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{{short description|4th C-in-C of the Pakistan Army}} | {{short description|4th C-in-C of the Pakistan Army}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=August 2022}} | {{EngvarB|date=August 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox officeholder | {{Infobox officeholder | ||
| honorific_prefix | | honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]] | ||
| name | | name = Muhammad Musa Khan | ||
| office | | office = | ||
| order2 | | order2 = 10th [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] | ||
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]]  [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]  [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]]  [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]  [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSM]]}} | |||
| honorific-suffix | | native_name = | ||
| native_name | | native_name_lang = | ||
| native_name_lang | | image = Muhammad Musa Khan.jpg | ||
| image | | alt = | ||
| alt | | smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> | ||
| smallimage | | caption = Official Military portrait {{circa|1961}} | ||
| caption | | predecessor2 = [[Sardar Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai|Gul Jogezai]] | ||
| predecessor2 | | president2 = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]<br />[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] | ||
| president2 | | primeminister2 = [[Muhammad Khan Junejo|Muhammad Junejo]]<br />[[Benazir Bhutto]]<br />[[Nawaz Sharif]] | ||
| primeminister2 | | successor2 = [[Lieutenant General]] [[Khushdil Khan Afridi|K. K. Afridi]] | ||
| successor2 | | order1 = 4th [[Governor of West Pakistan]] | ||
| order1 | | predecessor1 = [[Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Mohammad]] | ||
| predecessor1 | | president1 = [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] | ||
| president1 | | party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]<br />[[Pakistan Muslim League]] {{small|(1985–1991)}} | ||
| party | | prior_term = | ||
| prior_term | | successor1 = [[Yusuf Haroon]] | ||
| successor1 | | birth_name = Muhammad Musa | ||
| birth_name | | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|10|20}} | ||
| birth_date | | birth_place = [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Raj|British India]] | ||
| birth_place | | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|03|12|1908|10|20}} | ||
| death_date | | death_place = [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan | ||
| death_place | | resting_place = [[Mashhad]] | ||
| resting_place | | nationality = {{unbulletedlist|[[British Raj|British Indian]] {{small|(1908–1947)}}|Pakistani {{small|(1947–1991)}}}} | ||
| nationality | | otherparty = <!--For additional political affiliations--> | ||
| otherparty | | spouse = | ||
| spouse | | partner = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--> | ||
| partner | | relations = Sardar Mehdi Hassan Musa, (Minister Irrigation & Power Balochistan 2002) grandson | ||
| relations | | children = 5 | ||
| children | | parents = <!-- overrides mother and father parameters --> | ||
| parents | | residence = | ||
| residence | | alma_mater = {{unbulletedlist|[[Indian Military Academy]]|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]|[[Imperial Defence College]]}} | ||
| alma_mater | | occupation = [[Officer (armed forces)|Military officer]]<br />[[Politics of Pakistan|Politician]] | ||
| occupation | | profession = | ||
| profession | | cabinet = | ||
| cabinet | | committees = | ||
| committees | | portfolio = | ||
| portfolio | | website = <!-- Military service --> | ||
| website | | allegiance = {{unbulletedlist|{{flag|British India}} {{small|(1926–1947)}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}}} {{small|(1947–1966)}} | ||
| allegiance | | branch = {{unbulletedlist|{{army|British India}}|{{army|Pakistan}}}} | ||
| branch | | serviceyears = 1926–1966 | ||
| serviceyears | | rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]] | ||
| rank | | unit = {{flagicon image|Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg}} [[4th Hazara Pioneers]]<br />[[Frontier Force Regiment]] | ||
| unit | | commands = {{unbulletedlist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|14th Infantry Division]]|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|8th Infantry Division]]}} | ||
| commands | | battles = | ||
{{tree list}} | |||
** [[ | * [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan Campaign]] | ||
* [[World War II]] | |||
** [[North African campaign]] | |||
** [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Burma campaign]] | ** [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Burma campaign]] | ||
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] | |||
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of | * [[Bajaur Campaign]] | ||
*[[Bajaur Campaign | |||
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | * [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] | ||
| pronunciation | {{tree list/end}} | ||
| image_size | | pronunciation = | ||
| term_start2 | | image_size = 230px | ||
| term_end2 | | term_start2 = 17 December 1985 | ||
| term_start1 | | term_end2 = 12 March 1991 | ||
| term_end1 | | term_start1 = 18 September 1966 | ||
| order | | term_end1 = 20 March 1969 | ||
| term_start | | order = 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] | ||
| term_end | | term_start = 27 October 1958 | ||
| predecessor | | term_end = 17 September 1966 | ||
| successor | | predecessor = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] | ||
| president | | successor = [[Yahya Khan]] | ||
| order3 | | president = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] | ||
| term_start3 | | order3 = [[Pakistan Hockey Federation#President|President]] of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] | ||
| term_end3 | | term_start3 = 1960 | ||
| predecessor3 | | term_end3 = 1966 | ||
| successor3 | | predecessor3 = Naseer Ahmad | ||
| height | | successor3 = [[Nur Khan]] | ||
| mother | | height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --> | ||
| father | | mother = <!-- may be used (optionally with father parameter) in place of parents parameter (displays "Parent(s)" as label) --> | ||
| relatives | | father = [[Yazdan Khan]] | ||
| education | | relatives = | ||
| mawards | | education = | ||
| military_data5 | | mawards = [[File:Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]}}<br>[[File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]}}<br>[[File:Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] {{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]}}<br>[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military).png|50px]] {{small|[[Order of the British Empire|Order of British Empire]]}} | ||
