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|commissioned = 6 May 1993 | |commissioned = 6 May 1993 | ||
|decommissioned = | |decommissioned = | ||
| np_reactors | | np_reactors = 4 | ||
| np_reactor_type | | np_reactor_type = [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] | ||
| np_reactor_supplier | | np_reactor_supplier= [[NPCIL]]/[[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] | ||
| ps_cooling_source = [[Ukai Dam]], [[Tapti River]] | | ps_cooling_source = [[Ukai Dam]], [[Tapti River]] | ||
| ps_cooling_towers = | | ps_thermal_capacity = 2 × 754 MW<sub>th</sub> <br /> 2 × 2166 MW<sub>th</sub> | ||
|ps_units_operational= 2 × 220 MW<br | | ps_cooling_towers = 6 × [[Natural Draft]] | ||
| ps_units_manu_model = | |||
Units 1 & 2: [[IPHWR-220]] <br />Units 3 & 4: [[IPHWR-700]] | |||
|ps_units_operational= 2 × 220 MW<br>2 × 700 MW | |||
|ps_units_decommissioned= | |ps_units_decommissioned= | ||
|ps_units_uc = | |ps_units_uc = | ||
|ps_electrical_capacity= | |ps_electrical_capacity= 1840 | ||
|ps_annual_generation= | |ps_annual_generation= 12302 | ||
|ps_electrical_cap_fac= | |ps_electrical_cap_fac= 91% | ||
|website = | |website = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Kakrapar Atomic Power Station''' is a [[nuclear power]] station in [[India]], which lies in the proximity of [[Surat]] and [[Tapti River|Tapi river]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. | '''Kakrapar Atomic Power Station''' is a [[nuclear power]] station in [[India]], which lies in the proximity of Mandvi, [[Surat]] and [[Tapti River|Tapi river]] in the state of [[Gujarat]]. After commissioning units 3 and 4, the power plant has become the second largest nuclear power plant in the country after the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] in terms of installed capacity. | ||
==Phase I== | ==Phase I== | ||
| Line 33: | Line 36: | ||
KAPS-2 was shut down after a coolant channel leak in July 2015 and a similar issue forced the shutdown of KAPS-1 in March 2016. After a replacement of coolant channels and feeder tubes, KAPS-2 attained criticality in September 2018. Maintenance on KAPS-1 was completed ahead of schedule and was brought to operation on 19 May 2019.<ref name="kaps1"/> | KAPS-2 was shut down after a coolant channel leak in July 2015 and a similar issue forced the shutdown of KAPS-1 in March 2016. After a replacement of coolant channels and feeder tubes, KAPS-2 attained criticality in September 2018. Maintenance on KAPS-1 was completed ahead of schedule and was brought to operation on 19 May 2019.<ref name="kaps1"/> | ||
The construction costs were originally estimated to be ₹382.52 crore; the plant was finally finished at a price of ₹1,335 crore. | The construction costs were originally estimated to be ₹382.52[[Crore| crore]]; the plant was finally finished at a price of ₹1,335 crore. | ||
==Phase II== | ==Phase II== | ||
In 2007 the | In 2007 the [[First Manmohan Singh ministry]] approved outline plans to build two Indian-designed [[IPHWR-700]] reactors, with two sister reactors a little later at [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station]]. In 2009 approval was confirmed, and site preparation was completed by August 2010. The first concrete for Kakrapar 3 and 4 was in November 2010 and March 2011 respectively with operation originally expected by early and late 2018 respectively.<ref name=nei-20170816>{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurebright-prospects-for-indias-future-fleet-5901895/ |title=Bright prospects for India's future fleet |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720044815/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurebright-prospects-for-indias-future-fleet-5901895/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=wnn-20200722>{{cite news |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Kakrapar-3-achieves-first-criticality |title=Kakrapar 3 achieves first criticality |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=22 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> | ||
The project over-ran largely due to tuning of the IPHWR-700 design and slow delivery of supplies.<ref name=nei-20170816 | The project over-ran largely due to tuning of the IPHWR-700 design and slow delivery of supplies.<ref name=nei-20170816/> | ||
