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{{Short description|Proposed language group}} | {{Short description|Proposed language group}} | ||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
|name=Tibeto-Kanauri | | name = Tibeto-Kanauri | ||
|altname=Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish<br>Western Tibeto-Burman | | altname = Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish<br>Western Tibeto-Burman | ||
|region=[[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], and neighboring areas | | region = [[Nepal]], [[Tibet]], [[Northeast India]] and other neighboring areas | ||
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan | | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | ||
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]] | |||
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman]] | | child1 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]] | ||
|child1=[[Bodish languages|Bodish]] | | child2 = [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] | ||
|child2=[[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] | | child3 = [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] | ||
|child3=[[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] | | child4 = [[Gongduk language|Gongduk]] | ||
|child4= | | glotto = bodi1256 | ||
|glotto=bodi1256 | | glottorefname = Bodic | ||
|glottorefname=Bodic | | acceptance = proposed | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book|last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. (ed.s) |year=2003 |title=Sino-Tibetan Languages |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref> | |Description = Western Tibeto-Burman languages, largely following Thurgood and La Polla (2003).<ref name=Thurgood>{{cite book|last1=Thurgood |first1=Graham |last2=LaPolla |first2=Randy J. (ed.s) |year=2003 |title=Sino-Tibetan Languages |location=[[London]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |ISBN=0-7007-1129-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Nung language]] and [[Taron people|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus |volume=2 |series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics |first=Paul K. |last=Benedict |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1972 |pages=4–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> | Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri {{sm|aka}} Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Magaric languages|Magaric]], and [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within [[Tibeto-Burman languages]]. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the [[Jingpho language]] (including perhaps the [[Kachin–Luic languages|Kachin–Luic]] and [[Tamangic languages]]); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the [[Kiranti languages]] (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the [[Newar language]]); the [[Tani languages]]; the [[Bodo–Garo languages]] and perhaps the [[Konyak languages]]); the [[Kukish languages]] (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the [[Karbi language]], the [[Meitei language]] and the [[Mru language]]); and the [[Burmish languages]] ([[Lolo-Burmese languages]], perhaps also the [[Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)|Nung language]] and [[Taron people|Trung]]).<ref name=Benedict72>{{cite book|title=Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus |volume=2 |series=Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics |first=Paul K. |last=Benedict |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1972 |pages=4–11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sww9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> | ||
Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison |volume=6 |series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |year=1978 |isbn=0-915980-85-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |volume=135 |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-09843-9 |pages=1–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref> | Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the [[Lepcha language]] as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] as ''Himalayish.''<ref name=Matisoff78>{{cite book|title=Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison |volume=6 |series=Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |year=1978 |isbn=0-915980-85-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWuuAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Matisoff03>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |volume=135 |series=University of California Publications in Linguistics |first=James A. |last=Matisoff |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-09843-9 |pages=1–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3g8VZcAfETcC}}</ref> | ||
Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |volume=10 |series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien |first=George |last=van Driem |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2001 |isbn=90-04-10390-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref> | Van Driem (2001) notes that the [[Bodish languages|Bodish]], [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]], and [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.<ref name=vanDriem2001>{{cite book|title=Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language |volume=10 |series=Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien |first=George |last=van Driem |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |year=2001 |isbn=90-04-10390-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC}}</ref> | ||
Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates West | Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates Bodish, [[Tshangla language|Tshangla]], and ''West Himalayan'' as constituting a single branch, which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his other branch containing both ''Central Himalayan'' and [[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]] constitute his Bodic family.<ref name=Bradley1994>{{cite book|title=Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas |issue=14 |series=Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics |first=David |last=Bradley |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, [[Australian National University]] |year=1997 |isbn=0-85883-456-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTESAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 46: | Line 46: | ||
{{Bodic languages}} | {{Bodic languages}} | ||
{{Sino-Tibetan branches}} | {{Sino-Tibetan branches}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Bodish languages|*]] | [[Category:Bodish languages|*]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:26, 21 January 2026
| Tibeto-Kanauri | |
|---|---|
| Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish Western Tibeto-Burman | |
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | Nepal, Tibet, Northeast India and other neighboring areas |
| Linguistic classification | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | bodi1256 |
The Tibeto-Kanauri languages, also called Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish, and Western Tibeto-Burman, are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, centered on the Tibetic languages and the Kinnauri dialect cluster. The conception of the relationship, or if it is even a valid group, varies between researchers.
Conceptions of Tibeto-Kanauri[edit | edit source]
Template:Css Image Crop Benedict (1972) originally posited the Tibeto-Kanauri Template:Sm Bodish–Himalayish relationship, but had a more expansive conception of Himalayish than generally found today, including Qiangic, Magaric, and Lepcha. Within Benedict's conception, Tibeto-Kanauri is one of seven linguistic nuclei, or centers of gravity along a spectrum, within Tibeto-Burman languages. The center-most nucleus identified by Benedict is the Jingpho language (including perhaps the Kachin–Luic and Tamangic languages); other peripheral nuclei besides Tibeto-Kanauri include the Kiranti languages (Bahing–Vayu and perhaps the Newar language); the Tani languages; the Bodo–Garo languages and perhaps the Konyak languages); the Kukish languages (Kuki–Naga plus perhaps the Karbi language, the Meitei language and the Mru language); and the Burmish languages (Lolo-Burmese languages, perhaps also the Nung language and Trung).[1]
Matisoff (1978, 2003) largely follows Benedict's scheme, stressing the teleological value of identifying related characteristics over mapping detailed family trees in the study of Tibeto-Burman and Sino-Tibetan languages. Matisoff includes Bodish and West Himalayish with the Lepcha language as a third branch. He unites these at a higher level with Mahakiranti as Himalayish.[2][3]
Van Driem (2001) notes that the Bodish, West Himalayish, and Tamangic languages (but not Benedict's other families) appear to have a common origin.[4]
Bradley (1997) takes much the same approach but words things differently: he incorporates Bodish, Tshangla, and West Himalayan as constituting a single branch, which thus becomes close to Tibeto-Kanauri. This and his other branch containing both Central Himalayan and Kiranti constitute his Bodic family.[5]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Benedict, Paul K. (1972). Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus. Princeton-Cambridge Studies in Chinese Linguistics. Vol. 2. CUP Archive. pp. 4–11.
- ↑ Matisoff, James A. (1978). Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman: The "Organic" Approach to Linguistic Comparison. Occasional papers, Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics. Vol. 6. Institute for the Study of Human Issues. ISBN 0-915980-85-1.
- ↑ Matisoff, James A. (2003). Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 135. University of California Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 0-520-09843-9.
- ↑ van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: an Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung, Indien. Vol. 10. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-10390-2.
- ↑ Bradley, David (1997). Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas. Occasional Papers in South-East Asian linguistics. Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-456-1.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Bradley, David (2002). "The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Christopher I. Beckwith (ed.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: proceedings of a symposium held in Leiden, June 26, 2000, at the 9th Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies. Brill's Tibetan studies library. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 73–112. ISBN 978-90-04-12424-0.
- Hale, Austin (1982). "Review of Research". Research on Tibeto-Burman languages. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 14. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 30–49 passim. ISBN 978-90-279-3379-9.
- Singh, Rajendra (2009). Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics: 2009. Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs. Vol. 222. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 154–161. ISBN 978-3-11-022559-4.