| military_data5 = <!--Embedded templates / Footnotes--> | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Muhammad Musa Khan {{post-nominals|country=GB, PK|list=[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]] [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]}}''' ({{ | [[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Muhammad Musa Khan {{post-nominals|country=GB, PK|list=[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]] [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSM]]}}''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد موسی خان}}}}; {{nowrap|20 October 1908 – 12 March 1991}}) was a Pakistani senior military officer who served as the 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1966, under president [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]. Following his tenure as C-in-C of the Army, he later became a politician. | ||
Gaining [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant]] in the [[British Indian Army]], Khan served with distinction in the [[Burma campaign|Burma]] and [[North African campaign]]s as part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied effort]] in [[World War II]]. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led | Gaining [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant]] in the [[British Indian Army]], Khan served with distinction in the [[Burma campaign|Burma]] and [[North African campaign]]s as part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied effort]] in [[World War II]]. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led a [[brigade]] against [[Dominion of India|India]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]] in 1947–1948, and eventually ascended the ranks to become the C-in-C of the Army after the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]]. Khan gained notability and public fame throughout [[Pakistan]] when he was in command of the Pakistan Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Kashmir War]] with India in 1965. | ||
Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], after which he was appointed to serve as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]], a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] and remained in office until his death in 1991. | Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], after which he was appointed to serve as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]], a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] and remained in office until his death in 1991. | ||
== Early life | [[File:General Musa Khan, as Hockey player 1930, Hazara Pioneer.jpg|left|thumb|183x183px|Musa Khan as Hockey player in 1930]] | ||
Musa was born on 20 October 1908 in [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] to an ethnic [[Hazara people|Hazara]] family.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network">{{cite web|last1=Staff writer|title=Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|website=imamreza.net|publisher=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210118/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317463283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PA35|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His family was ''[[sardar]]'' (lit. chief) of the [[Sang-e-Masha]] administration of [[Jaghori (Hazara tribe)|Jaghori]] Hazara tribe and Musa was the eldest son of [[Yazdan Khan]], who was the local Hazara tribal chief and himself a descendant of Sher Ali Khan, a Hazara elder from [[Jaghori | |||
== Early life == | |||
After his schooling, he was recruited to the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Sepoy|''Jawan'']] in 1926 and eventually joined the [[4th Hazara Pioneers]] after being promoted as the [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]{{snd}} a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Rahimullah Yusufzai">{{cite news|title=The first priority is security|url=http://jang.com.pk/|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=The News|date=20 January 2013|author=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref> He was selected to join the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]] as a cadet in October 1932.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1935, he was commissioned from the [[Indian Military Academy|IMA, Dehradun]] following a two years and six months long military training.<ref name="Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)">{{cite web|last1=ISPR|title=General Muhammad Musa|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played [[Field hockey|hockey]].<ref name="Routledge"/> | Musa was born on 20 October 1908 in [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] to an ethnic [[Hazara people|Hazara]] family.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network">{{cite web|last1=Staff writer|title=Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|website=imamreza.net|publisher=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210118/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317463283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PA35|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] as a [[Platoon Commander]] and saw actions in the violent [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan campaign]] in 1936 until 1938.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> He participated well in the [[World War II]] on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the [[Burma Campaign]] and [[North African Campaign|North African theatre]] as part of the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Norfolk Regiment]] of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In Middle East, he led the [[Company (military unit)|company]] and was listed in [[mentioned in despatches]] for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the [[London Gazette]] 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major. | His family was ''[[sardar]]'' (lit. chief) of the [[Sang-e-Masha]] administration of [[Jaghori (Hazara tribe)|Jaghori]] Hazara tribe and Musa was the eldest son of [[Yazdan Khan]], who was the local Hazara tribal chief and himself a descendant of Sher Ali Khan, a Hazara elder from [[Jaghori]], [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]].<ref name="Hazara The Best">{{cite web|last1=Hazara The Best|title=Great General Mussa Khan|url=http://hazarathebest.weebly.com/great-general-mussa-khan.html|website=Hazara The Best|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2013-weekly/nos-20-01-2013/spr.htm#2|title=The first priority is security|work=The News|access-date=12 June 2023|first=Rahimullah|last=Yusufzai|authorlink=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhEfDAAAQBAJ|title=War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|first=Alessandro|last=Monsutti|authorlink=Alessandro Monsutti|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2005|isbn=9781135486761|page=90|quote=Sardar Yazdan Khan and his sons, General Musa Khan, Sardar Isa Khan and Sardar Isaq Khan, who long dominated political life among the Hazaras of Quetta, also originated in that tribal section.}}</ref> | ||
== Early military career == | |||