Unit 3 achieved the first criticality on 22 July 2020. It was connected to the grid on 10 January 2021.<ref name="lm-102021">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/unit-3-of-kakrapar-nuclear-plant-synchronised-to-grid-11610365657066.html|title=Unit 3 of Kakrapar nuclear plant synchronised to grid|publisher=Live Mint|date=10 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> This unit began commercial operation on 30 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-04 |title=India's Kakrapar 3 begins commercial operation |work=World Nuclear News |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/India-s-Kakrapar-3-begins-commercial-operation |access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref> Unit 3 achieved operations at full load on 31 August 2023.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/gujarat-india-achieves-another-milestone-as-first-indigenous-700-mw-nuclear-plant-starts-operations-at-100|title=Gujarat: 'India Achieves Another Milestone' As First Indigenous 700 MW Nuclear Plant Starts Operations At 100%|work=Free Press Journal|date=2023-08-31}}</ref> | |||
Unit 4 was commissioned after many tests. Hot functional testing was scheduled around June 2023 and criticality was initially planned around September 2023. The Initial Fuel Loading (IFL) commenced on 20 October 2023 after permission was granted by the [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-21 |title=NPCIL starts loading fuel in home-built 700 MW n-power plant at Kakrapar|work=ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/npcil-starts-loading-fuel-in-home-built-700-mw-n-power-plant-at-kakrapar/104598320 |access-date=2023-10-21}}</ref> Unit 4 achieved first criticality on 17 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-17|title=Kakrapar-4 nuclear reactor attains criticality|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/second-home-built-700-mw-nuclear-plant-at-kakrapar-achieves-first-criticality/article67647599.ece/amp/|access-date=2023-12-17}}</ref> The reactor was connected to the grid on 20 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nucnet.org/news/kakrapar-4-reactor-connected-to-the-grid-as-nation-pushes-for-major-expansion-of-nuclear-power-2-1-2024|title=Kakrapar-4 Reactor Connected To Grid As Nation Pushes For Major Expansion Of Nuclear Power|first=Kamen|last=Kraev|work=NucNews|date=2024-02-24}}</ref> Unit 4 started commercial operation from 31 March, 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npcil.nic.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/MA_News_16042024_01.pdf|title=MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF NPCIL IN MARCH 2024|work=NPCIL|date=2024-04-16}}</ref> | |||
== Units == | == Units == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {{mw-datatable}} | ||
! Unit !! | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" | ||
! rowspan="2" |Phase | |||
! rowspan="2" |Unit<br/>No. | |||
! colspan="2" |Reactor | |||
! rowspan="2" |Status | |||
! colspan="2" |Capacity in MWe | |||
! rowspan="2" |Construction start | |||
! rowspan="2" |First [[Criticality (status)|criticality]] | |||
! rowspan="2" |Grid Connection | |||
! rowspan="2" |Commercial operation | |||
! rowspan="2" |Closure | |||
! rowspan="2" |Notes | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! Type ||Model ||Net ||Gross | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |rowspan="2" | I || 1 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-220]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 202 || 220 || 1 December 1984 || 3 September 1992 || 24 November 1992 || 6 May 1993 || {{n/a}} | ||
| <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=9&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-1 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= Power Reactor Information System |publisher= [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref> | | <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=9&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-1 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= Power Reactor Information System |publisher= [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 2 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-220]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 202 || 220 || 1 April 1985 || 8 January 1995 || 4 March 1995 || 1 September 1995 || {{n/a}} | ||
| <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=10&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-2 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= PRIS |publisher= (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref> | | <ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/db.page.pl/pris.prdeta.htm?country=IN&site=KAKRAPAR&units=&refno=10&link=HOT&sort=&sortlong=Alphabetic | title= Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-2 |date= 23 Nov 2010 |work= PRIS |publisher= (IAEA) | access-date= 2010-11-23 }}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |rowspan="2" | II || 3 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-700]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 630 || 700 || 22 November 2010 || 22 July 2020 || 10 January 2021 || 30 June 2023 || {{n/a}} | ||
