggers, the Durrani soldiers proved to be ineffective against the much superior martial skills of the Sikh soldiers and sections of the Durrani force began to retreat and Jabbar Khan was wounded while escaping the battlefield.[5] On 15 July 1819, the Sikh army made their way into Srinagar.[14]

Aftermath[edit | edit source]

Jabbar Khan and his army fled from the battlefield to Muzaffarbad but were turned away by the governor, then fleeing to Peshawar and finally to Kabul.[15][14] When the Sikh army entered the city of Srinagar after the battle, Prince Kharak Singh guaranteed the personal safety of every citizen and ensured the city was not plundered. The peaceful capture of Srinagar was important as Srinagar, besides having a large Shawl-making industry, was also the center of trade between Panjab, Tibet, Iskardo, and Ladakh.[16]

After taking Srinagar, the Sikh army faced no major opposition in conquering Kashmir. However, when Ranjit Singh installed Moti Ram, the son of Dewan Mokham Chand, as the new governor of Kashmir, he also sent a "large body of troops" with him to ensure tribute from strongholds within Kashmir that might attempt to resist Sikh rule.[15] The capture of Kashmir set the boundaries and borders of the Sikh Empire with Tibet. The conquest of Kashmir marked an "extensive addition" to the Sikh Empire and "significantly" increased the empire's revenue and landmass.[16]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The battle is also referred to as the Battle of Supin, Supine, Shupiyan, Supiya, and Soopyn.
  2. ↑ The date of the battle is disputed. It has also been given as 5 July 1819.[1]
  3. ↑ The entire expedition had 30,000 troops, however most were not present on the battlefield. Kharak Singh's 8,000 troops were stationed in the area around Surdee Thana and Ranjit Singh's 10,000 troops were stationed at Bhimber and along the route to Surdee Thana. An unknown number of troops were also garrisoned throughout the forts captured in the Pir Panjal Range on the route from Surdee Thana to Shopian
  4. ↑ Surdee Thana is possibly modern-day Thanamandi. Travel guides from later eras note a route through the Pir Panjal Range from Rajauri to a town named "Thanna" and from "Thanna" to Shopian[9][10]
  5. ↑ Also referred to as Serai Illahi[11] and Serai Ali[5]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Prinsep (1846), p. 52
  2. ↑ Gupta 1991, p. 128.
  3. ↑ Nalwa (2009), p. 45
  4. ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). The History of the Sikhs Volume 5. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 128. ISBN 9788121505154.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Johar (2000)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Gupta 1991, p. 129.
  7. ↑ Prinsep (1846), p. 51
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Johar 1985, pp. 129–130.
  9. ↑ Drew (1875), p. 156
  10. ↑ Murray (1883), p. 203
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sikh Missionary College, pp. 17–18
  12. ↑ Chopra (1928), p. 25
  13. ↑ Sikh Missionary College, p. 19
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gupta 1991, p. 130.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Prinsep (1846), p. 53
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Chopra (1928), p. 26

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

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