After his schooling, he was recruited to the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Sepoy|''Jawan'']] in 1926 and eventually joined the [[4th Hazara Pioneers]] after being promoted as the [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]{{snd}} a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Rahimullah Yusufzai">{{cite news|title=The first priority is security|url=http://jang.com.pk/|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=The News|date=20 January 2013|author=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref> He was selected to join the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]] as a cadet in October 1932. The first batch of IMA, known as "The Pioneers", also produced India's first [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]], and [[Smith Dun]], the future commander-in-chief of the Burmese Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> [[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|left|Musa while in the [[British Indian Army]], {{circa}} 1935|386x386px]] | |||
In 1935, he was commissioned from the [[Indian Military Academy|IMA, Dehradun]] following a two years and six months long military training.<ref name="Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)">{{cite web|last1=ISPR|title=General Muhammad Musa|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played [[Field hockey|hockey]].<ref name="Routledge" /> | |||
In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] as a [[Platoon Commander]] and saw actions in the violent [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan campaign]] in 1936 until 1938.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> He participated well in the [[World War II]] on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the [[Burma Campaign]] and [[North African Campaign|North African theatre]] as part of the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Norfolk Regiment]] of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In Middle East, he led the [[Company (military unit)|company]] and was listed in [[mentioned in despatches]] for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the [[London Gazette]] 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> | |||
In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1945, he was promoted as substantive [[Captain (land)|captain]] and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] by October 1942.<ref>October 1942 MS Army List</ref> | In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1945, he was promoted as substantive [[Captain (land)|captain]] and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] by October 1942.<ref>October 1942 MS Army List</ref> | ||
After the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] that followed the [[Independence of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, he [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for [[Pakistan]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a [[staff officer]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1947 in the acting rank of [[Brigadier]], he commanded the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|103rd Infantry Brigade]] based in [[Sialkot]] brigade in [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]] and served as commander of military units in the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|first war]] with India.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.<ref name="Army Museum"/> | After the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] that followed the [[Independence of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, he [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for [[Pakistan]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a [[staff officer]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1947 in the acting rank of [[Brigadier]], he commanded the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|103rd Infantry Brigade]] based in [[Sialkot]] brigade in [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]] and served as commander of military units in the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|first war]] with India.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.<ref name="Army Museum"/> | ||
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== Later military career == | == Later military career == | ||
In 1950s, Musa's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]], in 1951.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /><ref name="Army Museum" /> In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in [[Quetta]] before stationed at the GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army | In 1950s, Musa's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]], in 1951.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /><ref name="Army Museum" /> In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in [[Quetta]] before stationed at the GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army (then the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the army]]'s deputy) in the rank of major-general at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Army Museum" /> His career progressed well in the [[Pakistan Army|army]] and he was ascended to [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief]] by President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] in 1958 when the latter deposed President [[Iskander Mirza]] and appointed himself [[Field Marshal]]. | ||
Musa's promotion to the [[Four star rank|four-star]] appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PT70|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>Brig A.R. Siddiqui. [http://www.dawn.com/2004/04/25/fea.htm#2 "Army's top slot: the seniority factor"] ''Dawn'', 25 April 2004</ref> His elevation also meant that he would supersede three of the most senior officers in the Pakistan Army: Gen Adam Khan, Gen [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi]], and Gen Latif Khan, all of whom were decorated [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] graduates.<ref name="The News, Manzoor">{{cite news|last1=Manzoor|first1=Usman|title=Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed|access-date=23 February 2024|publisher=The News, Manzoor|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> | |||
President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa when heading the civic government.<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=21 April 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=general+muhammad+musa&pg=PA152|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.<ref name="Pakistan Hockey Federation">{{cite web|last1=PHF|title=Pakistan Hockey Federation|url=http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|website=Pakistan Hockey Federation|access-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081108/http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> It was during his stint as president when the [[Pakistan Hockey Team|Hockey Team]] won its first [[Gold Medal]] against the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian Hockey Team]] in the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in Rome in 1960.<ref name="ABC Publishing House">{{cite book|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammed|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|date=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House|pages=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orgfAAAAMAAJ&q=general+musa+hockey+federation|access-date=18 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> | |||