|- | | <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-30 |title=India's first domestically built 700 MW nuclear reactor starts commercial operations in Gujarat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/indias-first-domestically-built-700-mw-nuclear-reactor-starts-commercial-operations-in-gujarat/articleshow/101401165.cms |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | 4 || [[Pressurized heavy-water reactor|PHWR]] || [[IPHWR-700]] || {{yes|Operational}} || 630 || 700 || 22 November 2010 || 17 December 2023 || 20 February 2024 || 31 March 2024 || {{n/a}} | ||
| <ref | | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Varadhan |first1=Sudarshan |date=31 May 2022 |title=KAPS 4 attains criticality |language=en |work=Pib |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1987688}}</ref> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 68: | Line 83: | ||
* 10 March 2004 the (at the time of) supply for the control rods were irreparably damaged during maintenance work. In response, poisons were added to the system and the reactor was shut off. | * 10 March 2004 the (at the time of) supply for the control rods were irreparably damaged during maintenance work. In response, poisons were added to the system and the reactor was shut off. | ||
* On 22 August 2006 it was reported by village inhabitants the area around the power station had been penetrated. A search by the police did not result in any findings. | * On 22 August 2006 it was reported by village inhabitants the area around the power station had been penetrated. A search by the police did not result in any findings. | ||
* On 11 March 2016, KAPS-1 automatically shut down due to a leak of heavy coolant water, leaving both reactors non-operational.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerb.gov.in/AERBPortal/pages/English/prsrel/p11032016.pdf | * On 11 March 2016, KAPS-1 automatically shut down due to a leak of heavy coolant water, leaving both reactors non-operational.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aerb.gov.in/AERBPortal/pages/English/prsrel/p11032016.pdf |website= [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board|aerb.gov.in]] |title= Shutdown of Unit-1 of KAPS Nuclear Power Plant following an incident leakage from Coolant System |first= S. |last= Harikumar |date= 2016-03-11 |access-date= 2017-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/more-than-100-hours-later-kakrapar-nuclear-leak-not-fixed/20160316.htm|title=More than 100 hours later, Kakrapar nuclear leak not fixed|date=16 March 2016|access-date=18 April 2016|via=Rediff.com}}</ref> The leak was plugged ten days later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kakrapar Nuclear Reactors to Get New Coolant Channels |url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/kakrapar-nuclear-reactors-to-get-new-coolant-channels-1343571.html |work=News18 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Corrosion and cracks were found on the coolant channel and similar corrosion spots were found in KAPS-2 which had been non-operational since July 2015 after a coolant channel leak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Snehal |title=A year after KAPS-1 heavy water leak, corrosion spots found: AERB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/a-year-after-kaps-1-heavy-water-leak-corrosion-spots-found-aerb/story-BxighLbqEtAFSHcBu7QK3O.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balan |first1=Premal |title=Ahmedabad: No power from Kakrapar plant for at least a year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-no-power-from-kakrapar-plant-for-at-least-a-year/articleshow/57585243.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2017}}</ref> KAPS-2 attained criticality on 17 September 2018 after a replacement of its coolant channels and feeder tubes. KAPS-1 became operational ahead of schedule on 19 May 2019<ref name="kaps1">{{cite web|url=https://www.npcil.nic.in/writereaddata/Orders/201905240200092818887News_24052019_01.pdf|title=KAPS-1 connected to grid|publisher=NPCIL|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Nuclear power in India]] | * [[Nuclear power in India]] | ||
* [[List of nuclear reactors#India]] | * [[List of commercial nuclear reactors#India]] | ||
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
| Line 80: | Line 95: | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
*{{cite web | *{{cite web | ||
| url= http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html | |url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html | ||
| title= Nuclear Power in India | |title = Nuclear Power in India | ||
|date=November 2010 |work= Country Briefings |publisher= [[World Nuclear Association]] (WNA) | |date = November 2010 | ||