== Bajaur Campaign == | == Bajaur Campaign == | ||
[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|193x193px|Another image of General Musa Khan while he was in the British Indian Army]] | |||
{{Main|Bajaur Campaign}} | {{Main|Bajaur Campaign}} | ||
In September 1960, [[Afghan army|Afghan Regular Troops]] disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the [[pashtunistan|Pashtun Inhabited Territory]], under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers. | In September 1960, [[Afghan army|Afghan Regular Troops]] disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the [[pashtunistan|Pashtun Inhabited Territory]], under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers. | ||
== The 1965 War == | == The 1965 War == | ||
In 1964, he became aware of [[Operation Gibraltar|covert operation]] studied by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]] led by Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the [[Operation Grand Slam|conventional backup]].<ref name="Dawn, Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Retired Air Commodore Sajjad|title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1204925|access-date=19 October 2016|publisher=Dawn, Haider|date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Gates">{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge, Gates|isbn=9781317005407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&q=1965+war+musa+khan&pg=PT121|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> General Musa also had the support from [[President of Pakistan|President]] Ayub Khan on his views; however, the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war began]] in 1965.<ref name="Routledge, Gates"/> General Musa did not order the [[Pakistan Army]] without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto's]] urging. | In 1964, he became aware of [[Operation Gibraltar|covert operation]] studied by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]] led by Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the [[Operation Grand Slam|conventional backup]].<ref name="Dawn, Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Retired Air Commodore Sajjad|title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1204925|access-date=19 October 2016|publisher=Dawn, Haider|date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Gates">{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge, Gates|isbn=9781317005407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&q=1965+war+musa+khan&pg=PT121|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> General Musa also had the support from [[President of Pakistan|President]] Ayub Khan on his views; however, the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war began]] in 1965.<ref name="Routledge, Gates"/> General Musa did not order the [[Pakistan Army]] without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto's]] urging.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Nation Books, Hiro|isbn=9781568585031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> After the [[Indian Army]] moved to the [[Rann of Kutch]], General Musa ordered [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] to respond to the Indian Army by moving the 12th Division.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro"/> After reviewing the aerial view of the area and getting directions from President Ayub to make way for Maj General [[Yahya Khan]], General Musa controversially relieved [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] Major-General [[Akhtar Hussain Malik]] and handed over the command of the 12th Division to Major-General [[Yahya Khan]], which resulted in critical time delays of troops movements and eventual failure of the operation.<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Baig|first1=Muhammad Anwar; Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|date=20 December 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse, Baig|isbn=9781477250310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_A5-RABah4C&q=general++musa+khan+yahya&pg=PA24|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> | ||
About the failure due to command change, General Musa justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> He led and commanded the [[Pakistan Army]] in the largest [[Battle of Chawinda|tank battle]], which earned him public fame.<ref name="CrimsonChinar">{{cite book|last1=VSM|first1=Brig Amar Cheema|title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170623014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan+chawinda&pg=PA245|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His strategy based on classical [[Trench warfare|trench method]] supported by [[Armoured warfare|armory]], [[artillery]] and [[airpower]] was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing [[Indian Army]] but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] brokered by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in 1965.<ref name="CrimsonChinar"/> | About the failure due to command change, General Musa justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> He led and commanded the [[Pakistan Army]] in the largest [[Battle of Chawinda|tank battle]], which earned him public fame.<ref name="CrimsonChinar">{{cite book|last1=VSM|first1=Brig Amar Cheema|title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170623014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan+chawinda&pg=PA245|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His strategy based on classical [[Trench warfare|trench method]] supported by [[Armoured warfare|armory]], [[artillery]] and [[airpower]] was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing [[Indian Army]] but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] brokered by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in 1965.<ref name="CrimsonChinar"/> | ||
General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two | General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two extensions as a [[Commander-in-chief]] from the period of 1958 until 1966.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book|last1=Wiarda|first1=Howard J.|title=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415330954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXkDtR3vCecC&q=general+musa+extension&pg=PA307|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> Upon his retirement, General Musa did not recommend Yahya Khan's nomination as [[Commander-in-chief]] and [[Yahya Khan|Yahya's]] name was not included in the list of nominations sent to President Ayub Khan; nonetheless, General Musa was succeeded by General Yahya Khan as Commander in Chief. | ||
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: first being the '''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQhuAAAAMAAJ|title=My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965 by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9699988762|author=Mohammad Musa|year=1983|publisher=Wajidalis}}</ref> and the second being the '''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier''',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSosAAAAIAAJ|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9789694073552|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammad|year=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House}}</ref> the latter was mainly his biography. | |||
[[ | |||
{{ | |||
At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]]. | == Retirement and Politics == | ||
{{See also|Pakistan Muslim League}} | |||
[[File:General Muhammad Musa.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Musa Khan taken near to his retirement]] | |||
At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]].<ref name="Milfac">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9780981537894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=popular+musa+west+pakistan+governor&pg=PA50|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> News of the appointment was met with enthusiasm by the [[West Pakistanis|West Pakistani]] people.<ref name="Milfac"/> In 1967, he became Governor of West Pakistan until submitting his resignation on 2 March 1969 when General Yahya Khan imposed [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] to takeover the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]].<ref name="Harvard University Press, Jalal">{{cite book|last1=Jalal|first1=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|date=16 September 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674744998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+west+pakistan+governor+popular&pg=PA136|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> | |||
From 1969 to 1984, he settled in [[Karachi]] while receiving a [[Pensions in Pakistan|military pension]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> In 1985, he became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] on a [[Pakistan Muslim League]] platform led by Prime Minister [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|M. K. Junejo]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> He was appointed as [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] by the President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] after the [[1985 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1985.<ref>name="Hazara The Best"</ref> After the [[1988 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1988, Governor Musa controversially dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] on the then-Chief Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]'s advice. | From 1969 to 1984, he settled in [[Karachi]] while receiving a [[Pensions in Pakistan|military pension]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> In 1985, he became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] on a [[Pakistan Muslim League]] platform led by Prime Minister [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|M. K. Junejo]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> He was appointed as [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] by the President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] after the [[1985 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1985.<ref>name="Hazara The Best"</ref> After the [[1988 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1988, Governor Musa controversially dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] on the then-Chief Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]'s advice.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+dissolved&pg=PR34|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> | ||
However, the [[Balochistan High Court]] restored the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] amid public condemnation of the Governor's move. | However, the [[Balochistan High Court]] restored the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] amid public condemnation of the Governor's move.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> The step towards dissolving the assembly was believed to have been taken with the consent of the [[President of Pakistan|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> | ||
On 12 March 1991, General Musa died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]], Iran.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> In his honour, the provincial [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan government]] established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in [[Quetta]], Pakistan in 1987.<ref name="Musa College">{{cite web|last1=Hussaini|first1=Ali Aosat|title=About College|url=http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|website=musacollege.com|publisher=Musa College|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021070126/http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
On 12 March 1991, General Musa died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]], Iran.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> In his honour, the provincial [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan government]] established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in [[Quetta]], Pakistan in 1987.<ref name="Musa College">{{cite web|last1=Hussaini|first1=Ali Aosat|title=About College|url=http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|website=musacollege.com|publisher=Musa College|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> | |||
<!-- Deleted image removed: Image:War_to_bring.jpg --> | <!-- Deleted image removed: Image:War_to_bring.jpg --> | ||
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== Post-1965 war == | == Post-1965 war == | ||
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: the first being ''My Version'' and the second being ''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier'' which was also his autobiography. General Mohammad Musa, who commanded the Army in the '65 war, gave his account of how the events unfolded at GHQ, the C-in-C and the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Ayub Khan surprising India on 6 September 1965 in ''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965'' | |||
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: the first being ''My Version'' and the second being '' | |||
== Awards and decorations == | == Awards and decorations == | ||
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | {| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;" | ||
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width= | | colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=100}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=100}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}} | |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}} | ||
| Line 193: | Line 194: | ||
'''1956''' | '''1956''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the | |'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the British Empire]]''' | ||