| access-date= 2010-11-23 }} | |work = Country Briefings | ||
|publisher = [[World Nuclear Association]] (WNA) | |||
|access-date = 2010-11-23 | |||
|archive-date = 18 September 2012 | |||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120918222110/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf53.html | |||
|url-status = dead | |||
}} | |||
{{Nuclear power in India}} | {{Nuclear power in India}} | ||
Latest revision as of 02:58, 17 April 2025
| Kakrapar Atomic Power Station | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lua error in Module:Infobox_mapframe at line 197: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
| Country | India |
| Coordinates | 21°14′19″N 73°21′00″E / 21.23861°N 73.35000°E |
| Status | Operational |
| Construction began | 1984 |
| Commission date | 6 May 1993 |
| Operator(s) | Nuclear Power Corporation of India |
| Nuclear power station | |
| Reactors | 4 |
| Reactor type | PHWR |
| Reactor supplier | NPCIL/BARC |
| Cooling towers | 6 × Natural Draft |
| Cooling source | Ukai Dam, Tapti River |
| Thermal capacity | 2 × 754 MWth 2 × 2166 MWth |
| Power generation | |
| Script error: No such module "Infobox power station". | |
| Nameplate capacity | 1840 MW |
| Capacity factor | 91% |
| Annual net output | 12302 GW·h |
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station is a nuclear power station in India, which lies in the proximity of Mandvi, Surat and Tapi river in the state of Gujarat. After commissioning units 3 and 4, the power plant has become the second largest nuclear power plant in the country after the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in terms of installed capacity.
Phase I[edit | edit source]
Phase I consist two 220 MW pressurised water reactor with heavy water as moderator (PHWR). KAPS-1 went critical on 3 September 1992 and began commercial electricity production a few months later on 6 May 1993. KAPS-2 went critical on 8 January 1995 and began commercial production on 1 September 1995. In January 2003, CANDU Owners Group (COG) declared KAPS as the best performing pressurised heavy water reactor.[1]
KAPS-2 was shut down after a coolant channel leak in July 2015 and a similar issue forced the shutdown of KAPS-1 in March 2016. After a replacement of coolant channels and feeder tubes, KAPS-2 attained criticality in September 2018. Maintenance on KAPS-1 was completed ahead of schedule and was brought to operation on 19 May 2019.[2]
The construction costs were originally estimated to be ₹382.52 crore; the plant was finally finished at a price of ₹1,335 crore.
Phase II[edit | edit source]
In 2007 the First Manmohan Singh ministry approved outline plans to build two Indian-designed IPHWR-700 reactors, with two sister reactors a little later at Rajasthan Atomic Power Station. In 2009 approval was confirmed, and site preparation was completed by August 2010. The first concrete for Kakrapar 3 and 4 was in November 2010 and March 2011 respectively with operation originally expected by early and late 2018 respectively.[3][4]
The project over-ran largely due to tuning of the IPHWR-700 design and slow delivery of supplies.[3]
Unit 3 achieved the first criticality on 22 July 2020. It was connected to the grid on 10 January 2021.[5] This unit began commercial operation on 30 June 2023.[6] Unit 3 achieved operations at full load on 31 August 2023.[7]
Unit 4 was commissioned after many tests. Hot functional testing was scheduled around June 2023 and criticality was initially planned around September 2023. The Initial Fuel Loading (IFL) commenced on 20 October 2023 after permission was granted by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.[8] Unit 4 achieved first criticality on 17 December 2023.[9] The reactor was connected to the grid on 20 February 2024.[10] Unit 4 started commercial operation from 31 March, 2024.[11]
Units[edit | edit source]
| Phase | Unit No. |
Reactor | Status | Capacity in MWe | Construction start | First criticality | Grid Connection | Commercial operation | Closure | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Model | Net | Gross | |||||||||
| I | 1 | PHWR | IPHWR-220 | Operational | 202 | 220 | 1 December 1984 | 3 September 1992 | 24 November 1992 | 6 May 1993 | N/A | [12] |
| 2 | PHWR | IPHWR-220 | Operational | 202 | 220 | 1 April 1985 | 8 January 1995 | 4 March 1995 | 1 September 1995 | N/A | [13] | |
| II | 3 | PHWR | IPHWR-700 | Operational | 630 | 700 | 22 November 2010 | 22 July 2020 | 10 January 2021 | 30 June 2023 | N/A | [14] |
| 4 | PHWR | IPHWR-700 | Operational | 630 | 700 | 22 November 2010 | 17 December 2023 | 20 February 2024 | 31 March 2024 | N/A | [15] | |
Incidents[edit | edit source]
- 1998 KAPS-1 was switched off because of a leakage in the cooling loop for 66 days.