'''[[Order of the British Empire|(MBE)]]'''<ref name="discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk">{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref> | '''[[Order of the British Empire|(MBE)]]'''<ref name="discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk">{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref> | ||
|'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|Indian Distinguished]]''' | |'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]''' | ||
'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal| | '''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|(IDSM)]] ''' | ||
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]''' | |'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]''' | ||
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]''' | '''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]''' | ||
| Line 210: | Line 209: | ||
|'''[[India Service Medal]]''' | |'''[[India Service Medal]]''' | ||
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']] | [[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']] | ||
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II | |'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]''' | ||
'''(1953)''' | '''(1953)''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (journalist)]], grandson | * [[Mansoor Ali Khan (journalist)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], grandson | ||
* [[List of Hazara people]] | * [[List of Hazara people]] | ||
* [[List of people from Quetta]] | * [[List of people from Quetta]] | ||
| Line 266: | Line 233: | ||
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Balochistan]]| before=Khushdil Khan Afridi| after=[[Hazar Khan Khoso]]|years=1985–1991}} | {{succession box | title=[[Governor of Balochistan]]| before=Khushdil Khan Afridi| after=[[Hazar Khan Khoso]]|years=1985–1991}} | ||
{{s-end}} | {{s-end}} | ||
{{Commons category|Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara}} | |||
{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}} | {{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}} | ||
{{Governors of West Pakistan}} | |||
{{Governor of Balochistan}} | {{Governor of Balochistan}} | ||
{{Hazara nationalism}} | {{Hazara nationalism}} | ||
| Line 276: | Line 244: | ||
[[Category:1908 births]] | [[Category:1908 births]] | ||
[[Category:1991 deaths]] | [[Category:1991 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College | [[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent]] | [[Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent]] | ||
[[Category:People from Quetta]] | [[Category:People from Quetta]] | ||
| Line 286: | Line 254: | ||
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]] | [[Category:British Indian Army officers]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]] | [[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]] | ||
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]] | [[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani generals]] | [[Category:Pakistani generals]] | ||
[[Category:Commanders-in- | [[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]] | ||
[[Category:Military personnel of the | [[Category:Military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]] | [[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]] | [[Category:Pakistani memoirists]] | ||
| Line 300: | Line 267: | ||
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] | [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]] | [[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]] | ||
[[Category:Generals of the | [[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century memoirists | [[Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists]] | ||
[[Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine]] | [[Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine]] | ||
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]] | [[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]] | [[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]] | ||
[[Category:Pakistani recipients of the Order of the British Empire]] | |||
Latest revision as of 12:34, 19 March 2026
Muhammad Musa Khan | |
|---|---|
| File:Muhammad Musa Khan.jpg Official Military portrait c. 1961 | |
| 4th Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army | |
| In office 27 October 1958 – 17 September 1966 | |
| President | Ayub Khan |
| Preceded by | Ayub Khan |
| Succeeded by | Yahya Khan |
| 4th Governor of West Pakistan | |
| In office 18 September 1966 – 20 March 1969 | |
| President | Ayub Khan |
| Preceded by | Amir Mohammad |
| Succeeded by | Yusuf Haroon |
| 10th Governor of Balochistan | |
| In office 17 December 1985 – 12 March 1991 | |
| President | Ghulam Ishaq Khan Zia-ul-Haq |
| Prime Minister | Muhammad Junejo Benazir Bhutto Nawaz Sharif |
| Preceded by | Gul Jogezai |
| Succeeded by | Lieutenant General K. K. Afridi |
| President of the Pakistan Hockey Federation | |
| In office 1960–1966 | |
| Preceded by | Naseer Ahmad |
| Succeeded by | Nur Khan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Muhammad Musa 20 October 1908 Quetta, Baluchistan, British India |
| Died | 12 March 1991 (aged 82) Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan |
| Resting place | Mashhad |
| Nationality |
|
| Political party | Independent Pakistan Muslim League (1985–1991) |
| Relations | Sardar Mehdi Hassan Musa, (Minister Irrigation & Power Balochistan 2002) grandson |
| Children | 5 |
| Parent(s) |
|
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | Military officer Politician |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
|
| Branch/service | |
| Years of service | 1926–1966 |
| Rank |  General |
| Unit |  4th Hazara PioneersFrontier Force Regiment |
| Commands | |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | .png){kind=small} Hilal-e-Pakistan Hilal-e-Jurat.png){kind=small} Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam.png){kind=small} Order of British Empire |
General Muhammad Musa Khan HPk HJ HQA MBE IDSM (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; 20 October 1908 – 12 March 1991) was a Pakistani senior military officer who served as the 4th Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army from 1958 to 1966, under president Ayub Khan. Following his tenure as C-in-C of the Army, he later became a politician.
Gaining commission as a Second lieutenant in the British Indian Army, Khan served with distinction in the Burma and North African campaigns as part of the Allied effort in World War II. Following the Partition of India in 1947, he opted for the Dominion of Pakistan, subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led a brigade against India during the First Kashmir War in 1947–1948, and eventually ascended the ranks to become the C-in-C of the Army after the 1958 coup d'état. Khan gained notability and public fame throughout Pakistan when he was in command of the Pakistan Army during the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965.
Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in national politics, after which he was appointed to serve as the Governor of West Pakistan, a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the Governor of Balochistan and remained in office until his death in 1991.
Early life[edit | edit source]
Musa was born on 20 October 1908 in Quetta, Baluchistan, British India to an ethnic Hazara family.[1][2]
His family was sardar (lit. chief) of the Sang-e-Masha administration of Jaghori Hazara tribe and Musa was the eldest son of Yazdan Khan, who was the local Hazara tribal chief and himself a descendant of Sher Ali Khan, a Hazara elder from Jaghori, Ghazni.[3][4][5]
Early military career[edit | edit source]
After his schooling, he was recruited to the British Indian Army as a Jawan in 1926 and eventually joined the 4th Hazara Pioneers after being promoted as the Naik – a non-commissioned officer in the British Indian Army.[6] He was selected to join the Indian Military Academy (IMA) at Dehra Dun as a cadet in October 1932. The first batch of IMA, known as "The Pioneers", also produced India's first Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, and Smith Dun, the future commander-in-chief of the Burmese Army.[1]
In 1935, he was commissioned from the IMA, Dehradun following a two years and six months long military training.[7] He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played hockey.[2] In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the 13th Frontier Force Rifles as a Platoon Commander and saw actions in the violent Waziristan campaign in 1936 until 1938.[3] He participated well in the World War II on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the Burma Campaign and North African theatre as part of the Norfolk Regiment of the British Indian Army.[1] In Middle East, he led the company and was listed in mentioned in despatches for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the London Gazette 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.[3]
In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."[1] In 1945, he was promoted as substantive captain and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, 13th Frontier Force Rifles by October 1942.[8]
After the partition of British India that followed the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, he opted for Pakistan and joined the Pakistan Army as a staff officer.[1] In 1947 in the acting rank of Brigadier, he commanded the 103rd Infantry Brigade based in Sialkot brigade in Kashmir and served as commander of military units in the first war with India.[1] In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.[9]
After the war in 1948, Musa studied and graduated from the Command and Staff College in Quetta and proceeded to attend the Imperial Defence College in United Kingdom prior to his graduation.[9]
Later military career[edit | edit source]
In 1950s, Musa's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the East Pakistan Rifles, and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in Dhaka, East Pakistan, in 1951.[3][9] In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in Quetta before stationed at the GHQ.[9] Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army (then the commander-in-chief of the army's deputy) in the rank of major-general at the Army GHQ.[9] His career progressed well in the army and he was ascended to Commander-in-Chief by President Ayub Khan in 1958 when the latter deposed President Iskander Mirza and appointed himself Field Marshal.
Musa's promotion to the four-star appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."[10][11] His elevation also meant that he would supersede three of the most senior officers in the Pakistan Army: Gen Adam Khan, Gen Sher Ali Khan Pataudi, and Gen Latif Khan, all of whom were decorated Sandhurst graduates.[12]
President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa when heading the civic government.[13] In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the Pakistan Hockey Federation which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.[14] It was during his stint as president when the Hockey Team won its first Gold Medal against the Indian Hockey Team in the Summer Olympics in Rome in 1960.[15]
Bajaur Campaign[edit | edit source]
.jpg)
In September 1960, Afghan Regular Troops disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the Pashtun Inhabited Territory, under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers.
The 1965 War[edit | edit source]
In 1964, he became aware of covert operation studied by the Foreign ministry led by Foreign Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the conventional backup.[16][17] General Musa also had the support from President Ayub Khan on his views; however, the war began in 1965.[17] General Musa did not order the Pakistan Army without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's urging.[18] After the Indian Army moved to the Rann of Kutch, General Musa ordered Army GHQ to respond to the Indian Army by moving the 12th Division.[18] After reviewing the aerial view of the area and getting directions from President Ayub to make way for Maj General Yahya Khan, General Musa controversially relieved GOC Major-General Akhtar Hussain Malik and handed over the command of the 12th Division to Major-General Yahya Khan, which resulted in critical time delays of troops movements and eventual failure of the operation.[19]
About the failure due to command change, General Musa justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.[10] He led and commanded the Pakistan Army in the largest tank battle, which earned him public fame.[20] His strategy based on classical trench method supported by armory, artillery and airpower was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing Indian Army but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the peace treaty brokered by the USSR in 1965.[20]
General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two extensions as a Commander-in-chief from the period of 1958 until 1966.[21] Upon his retirement, General Musa did not recommend Yahya Khan's nomination as Commander-in-chief and Yahya's name was not included in the list of nominations sent to President Ayub Khan; nonetheless, General Musa was succeeded by General Yahya Khan as Commander in Chief.
About the war with India in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on military history of Pakistan Army: first being the My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965[22] and the second being the Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier,[23] the latter was mainly his biography.