- 10 March 2004 the (at the time of) supply for the control rods were irreparably damaged during maintenance work. In response, poisons were added to the system and the reactor was shut off.
- On 22 August 2006 it was reported by village inhabitants the area around the power station had been penetrated. A search by the police did not result in any findings.
- On 11 March 2016, KAPS-1 automatically shut down due to a leak of heavy coolant water, leaving both reactors non-operational.[16][17] The leak was plugged ten days later.[18] Corrosion and cracks were found on the coolant channel and similar corrosion spots were found in KAPS-2 which had been non-operational since July 2015 after a coolant channel leak.[19][20] KAPS-2 attained criticality on 17 September 2018 after a replacement of its coolant channels and feeder tubes. KAPS-1 became operational ahead of schedule on 19 May 2019[2]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kurian, Vinson (26 March 2003). "Indian N-reactors set new global benchmark". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "KAPS-1 connected to grid" (PDF). NPCIL. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Bright prospects for India's future fleet". Nuclear Engineering International. 16 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ "Kakrapar 3 achieves first criticality". World Nuclear News. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ↑ "Unit 3 of Kakrapar nuclear plant synchronised to grid". Live Mint. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ↑ "India's Kakrapar 3 begins commercial operation". World Nuclear News. 4 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ↑ "Gujarat: 'India Achieves Another Milestone' As First Indigenous 700 MW Nuclear Plant Starts Operations At 100%". Free Press Journal. 31 August 2023.
- ↑ "NPCIL starts loading fuel in home-built 700 MW n-power plant at Kakrapar". ET EnergyWorld. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ↑ "Kakrapar-4 nuclear reactor attains criticality". The Hindu. 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ↑ Kraev, Kamen (24 February 2024). "Kakrapar-4 Reactor Connected To Grid As Nation Pushes For Major Expansion Of Nuclear Power". NucNews.
- ↑ "MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF NPCIL IN MARCH 2024" (PDF). NPCIL. 16 April 2024.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-1". Power Reactor Information System. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ↑ "Nuclear Power Reactor Details - KAKRAPAR-2". PRIS. (IAEA). 23 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
- ↑ "India's first domestically built 700 MW nuclear reactor starts commercial operations in Gujarat". The Economic Times. 30 June 2023. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
- ↑ Varadhan, Sudarshan (31 May 2022). "KAPS 4 attains criticality". Pib.
- ↑ Harikumar, S. (11 March 2016). "Shutdown of Unit-1 of KAPS Nuclear Power Plant following an incident leakage from Coolant System" (PDF). aerb.gov.in. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ↑ "More than 100 hours later, Kakrapar nuclear leak not fixed". 16 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016 – via Rediff.com.
- ↑ "Kakrapar Nuclear Reactors to Get New Coolant Channels". News18. Indo-Asian News Service. 1 February 2017.
- ↑ Fernandes, Snehal (19 March 2017). "A year after KAPS-1 heavy water leak, corrosion spots found: AERB". Hindustan Times.
- ↑ Balan, Premal (11 March 2017). "Ahmedabad: No power from Kakrapar plant for at least a year". The Times of India.
External links[edit | edit source]
- "Nuclear Power in India". Country Briefings. World Nuclear Association (WNA). November 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2010.