Retirement and Politics[edit | edit source]
At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the Governor of West Pakistan.[24] News of the appointment was met with enthusiasm by the West Pakistani people.[24] In 1967, he became Governor of West Pakistan until submitting his resignation on 2 March 1969 when General Yahya Khan imposed martial law to takeover the presidency.[25]
From 1969 to 1984, he settled in Karachi while receiving a military pension.[1] In 1985, he became active in national politics on a Pakistan Muslim League platform led by Prime Minister M. K. Junejo.[1] He was appointed as Governor of Balochistan by the President Zia-ul-Haq after the general elections held in 1985.[26] After the general elections held in 1988, Governor Musa controversially dissolved the provincial assembly on the then-Chief Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali's advice.[27]
However, the Balochistan High Court restored the provincial assembly amid public condemnation of the Governor's move.[27] The step towards dissolving the assembly was believed to have been taken with the consent of the President and Prime Minister.[27] On 12 March 1991, General Musa died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran.[3] In his honour, the provincial Balochistan government established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in Quetta, Pakistan in 1987.[28]
Post-1965 war[edit | edit source]
About the war with India in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on military history of Pakistan Army: the first being My Version and the second being Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier which was also his autobiography. General Mohammad Musa, who commanded the Army in the '65 war, gave his account of how the events unfolded at GHQ, the C-in-C and the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Ayub Khan surprising India on 6 September 1965 in My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965
Awards and decorations[edit | edit source]
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| Hilal-e-Pakistan
(Crescent of Pakistan) (HPk) |
Hilal-e-Jurat
(Crescent of Courage) |
Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam
(HQA) | |
| Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War
(War Star 1965) |
Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War
(War Medal 1965) |
Pakistan Tamgha
1947 |
Tamgha-e-Jamhuria
(Republic Commemoration Medal) 1956 |
| Member of the British Empire | Indian Distinguished Service Medal | India General Service Medal | 1939-1945 Star |
| Africa Star | War Medal 1939-1945
(with MiD oak leaf) |
India Service Medal | Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
(1953) |
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Staff writer. "Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)". imamreza.net. Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abbas, Hassan (26 March 2015). Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror. Routledge. ISBN 9781317463283. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hazara The Best. "Great General Mussa Khan". Hazara The Best. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ Yusufzai, Rahimullah. "The first priority is security". The News. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ↑ Monsutti, Alessandro (2005). War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 9781135486761.
Sardar Yazdan Khan and his sons, General Musa Khan, Sardar Isa Khan and Sardar Isaq Khan, who long dominated political life among the Hazaras of Quetta, also originated in that tribal section.
- ↑ Rahimullah Yusufzai (20 January 2013). "The first priority is security". The News. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ↑ ISPR. "General Muhammad Musa". pakistanarmy.gov.pk. Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR). Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ October 1942 MS Army List
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Army Museum. "GENERAL MUHAMMAD MUSA". pakarmymuseum.com. Army Museum. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cloughley, Brian (5 January 2016). A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781631440397. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ Brig A.R. Siddiqui. "Army's top slot: the seniority factor" Dawn, 25 April 2004
- ↑ Manzoor, Usman (27 November 2016). "Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed". The News, Manzoor. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
- ↑ Shah, Aqil (21 April 2014). The Army and Democracy. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674419773. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ↑ PHF. "Pakistan Hockey Federation". Pakistan Hockey Federation. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ↑ Musa, Mohammed (1985). Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier. ABC Publishing House. p. 240. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
- ↑ Haider, Retired Air Commodore Sajjad (6 September 2015). "Straight shooting on the 1965 war". Dawn, Haider. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (17 February 2016). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency. Routledge, Gates. ISBN 9781317005407. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ↑ Baig, Muhammad Anwar; Ebad (20 December 2012). Pakistan: Time for Change. AuthorHouse, Baig. ISBN 9781477250310. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 20.0 20.1 VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170623014. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
- ↑ Wiarda, Howard J. (2005). Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415330954. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ↑ Mohammad Musa (1983). My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965 by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa. Wajidalis. ISBN 9699988762.
- ↑ Musa, Mohammad (1985). Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa. ABC Publishing House. ISBN 9789694073552.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh (2008). The Military Factor in Pakistan. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9780981537894. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ↑ Jalal, Ayesha (16 September 2014). The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674744998. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ↑ name="Hazara The Best"
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Burki, Shahid Javed (19 March 2015). Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442241480. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ↑ Hussaini, Ali Aosat. "About College". musacollege.com. Musa College. Archived from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ↑ Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... 1941–1944.
External links[edit | edit source]
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ayub Khan |
Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army 1958–1966 |
Succeeded by Yahya Khan |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Naseer Ahmed |
President of the Pakistan Hockey Federation 1960–1966 |
Succeeded by Nur Khan |
| Preceded by Amir Mohammad Khan Nawab of Kalabagh |
Governor of West Pakistan 1966–1969 |
Succeeded by Yusuf Haroon |
| Preceded by Khushdil Khan Afridi |
Governor of Balochistan 1985–1991 |
Succeeded by Hazar Khan Khoso |
Template:Pakistan Army Staff Chief
Template:Governors of West Pakistan
Template:Governor of Balochistan
Template:Hazara nationalism